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JonathanFoley_2010X-_另一个棘手的事实_
Tonight, I want to have a conversation about this incredible global issue that's at the intersection of land use, food and environment, something we can all relate to, and what I've been calling the other inconvenient truth. 今晚,我想谈一个 令人震惊的全球议题 即土地利用、粮食和环境的关系 某些和每个人都息息相关的事物 我称之为“另一个棘手的事实”
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点; inconvenient:adj.不便的;打扰的;
But first, I want to take you on a little journey . 但首先我想带领大家进行一趟简短的旅程
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
Let's first visit our planet, but at night, and from space. 先参观一下我们的星球,不过是在夜间 从外太空观看
This is what our planet looks like from outer space at nighttime , if you were to take a satellite and travel around the planet. And the thing you would notice first, of course, is how dominant the human presence on our planet is. 这是从外太空观察地球夜间的景象 如果你搭乘人造卫星 绕行地球,你首先注意到的是 当然,人类这种生物 主宰地球的程度
outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; nighttime:n.夜间;adj.夜间的;夜里发生的; dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态;
We see cities, we see oil fields, you can even make out fishing fleets in the sea, that we are dominating much of our planet, and mostly through the use of energy that we see here at night. 我们看见城市、油田 你甚至能辨识出海上的渔船队 我们主宰大部分地球 主要藉由能源的运用 如我们夜间所见的景象
fleets:n.[军]舰队(fleet的复数);v.掠过(fleet的第三人称单数形式); dominating:adj.个性强势的; v.支配; (dominate的现在分词)
But let's go back and drop it a little deeper and look during the daytime. 但我们回头稍做深入研究 观察白昼的情形
What we see during the day is our landscapes . 我们于白昼所见的是地表景观
landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计;
This is part of the Amazon Basin , a place called Rond?nia in the south-center part of the Brazilian Amazon. 这是亚马逊盆地中一个叫朗多尼亚的地方 位于巴西亚马逊盆地中南部
Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; Basin:n.水池;流域;盆地;盆;
If you look really carefully in the upper right-hand corner, you're going to see a thin white line, which is a road that was built in the 1970s. 如果你仔细观察右上角 将会看见一条白色细线 那是兴建于1970年代的道路
upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的;
If we come back to the same place in 2001, what we're going to find is that these roads spurt off more roads, and more roads after that, at the end of which is a small clearing in the rainforest where there are going to be a few cows. 如果我们回顾2001年同地区的景观 将发现这些道路 四处延伸,然后延伸出更多道路 道路尽头是雨林中的小空地 豢养着一些牛
spurt:v.冲刺;喷出;迸发;n.冲刺;喷射; rainforest:n.(热带)雨林;
These cows are used for beef. We're going to eat these cows. 这些牛将变成牛肉,进入人类腹中
And these cows are eaten basically in South America , in Brazil and Argentina . They're not being shipped up here. 基本上这些牛肉将运往南美 供巴西人和阿根廷人食用,不会运往这里
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; South America:n.南美洲; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); Argentina:n.阿根廷(位于拉丁美洲);
But this kind of fishbone pattern of deforestation is something we notice a lot of around the tropics , especially in this part of the world. 但我们发现这种森林经砍伐后的鱼骨状图案 遍布热带地区 尤其是这片区域
fishbone:n.鱼骨; deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐; tropics:n.热带地区; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
If we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world, we can go to the Bolivian edge of the Amazon, here also in 1975, and if you look really carefully, 如果这趟世界之旅稍微往南前进 可抵达亚马逊盆地与玻利维亚交界处 这同样是1975年的景观,如果仔细观察
Bolivian:adj.玻利维亚的;玻利维亚人的;n.玻利维亚人;
there's a thin white line through that kind of seam , and there's a lone farmer out there in the middle of the primeval jungle . 将会看见一条白色细线穿过一道类似细缝的地方 一位孤独的农夫 伫立在原始丛林中
seam:n.缝;接缝;vt.缝合;接合;使留下伤痕;vi.裂开;产生裂缝; primeval:adj.原始的;初期的(等于primaeval); jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带;
Let's come back again a few years later, here in 2003, and we'll see that that landscape actually looks a lot more like Iowa than it does like a rainforest. 我们再回顾一下数年后－2003年的景观 我们所见的景观事实上十分类似 爱荷华州,而非雨林
In fact, what you're seeing here are soybean fields. 事实上你所见的是黄豆田
soybean:n.大豆;黄豆;
These soybeans are being shipped to Europe and to China as animal feed, especially after the mad cow disease scare about a decade ago, where we don't want to feed animals animal protein anymore, because that can transmit disease. 这些黄豆将运往欧洲和中国 作为动物的饲料,尤其是疯牛病爆发后 这是大约十年前的事,我们不想再喂动物 动物性蛋白质,因为这将导致疾病传播
soybeans:n.[作物]大豆(soybean的复数);[作物]黄豆; mad cow disease:na.[兽医]疯牛病; protein:n.蛋白质; transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染;
Instead, we want to feed them more vegetable proteins . 相反地,我们希望以较多植物性蛋白质喂食动物
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
So soybeans have really exploded , showing how trade and globalization are really responsible for the connections to rainforests and the Amazon -- an incredibly strange and interconnected world that we have today. 因此黄豆需求激增 显示贸易和全球化 确实与雨林及亚马逊盆地 息息相关－对我们来说十分陌生 且与世隔绝的地区
exploded:adj.分解的; v.爆炸; (explode的过去分词和过去式) globalization:n.全球化; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; rainforests:n.(热带)雨林; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式);
Well, again and again , what we find as we look around the world in our little tour of the world is that landscape after landscape after landscape have been cleared and altered for growing food and other crops. 好,我们一再发现 在环绕世界的旅程中 无数地表景观 遭受破坏,转变成粮食产地 及其他作物产地
again and again:adv.再三地,反复地; altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式)
So one of the questions we've been asking is, how much of the world is used to grow food, and where is it exactly, and how can we change that into the future, and what does it mean? 因此我们常被问到的问题是 世上有多少土地被用于生产粮食？ 这些地方位于何处？未来将发生何种改变？ 这代表什么意义？
Well, our team has been looking at this on a global scale , using satellite data and ground-based data kind of to track farming on a global scale. 好,我们的团队观察全球情况 利用人造卫星搜集的信息和地表数据 追踪全球农地规模
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; ground-based:adj.陆基的;以地面为基础的; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
And this is what we found, and it's startling . 这是我们的发现,令人震惊不已
startling:adj.惊人的;让人震惊的;极鲜亮的;v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;(startle的现在分词)
This map shows the presence of agriculture on planet Earth. 这张地图显示农业 分布于地表的情形
The green areas are the areas we use to grow crops, like wheat or soybeans or corn or rice or whatever. 绿色区域是种植作物的地方 例如小麦、黄豆、玉米或稻米等
That's 16 million square kilometers' worth of land. 相当于1600万平方公里土地
If you put it all together in one place, it'd be the size of South America. 如果将这些土地集中在同一处 大约相当于南美洲面积
The second area, in brown, is the world's pastures and rangelands, where our animals live. 第二片以咖啡色表示的区域是牧地 及放牧区,动物生活于此
pastures:n.牧场;牧草地;工作条件;v.放牧;(pasture的第三人称单数和复数)
That area's about 30 million square kilometers, or about an Africa's worth of land, a huge amount of land, and it's the best land, of course, is what you see. And what's left is, like, the middle of the Sahara Desert, or Siberia , or the middle of a rain forest. 这片区域大约3000万平方公里 或相当于非洲面积 十分广大的土地,也是最肥沃的土地 如你们所见,其余部份为 撒哈拉沙漠、西伯利亚 或雨林深处
Siberia:n.西伯利亚;
We're using a planet's worth of land already. 我们已使用了相当于整个地球的土地
If we look at this carefully, we find it's about 40 percent of the Earth's land surface is devoted to agriculture, and it's 60 times larger than all the areas we complain about, our suburban sprawl and our cities where we mostly live. 如果我们仔细观察,将发现大约40%的 地表贡献于农业 比令我们 怨声载道的居住地大60倍 包括郊区和大多数人类居住的城市
devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式) complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说; suburban:adj.郊区的,城郊的;土气的;见闻不广的;n.郊区居民; sprawl:vi.蔓延; vt.懒散地伸开; n.蔓生;
Half of humanity lives in cities today, but a 60-times-larger area is used to grow food. 目前世上有半数人口居住于城市 但生产粮食的土地比人类居住地大60倍
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
So this is an amazing kind of result, and it really shocked us when we looked at that. 这是十分惊人的事实 令观察到这一点的我们震惊不已
So we're using an enormous amount of land for agriculture, but also we're using a lot of water. 因此我们将十分广大的土地用于农业 但也因此消耗大量水源
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
This is a photograph flying into Arizona , and when you look at it, you're like, "What are they growing here?" It turns out they're growing lettuce in the middle of the desert using water sprayed on top. 这是亚利桑那州空照图 当你目睹这幅景象时,会想 “他们在这里种什么？”事实上 他们在沙漠中种植莴苣 用喷洒方式供应水源
Arizona:n.美国亚利桑那州; sprayed:adj.喷雾的;v.喷射;散布(spray的过去式和过去分词);
Now, the irony is, it's probably sold in our supermarket shelves in the Twin Cities. 讽刺的是,这些产品或许 正于双子城超市货架上贩售
irony:n.讽刺;反语;具有讽刺意味的事;adj.铁的;似铁的;
But what's really interesting is, this water's got to come from some place, and it comes from here, the Colorado River in North America . 但令人感趣的是,这些水源必定 来自某处－来自此处 北美的科罗拉多河
Colorado:n.科罗拉多;[城]科罗拉多州;科罗拉多河; North America:n.北美洲;
Well, the Colorado on a typical day in the 1950s, this is just, you know, not a flood, not a drought , kind of an average day, it looks something like this. 好,这是1950年代科罗拉多河平日景象 如各位所见,没有洪水、没有干旱 这是它平日的景象,如照片所示
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; drought:n.干旱;缺乏;
But if we come back today, during a normal condition to the exact same location , this is what's left. 但如果观察目前景观,这是在一般情况下 同一地点仅剩的水流
location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
The difference is mainly irrigating the desert for food, or maybe golf courses in Scottsdale, you take your pick. 不同之处主要在于河水用来灌溉沙漠中的作物 或斯科茨代尔的高尔夫场,随你想象
mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地; irrigating:v.进行喷灌(irrigate的ing形式);n.灌溉;
Well, this is a lot of water, and again, we're mining water and using it to grow food, and today, if you travel down further down the Colorado, it dries up completely and no longer flows into the ocean. 好,这得消耗大量水源同样地,我们开采水源 用于种植作物 如果现在朝科罗拉多河下游前进 它已完全干涸,不再流向海洋
We've literally consumed an entire river in North America for irrigation . 我们将北美整条河流消耗殆尽 仅为了灌溉作物
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式) irrigation:n.灌溉;[临床]冲洗;冲洗法;
Well, that's not even the worst example in the world. 好,这并非世上最糟的情况
This probably is: the Aral Sea. 最糟的情况或许发生在咸海
Now, a lot you will remember this from your geography classes. 在座大多数人或许记得地理课中曾经学过
This is in the former Soviet Union in between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan , one of the great inland seas of the world. 它位于前苏联 介于哈萨克斯坦与乌兹别克之间 是世上最大的内陆湖之一
Soviet:adj.苏维埃的;苏联的;n.苏维埃(前苏联的各级代表会议);苏联人; Uzbekistan:n.乌兹别克斯坦; inland:n.内地;内陆;adj.内陆的;内地的;国内的;adv.在内地;向内地;向内陆;在内陆;
But there's kind of a paradox here, because it looks like it's surrounded by desert. Why is this sea here? 但其中有个吊诡处,因为它看起来 彷佛被沙漠包围,为何它会出现在此处？
paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事;
The reason it's here is because, on the right-hand side, you see two little rivers kind of coming down through the sand, feeding this basin with water. 它出现在此处的原因是,在右侧 你可以看见两条小河 穿越沙漠,供应这片低洼处水源
Those rivers are draining snowmelt from mountains far to the east, where snow melts , it travels down the river through the desert, and forms the great Aral Sea. 河川汇集东部远处山脉的融雪 积雪融化后流向河川 穿越沙漠,形成广大的咸海
draining:v.排空;(使)流光;放干;喝光;喝干;(drain的现在分词) snowmelt:n.[水文]融雪水; melts:n.[冶]熔体(melt的复数);v.熔化(melt的第三人称单数形式);
Well, in the 1950s, the Soviets decided to divert that water to irrigate the desert to grow cotton, believe it or not, in Kazakhstan, to sell cotton to the international markets to bring foreign currency into the Soviet Union. 好,1950年代,苏联决定将河水改道 引入沙漠地带,种植棉花,信不信由你 引入哈萨克斯坦,将棉花贩卖到国际市场 替苏联赚取外汇
Soviets:n.苏联人(soviet的复数);苏联政府; divert:v.使转向;使绕道;转移;使分心;娱乐; irrigate:vt.灌溉;冲洗;使清新;vi.灌溉;冲洗; currency:n.货币;通货;
They really needed the money. 他们亟需这些收入
Well, you can imagine what happens. You turn off the water supply to the Aral Sea, what's going to happen? 好,你可以想象会发生什么情况 截断咸海的水源会发生什么事？
water supply:供水;
Here it is in 1973, 1986, 1999, 2004, and about 11 months ago. 这分别是1973年 1986年 1999年 2004年 和大约11个月前的情形
It's pretty extraordinary . 确实十分惊人
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
Now a lot of us in the audience here live in the Midwest . 现场许多听众住在中西部
Midwest:n.美国的中西部;
Imagine that was Lake Superior . 不妨将它想象成苏必利尔湖
Superior:n.上级;上司;adj.(在品质上)更好的;占优势的;更胜一筹的;
Imagine that was Lake Huron . 想象成休伦湖
Huron:n.休伦湖;休伦人;休伦语;
It's an extraordinary change. 这是十分惊人的改变
This is not only a change in water and where the shoreline is, this is a change in the fundamentals of the environment of this region . 不仅是水量 或海岸线的改变而是环境本质上的改变 對这片区域來說
shoreline:n.海岸线;海岸线地带; fundamentals:n.基本面;基本原理(fundamental的复数); region:n.地区;范围;部位;
Let's start with this. 这么说吧
The Soviet Union didn't really have a Sierra Club. 苏联没有塞拉俱乐部（环保团体）
Sierra:n.(尤指西班牙和美洲的)锯齿状山脉;
Let's put it that way. 不妨以这个观点来看
So what you find in the bottom of the Aral Sea ain't pretty. 因此你发现咸海底部不甚美观
There's a lot of toxic waste, a lot of things that were dumped there that are now becoming airborne . 存在许多毒性废弃物,许多物品 弃置于此,现在已逐渐分解到大气中
toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; dumped:v.丢弃,扔掉;丢下;抛弃;倾销,抛售;(dump的过去分词和过去式) airborne:adj.[航]空运的;空气传播的;风媒的;
One of those small islands that was remote and impossible to get to was a site of Soviet biological weapons testing. 其中一个离岸甚远 难以抵达的小岛 曾经是苏联生化武器测试地点
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
You can walk there today. 现在你可以步行到那里
Weather patterns have changed. 气候形态已发生变化
Nineteen of the unique 20 fish species found only in the Aral Sea are now wiped off the face of the Earth. 咸海独有的20种鱼类中,有19种 已在地球上消失踪影
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
This is an environmental disaster writ large. 这是一场环境大浩劫
disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸; writ:n.[法]令状;文书;法院命令;
But let's bring it home. 我们试着深入了解一下
This is a picture that Al Gore gave me a few years ago that he took when he was in the Soviet Union a long, long time ago, showing the fishing fleets of the Aral Sea. 这是几年前戈尔（美国前副总统）给我的一张照片 他于苏联拍摄的景观 很久很久以前 显示搁浅于咸海中的渔船队
You see the canal they dug? 你看见他们挖的水道吗？
They were so desperate to try to, kind of, float the boats into the remaining pools of water, but they finally had to give up because the piers and the moorings simply couldn't keep up with the retreating shoreline. 他们费尽心力,试着让船漂浮在 仅剩的湖水中,但他们最后不得不放弃 因为码头和停泊处的开凿 无法跟上海岸线倒退的速度
desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; moorings:n.停系泊处;系泊设备(mooring的复数); keep up with:赶得上;和…保持联系; retreating:v.撤退;离开;离去;后退;退缩;(retreat的现在分词)
I don't know about you, but I'm terrified that future archaeologists will dig this up and write stories about our time in history, and wonder, "What were you thinking?" 我不知道你们的想法,但我担心未来 考古学家会挖出这些东西,将这个时代的情形 写入历史疑惑地想,“你们到底在想什么？”
archaeologists:n.[古]考古学家(archaeologist的复数);
Well, that's the future we have to look forward to . 好,这就是我们即将面临的未来
look forward to:盼望,期待;
We already use about 50 percent of the Earth's fresh water that's sustainable , and agriculture alone is 70 percent of that. 我们已使用了地球上现有的 50% 淡水 光是农业部分 就占用了 70%
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
So we use a lot of water, a lot of land for agriculture. 因此我们在农业上消耗许多水源和土地
We also use a lot of the atmosphere for agriculture. 我们也在农业上消耗许多大气
atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
Usually when we think about the atmosphere, we think about climate change and greenhouse gases, and mostly around energy, but it turns out agriculture is one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases too. 当我们谈到大气时 通常会联想到气候变迁和温室气体 大多与能源有关 但事实上,农业亦是 温室气体最大来源之一
greenhouse:n.温室;暖房; emitters:n.发射器;排放者;发射源;[物]发射体(emitter的复数);
If you look at carbon dioxide from burning tropical rainforest, or methane coming from cows and rice, or nitrous oxide from too many fertilizers , it turns out agriculture is 30 percent of the greenhouse gases going into the atmosphere from human activity. 如果考虑焚烧热带雨林 所产生的二氧化碳 或牛群和稻米所产生的甲烷 或大量肥料所产生的一氧化二氮 事实上,排放至大气层的温室气体 30% 来自农业,以人类活动来说
carbon dioxide:二氧化碳; tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气; nitrous oxide:n.氧化亚氮; fertilizers:n.[肥料]肥料(fertilizer的复数形式);化肥;底肥;
That's more than all our transportation . 远大于所有交通工具
transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
It's more than all our electricity . 远大于所有电力设施
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
It's more than all other manufacturing , in fact. 事实上远大于所有制造业的排放量
manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
It's the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases of any human activity in the world. 这是最大的单一温室气体来源 以所有人类活动来说
And yet, we don't talk about it very much. 然而我们很少提及这一点
So we have this incredible presence today of agriculture dominating our planet, whether it's 40 percent of our land surface, 70 percent of the water we use, 30 percent of our greenhouse gas emissions . 因此我们目前面临的惊人事实是 农业主宰我们的地球 无论是占用地表 40% 的土地 消耗 70% 的水源 产生 30% 的温室气体排放量
greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳); emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
We've doubled the flows of nitrogen and phosphorus around the world simply by using fertilizers, causing huge problems of water quality from rivers, lakes, and even oceans, and it's also the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss. 我们使逸散到全球环境中的氮、磷量倍增 仅因为肥料的使用 导致河川、湖泊 甚至海洋的水质产生严重问题,这也是导致 生物多样性丧失的最大因素
nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; phosphorus:n.磷; biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
So without a doubt, agriculture is the single most powerful force unleashed on this planet since the end of the ice age. No question. 因此,毫无疑问地,农业是 影响地球环境最大的力量 自从冰河期结束后,毫无疑问
unleashed:v.发泄;突然释放;使爆发(unleash的过去分词和过去式)
And it rivals climate change in importance. 它的重要性和气候变迁不相上下
rivals:n.对手(rival的复数);[劳经]竞争者;v.竞争(rival的三单形式);
And they're both happening at the same time . 两种危机同时发生
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
But what's really important here to remember is that it's not all bad. It's not that agriculture's a bad thing. 但我们必须记住十分重要的一点 农业并非一无是处,它并非坏事
In fact, we completely depend on it. 事实上我们的生存完全仰赖它
It's not optional . It's not a luxury . It's an absolute necessity. 它并非可有可无之事并非奢侈品,而是不可或缺的需求
optional:adj.可选择的,随意的;n.选修科目; luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的;
We have to provide food and feed and, yeah, fiber and even biofuels to something like seven billion people in the world today, and if anything, we're going to have the demands on agriculture increase into the future. It's not going to go away. 我们必须生产粮食、饲料 纤维、甚至生物燃料供应世上70亿人口所需 总之 未来农业需求 将逐渐增加,这个需求不会消失
fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre); biofuels:n.[能源]生物燃料;生质燃料;生质能源(biofuel的复数形式);
It's going to get a lot bigger, mainly because of growing population. We're seven billion people today heading towards at least nine, probably nine and a half before we're done. 只会与日俱增,主要原因在于 人口成长,目前地球上有70亿人口 逐渐朝90亿大关迈进 我们离开人世前,或许将成长为95亿人口
More importantly, changing diets. 更重要的是饮食结构的改变
As the world becomes wealthier as well as more populous , we're seeing increases in dietary consumption of meat, which take a lot more resources than a vegetarian diet does. 随着世界更加富裕、人口逐渐增加 我们发现饮食中的肉类消耗与日俱增 它所消耗的资源远大于蔬菜
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; populous:adj.人口稠密的;人口多的; dietary:n.规定的食物;饮食的规定;食谱;adj.饮食的,饭食的,规定食物的; consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); vegetarian:n.素食者;食草动物;adj.素食的;
So more people, eating more stuff , and richer stuff , and of course having an energy crisis at the same time, where we have to replace oil with other energy sources 因此人口增加消耗更多粮食、更多资源 当然同时导致能源危机的发生 我们必须以其它能源取代石油
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
that will ultimately have to include some kinds of biofuels and bio-energy sources. 最终将必须包括某种生物燃料 和生质能源
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
So you put these together. It's really hard to see how we're going to get to the rest of the century without at least doubling global agricultural production. 因此,考虑这一切因素,实在很难想象 我们如何撑过这个世纪 如果无法使全球农产量倍增
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的;
Well, how are we going to do this? How are going to double global ag production around the world? 好,我们如何达成这个目标？ 如何使全球农产量倍增？
Well, we could try to farm more land. 好,我们可以试着开垦更多土地
This is an analysis we've done, where on the left is where the crops are today, on the right is where they could be based on soils and climate, assuming climate change doesn't disrupt too much of this, which is not a good assumption . 这是我们所做的分析,左边是 目前的农业用地,右边是 根据土质和气候估算的潜在农业用地,假设气候变迁 对此不会产生太大影响 这并非适当的假设
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; assuming:conj.假设…为真; adj.傲慢的; v.假定; (assume的现在分词) disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的; assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取;
We could farm more land, but the problem is the remaining lands are in sensitive areas. 我们可以开垦更多土地,但问题是 目前所剩的土地位于敏感区域
sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人;
They have a lot of biodiversity, a lot of carbon, things we want to protect. 其中存在庞大的生物多样性和大量碳资源 这是我们想保护的资源
So we could grow more food by expanding farmland , but we'd better not, because it's ecologically a very, very dangerous thing to do. 因此我们可藉由扩展农地生产更多粮食 但最好别这么做 因为这对生态来说十分危险
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) farmland:n.农田; ecologically:adv.从生态学的观点看;
Instead, we maybe want to freeze the footprint of agriculture and farm the lands we have better. 此外,我们或许希望农业碳足迹不再攀升 以更佳方式利用土地
footprint:n.足迹;脚印;
This is work that we're doing to try to highlight places in the world where we could improve yields without harming the environment. 这张图是我们试着标出某些 我们可提高农产量的地区 在不损害环境的前提下
highlight:vt.突出;强调;使显著;加亮;n.最精彩的部分;最重要的事情;加亮区; improve:v.改进;改善; yields:n.生产量,投资效益(yield的复数形式); v.[经]生产;
The green areas here show where corn yields, just showing corn as an example, are already really high, probably the maximum you could find on Earth today for that climate and soil, 绿色部分代表玉米产区 显示以玉米来说 目前产量已相当高的地区,或许是目前世上 产量最高的地区,以气候和土质来说
maximum:n.最大限度;最大量;最高限度;adj.最高的;最多的;最大极限的;
but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where we're only getting maybe 20 or 30 percent of the yield you should be able to get. 但咖啡色和黄色部份是 仅可获得 20% 或 30% 产量的地区
You see a lot of this in Africa, even Latin America , but interestingly , Eastern Europe, where Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries used to be, is still a mess agriculturally . 你看见大部份位于非洲,甚至拉丁美洲 但令人感兴趣的是东欧,它曾经是苏联 与东欧共产国家所在地 农业发展仍十分落后
Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区); interestingly:adv.有趣地; Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; Bloc:n.集团; mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺; agriculturally:adv.农业地;
Now, this would require nutrients and water. 现在,这片区域需要养份和水源
nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
It's going to either be organic or conventional or some mix of the two to deliver that. 需藉由有机或传统耕作方式 或两者混合来供应这一切
organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的;
Plants need water and nutrients. 植物需要水和养份
But we can do this, and there are opportunities to make this work. 但我们能做到这一点,我们有成功的机会
But we have to do it in a way that is sensitive to meeting the food security needs of the future and the environmental security needs of the future. 但我们必须以某种 兼顾未来粮食需求 及未来环境安全的方式进行
We have to figure out how to make this tradeoff between growing food and having a healthy environment work better. 我们必须找出一个权衡之计 使粮食生产与环境健康相辅相成
tradeoff:n.权衡;折衷;(公平)交易(等于trade-off);
Right now, it's kind of an all-or-nothing proposition . 现在我们面临两难的情况
all-or-nothing:adj.孤注一掷的,要么全有要么全无的; proposition:n.提议;待处理的问题;任务;(美国)法律修正议案;见解;命题;v.向...提议;
We can grow food in the background -- that's a soybean field ?? 我们可以种植粮食－ 如背景中的黄豆田
and in this flower diagram, it shows we grow a lot of food, but we don't have a lot clean water, we're not storing a lot of carbon, we don't have a lot of biodiversity. 这个花朵型图表显示我们种植许多作物 但缺乏大量洁净水源,我们没有 庞大的碳资源和生物多样性
In the foreground , we have this prairie that's wonderful from the environmental side, but you can't eat anything. What's there to eat? 拥有照片中的大草原 是件好事,以环境角度来看 但你无法藉此填饱肚子,没有可吃的东西
foreground:n.前景;最显著的位置; prairie:n.大草原;牧场;
We need to figure out how to bring both of those together into a new kind of agriculture that brings them all together. 我们必须找出两全其美的 新型耕作方式,使两者相辅相成
Now, when I talk about this, people often tell me, "Well, isn't blank the answer?" -- organic food, local food, GMOs, new trade subsidies , new farm bills -- and yeah, we have a lot of good ideas here, but not any one of these is a silver bullet . 现在,当我谈到这一点时,人们总是说 “嗯,不是已有解决之道？” －有机食物 当地食材、基因改造作物新贸易补贴法案、新农业法案－ 确实,我们拥有许多好方法 但没有一个是银弹（解决一切的方案）
subsidies:n.补贴;补助金;津贴;(subsidy的复数) silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的; bullet:n.子弹;只选某党全部候选人的投票;豆子;vi.射出;迅速行进;
In fact, what I think they are is more like silver buckshot . 事实上,我更希望解决之道是银猎枪弹
buckshot:n.大号铅弹;鹿弹;
And I love silver buckshot. You put it together and you've got something really powerful, but we need to put them together. 我喜爱银猎枪弹, 结合所有方法 得到十分强大的力量 但我们必须将它们彼此结合
So what we have to do, I think, is invent a new kind of agriculture that blends the best ideas of commercial agriculture and the green revolution with the best ideas of organic farming and local food and the best ideas of environmental conservation , 因此我认为,我们必须做的是发明一种 新型农业,同时满足 商业性农业和绿色革命需求 使有机农业、当地食材 和环境保护形成最佳结合
blends:n.混纺,混纺纤维; vt.使交融(blend的三单形式); vi.[天]混合,混杂; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; conservation:n.保存,保持;保护;
not to have them fighting each other but to have them collaborating together to form a new kind of agriculture, something I call "terraculture," or farming for a whole planet. 使它们不至于彼此冲突,而是使它们 相辅相成地形成一种新型农业 我称之为“terraculture”,或全球耕作
collaborating:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的现在分词)
Now, having this conversation has been really hard, and we've been trying very hard to bring these key points to people to reduce the controversy , to increase the collaboration . 现在,进行这样的沟通十分困难 我们费尽心力地向大众传播这个重要观点 减少争议 促进合作
controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论; collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
I want to show you a short video that does kind of show our efforts right now to bring these sides together into a single conversation. So let me show you that. 我想展示一段短片,让你们确实了解 我们目前所做的努力,使大家拥有 相同的理念,请看影片
(Music) （音乐）
(" Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota : Driven to Discover") 明尼苏达大学环境研究所:致力探索
Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; Minnesota:n.明尼苏达州(美国中北部洲);
(Music) （音乐）
("The world population is growing by 75 million people each year. 全球人口 每年增加7500万
That's almost the size of Germany. 几乎相当于德国总人口
Today, we're nearing 7 billion people. 目前全球人口将近70亿
nearing:v.(时间或空间上)接近,靠近,临近;(near的现在分词)
At this rate, we'll reach 9 billion people by 2040. 以这样的速率增长2040年全球将拥有90亿人口
And we all need food. 每个人都需要粮食
But how? 但从何而来？
How do we feed a growing world without destroying the planet? 我们该如何喂饱逐渐增长的人口,而不对地球造成破坏？
We already know climate change is a big problem. 我们已知气候变迁是个大问题
But it's not the only problem. 但它并非唯一的问题
We need to face 'the other inconvenient truth.' 我们必须面对“另一个棘手的事实”
A global crisis in agriculture. 全球农业危机
Population growth + meat consumption + dairy consumption + energy costs + bioenergy production = stress on natural resources. 人口成长＋肉类消耗＋乳类消耗＋能源消耗＋生质能源生产＝自然资源面临的压力
dairy:n.奶制品; adj.乳品的; bioenergy:n.生物能;
More than 40% of Earth's land has been cleared for agriculture. 超过 40% 的地表已开发为农地
Global croplands cover 16 million km2. 全球农地超过1600万平方公里
croplands:n.[农]耕地;农田(cropland的复数形式);
That's almost the size of South America. 几乎相当于南美洲面积
Global pastures cover 30 million km2. 全球牧地超过3000万平方公里
That's the size of Africa. 相当于非洲面积
Agriculture uses 60 times more land than urban and suburban areas combined. 农业占用面积为都市和郊区总和的60倍
Irrigation is the biggest use of water on the planet. 灌溉消耗的水源为世界之首
We use 2,800 cubic kilometers of water on crops every year. 每年用于灌溉作物的水量相当于2800立方公里
cubic:adj.立方体的,立方的;
That's enough to fill 7,305 Empire State Buildings every day. 足以每天装满7305栋帝国大厦
Today, many large rivers have reduced flows. 目前许多大型河川流量减少
Some dry up altogether. 有些早已干涸
Look at the Aral Sea, now turned to desert. 看看咸海,现在已变成沙漠
Or the Colorado River, which no longer flows to the ocean. 科罗拉多河不再流向大海
Fertilizers have more than doubled the phosphorus and nitrogen in the environment. 肥料使环境中的磷和氮倍增
The consequence ? 结果如何？
consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论;
Widespread water pollution and massive degradation of lakes and rivers. 造成大范围的水污染 使湖泊及河川水质严重恶化
Widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; degradation:n.退化;降格,降级;堕落;
Surprisingly , agriculture is the biggest contributor to climate change. 令人惊讶的是农业是造成气候变迁的最大因素
Surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 contributor:n.贡献者;投稿者;捐助者;
It generates 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. 30% 的温室气体由农业产生
generates:[计]生成;发生;
That's more than the emissions from all electricity and industry, or from all the world's planes, trains and automobiles . 排放量超过所有电力设施和工业 或全球飞机、火车和汽车的排放量
automobiles:n.[车辆]汽车,发动器(automobile复数);关于汽车;
Most agricultural emissions come from tropical deforestation, methane from animals and rice fields, and nitrous oxide from over-fertilizing. 大部份农业排放量来自于热带树林的砍伐 动物和稻田产生的甲烷 过量施肥产生的一氧化二氮
There is nothing we do that transforms the world more than agriculture. 农业是改变世界的最大因素
transforms:v.[数][电]变换; n.语法转化规则;
And there's nothing we do that is more crucial to our survival . 我们的做法是影响人类生存的关键
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
Here's the dilemma ... 我们面临的困境是…
dilemma:n.困境;进退两难;两刀论法;
As the world grows by several billion more people, 当全球人口增加数十亿时
We'll need to double, maybe even triple , global food production. 我们需要两倍、甚至三倍的粮食产量
triple:adj.三部分的; n.三倍的数[量]; v.成为三倍;
So where do we go from here? 我们将何去何从？
We need a bigger conversation, an international dialogue. 我们必须进行更大规模的沟通、全球性的对话
We need to invest in real solutions: incentives for farmers, precision agriculture, new crop varieties, drip irrigation, gray water recycling , better tillage practices, smarter diets. 我们必须采取真正的解决之道: 鼓励农民、精致农业新型作物、滴水灌溉系统 废水回收利用更佳的耕作方式、更睿智的饮食型态
invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; precision:n.精度,[数]精密度;精确;adj.精密的,精确的; drip:n.滴落;滴落(的液体);水滴;v.(液体)滴下; recycling:n.(资源,垃圾的)回收利用;v.回收;再循环利用(recycle的现在分词); tillage:n.耕作,耕种;
We need everyone at the table. 我们需要所有人共同参与
Advocates of commercial agriculture, environmental conservation, and organic farming... 提倡商业性农业 环境保护 及有机耕作…
Advocates:n.拥护者; vt.主张(advocate的第三人称单数);
must work together. 必须同时进行
There is no single solution . 这个困境没有单一解决方案
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
We need collaboration, imagination , determination , because failure is not an option. 我们必须携手合作 发挥想象力 下定决心 因为我们没有失败的余地
imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; determination:n.测定;确定;决心;计算;
How do we feed the world without destroying it? 如何在不破坏地球的情况下喂饱全世界？
Yeah, so we face one of the greatest grand challenges in all of human history today: the need to feed nine billion people and do so sustainably and equitably and justly , at the same time protecting our planet for this and future generations. 因此我们正面临人类历史中 最大的挑战之一: 满足90亿人口的粮食需求 藉由稳定、公平、公正的方式 同时保护我们的地球 替这一代及后代子孙
sustainably:adv.支撑得住;能保持住地; equitably:adv.公平地; justly:adv.公正地;正当地;恰当地;正直地;
This is going to be one of the hardest things we ever have done in human history, and we absolutely have to get it right, and we have to get it right on our first and only try. 这将是人类历史中 最困难的挑战之一 我们必须以正确方式进行 我们必须把握这仅有的机会
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
So thanks very much. (Applause) 十分感谢（掌声）