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JonathanEisen_2012P-_认识你的微生物群落_
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| I'm going to start with a little story. |
我来先讲一个小故事 |
| So, I grew up in this neighborhood . When I was 15 years old, |
我在附近的地区长大,我15岁时 |
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neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
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| I went from being what I think was a strapping young athlete , over four months, slowly wasting away until |
在四个月里,我从一个自认为的体格强壮的年轻运动员 逐渐消瘦 |
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strapping:n.鞭打; adj.魁梧的; v.用带捆扎; athlete:n.运动员,体育家;身强力壮的人;
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| I was basically a famine victim with an unquenchable thirst. |
直到变成一个饥民 有着永不满足的饥渴感 |
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basically:adv.主要地,基本上; famine:n.饥荒; victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者; unquenchable:adj.止不住的;不能遏制的;不能熄灭的;
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| I had basically digested away my body. |
基本上我已经消化光了自己的身体 |
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digested:v.消化;领会;领悟;理解;(digest的过去分词和过去式)
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| And this all came to a head when I was on a backpacking trip, my first one ever actually, on Old Rag Mountain in West Virginia , and was putting my face into puddles of water and drinking like a dog. |
情况严重到,在我的一次背包旅途中 实际上是我的第一次,在西弗吉尼亚的 Old Rag Mountain 我像狗一样 把脸埋在水坑里喝水 |
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backpacking:n.徒步旅行; Rag:n.抹布;破布;质量低劣的报纸;小报;v.嘲笑;捉弄; Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的; puddles:小水坑(puddle的复数)
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| That night, I was taken into the emergency room and diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic in full-blown ketoacidosis . |
那天晚上,我被带到急救室 被诊断患有I型糖尿病导致的酮酸中毒 |
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emergency room:n.急诊室; diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) diabetic:adj.糖尿病的,患糖尿病的;n.糖尿病患者; full-blown:adj.成熟的;(花)盛开的;(帆等)张满的; ketoacidosis:n.[内科]酮酸中毒;酮病;
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| And I recovered, thanks to the miracles of modern medicine, insulin and other things, and gained all my weight back and more. |
后来我康复了,感谢现代医学的奇迹 胰岛素和其它东西, 我的体重全恢复了,还有些增长 |
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miracles:n.奇迹;奇人;不平凡的事;(miracle的复数) insulin:n.[生化][药]胰岛素;
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| And something festered inside me after this happened. |
这些事情发生后, 我心里开始有了些想法 |
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festered:v.化脓;溃烂;更加苦恼;愈益恶化;(fester的过去分词和过去式)
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| What I thought about was, what caused the diabetes ? |
当时我想的是, 糖尿病是什么导致的? |
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diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症;
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| You see, diabetes is an autoimmune disease where your body fights itself, and at the time people thought that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen and then kill the cells that make insulin. |
你们知道, 糖尿病是一种免疫疾病 你的身体攻击正常细胞,当时人们认为 可能在一些情况下,人体接触到病原体 免疫系统被激活,与病原体作斗争 结果杀死了制造胰岛素的细胞 |
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autoimmune:adj.自身免疫的;自体免疫的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; pathogen:n.病原体;病菌; triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式) immune system:n.免疫系统;
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| And this is what I thought for a long period of time, and that's in fact what medicine and people have focused on quite a bit, the microbes that do bad things. |
对于这个解释,我思考了很长一段时间 这也是医学和大众主要关注的理论 微生物是有害的 |
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microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式);
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| And that's where I need my assistant here now. |
现在我需要我的助理帮忙 |
| You may recognize her. |
你们可能认得她 |
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recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
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| So, I went yesterday, I apologize, I skipped a few of the talks, and I went over to the National Academy of Sciences building, and they sell toys, giant microbes. |
其实昨天,很抱歉,我没来听一些演讲 我去了一下国家科学院的大楼 楼里有人在卖玩具,巨型微生物 |
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Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的
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| And here we go! |
接好了! |
| So you have caught flesh-eating disease if you caught that one. |
如果你接住那一个,你就已经感染了食肉细菌 |
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flesh-eating:adj.食肉的;
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| I gotta get back out my baseball ability here. |
显然我的棒球技能已经不比当年了 |
| (Laughter) |
(笑声) |
| So, unfortunately or not surprisingly , most of the microbes they sell at the National Academy building are pathogens . |
所以,不幸的是,也不让人惊奇的是 他们在国家科学院大楼卖的微生物玩具是病原菌 |
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unfortunately:adv.不幸地; surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌;
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| Everybody focuses on the things that kill us, and that's what I was focusing on. |
大家都只关注致死的微生物 那也是我当时研究的重点 |
| And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes, and those microbes actually do us good much of the time, rather than killing us. |
实际上我们正在被厚厚的一层微生物覆盖 而多数情况下, 这些微生物对我们是有益的 而不是有害致死的 |
| And so, we've known about this for some period of time. |
而且我们认识到这一点,已经有一段时间了 |
| People have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us, |
人们用显微镜观察覆盖人体的微生物 |
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microscopes:n.[光]显微镜(microscope的复数);
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| I know you're not paying attention to me, but ... |
我知道你没在听我讲话,但是…… |
| (Laughter) |
(笑声) |
| The microbes that cover us. |
这些覆盖人体的微生物 |
| And if you look at them in the microscope, you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells of microbes on us as we have human cells. |
如果你用显微镜观察它们 你会发现在我们身上的微生物细胞 是人体细胞数量的10倍 |
| There's more mass in the microbes than the mass of our brain. |
我们身上微生物的质量比我们大脑的质量还重 |
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mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
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| We are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms . |
我们的身体实际上是一个丰富的微生物生态系统 |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: teeming:adj.多产的,丰富的;热闹的;v.充满(teem的现在分词); ecosystem:n.生态系统; microorganisms:n.[微]微生物,微生虫(microorganism的复数);
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| And unfortunately, if you want to learn about the microorganisms, just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient . |
不幸的是, 如果你想要研究微生物 仅仅用显微镜观察是不够的 |
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sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的;
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| And so we just heard about the DNA sequencing . |
我们刚才听到了DNA测序 |
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sequencing:n.[计]排序; v.[计]定序(sequence的ing形式);
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| It turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes and to understand them is to look at their DNA. |
事实证明研究和理解微生物的最好方法之一 是研究它们的DNA |
| And that's what I've been doing for 20 years, using DNA sequencing, collecting samples from various places, including the human body, reading the DNA sequence |
这正是我20年来一直在做的事 我通过DNA测序来分析从不同来源采来的样品 其中包括人体样本,测出DNA序列 |
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sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列;
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| and then using that DNA sequencing to tell us about the microbes that are in a particular place. |
然后从这些DNA序列中了解 在特定位置的微生物 |
| And what's amazing, when you use this technology , for example, looking at humans, we're not just covered in a sea of microbes. |
神奇的是,在使用这个技术时 比如说,研究人体系统 我们不只是被覆盖在数量众多的微生物中 |
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technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
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| There are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes on us. |
我们身上的微生物种类也是成千上万的 |
| We have millions of genes of microbes in our human microbiome covering us. |
我们覆盖的微生物种群 有数百类个基因 |
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genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
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| And so this microbial diversity differs between people, and what people have been thinking about in the last 10, maybe 15 years is, maybe these microbes, this microbial cloud in and on us, and the variation between us, may be responsible for some of the health and illness differences between us. |
而且每个人身上的微生物种群各不相同 在过去的10或15年里,人们一直在思考 也许这些微生物 这些人体上覆盖的微生物云 以及人和人之间的微生物差异 对人类的健康和疾病的个体差异有重要影响 |
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microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
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| And that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling you. |
这就回到了我之前和你们说过的糖尿病的故事 |
| It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers for type 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen, but is in fact trying to -- miscommunicating with the microbes that live in and on you. |
结果是人们现在认为 一型糖尿病诱因之一并不是与病原体的战争 却是因为它其实在试着 与身体内外的微生物传达错误的信息 |
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triggers:n.[电子]触发器;触发物(trigger的复数);v.引起(trigger的单三形式);引爆;
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| And somehow maybe the microbial community that's in and on me got off, and then this triggered some sort of immune response and led to me killing the cells that make insulin in my body. |
然后这些在我身体内外的微生物群落不知怎么地消失了 这触发了某种免疫反应 让我的身体消灭了自身的 制造胰岛素的细胞 |
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community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答);
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| And so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is, what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniques in particular , to study the microbial cloud that lives in and on us. |
所以在接下来几分钟我想和你们分享的是 人们通过DNA测序技术了解到哪些内容 尤其是对于身体内外的 微生物云 |
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techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) in particular:尤其,特别;
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| And I want to tell you a story about a personal project. |
我想和你们讲一个有关我个人研究课题的故事 |
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personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
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| My first personal experience with studying the microbes on the human body actually came from a talk that I gave, right around the corner from here at Georgetown . |
我自己的第一次研究人体微生物的经历 实际上就来自 我在街对角的乔治城大学做的一个演讲 |
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Georgetown:n.乔治城(圭亚那首都);
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| I gave a talk, and a family friend who happened to be the Dean of Georgetown Medical School was at the talk, and came up to me afterwards saying, they were doing a study of ileal transplants in people. |
我在那做了个演讲,而乔治城大学医学院的院长 刚好是我的一个家族方面的朋友,去听了演讲 会后他上来和我说,他们正在 做人体回肠移植方面的研究 |
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Dean:n.院长;系主任;教务长;主持牧师; transplants:v.移植(transplant的第三人称单数);移置;n.移植(transplant的复数);
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| And they wanted to look at the microbes after the transplants. |
他们想要研究移植后的微生物分布情况 |
| And so I started a collaboration with this person, |
所以我开始和 |
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collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
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| Michael Zasloff and Thomas Fishbein, to look at the microbes that colonized these ilea after they were transplanted into a recipient . |
Michael Zasloff 和 Thomas Fishbein 合作 观察回肠移植后微生物繁殖情况 |
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colonized:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地; transplanted:移植;转移; recipient:n.容器,接受者;容纳者;adj.容易接受的,感受性强的;
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| And I can tell you all the details about the microbial study that we did there, but the reason I want to tell you this story is something really striking that they did at the beginning of this project. |
我可以和你们聊这项研究的所有细节 但是我想给你们讲这个故事的原因是 他们在这个课题开始阶段 做了特别惊人的尝试 |
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at the beginning of:在…的开始;
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| They take the donor ileum , which is filled with microbes from a donor and they have a recipient who might have a problem with their microbial community, say Crohn's disease, and they sterilized the donor ileum. |
他们取得捐赠者的回肠,里边充满捐赠者身上的微生物 同时有受赠者,他们体内的微生物菌群可能出了些问题 比如说,克罗恩病患者 然后他们消毒捐赠者的回肠 |
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donor:n.捐赠者;供者;赠送人;adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的; ileum:n.[解剖]回肠; sterilized:v.灭菌;消毒;使绝育;(sterilize的过去分词和过去式)
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| Cleaned out all the microbes, and then put it in the recipient. |
清除所有的微生物,然后移植到受赠者体内 |
| They did this because this was common practice in medicine, even though it was obvious that this was not a good idea. |
他们这样做,因为这是医学上的通用做法 即便它显然 不是一个好主意 |
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obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
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| And fortunately, in the course of this project, the transplant surgeons and the other people decided, forget common practice. We have to switch. |
幸好在这个研究过程中 移植外科医生和其他成员决定 抛开通用做法,我们必须换个办法 |
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in the course of:在…过程中;在…期间; surgeons:n.外科医生;(surgeon的复数)
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| So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial community in the ileum. They leave the microbes with the donor, and theoretically that might help the people who are receiving this ileal transplant. |
所以他们留下回肠中的部分微生物菌群 他们留下了捐赠者体内的微生物 理论上说,这可能 对接受回肠移植的人有益 |
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theoretically:adv.理论地;理论上;
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| And so, people -- this is a study that I did now. |
所以,大家,这就是我这些年来所做的研究 |
| In the last few years there's been a great expansion in using DNA technology to study the microbes in and on people. |
在过去几年中,通过DNA技术来观察人体内外的微生物研究 有了长足进展 |
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expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大;
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| There's something called the Human Microbiome Project that's going on in the United States, and MetaHIT going on in Europe, and a lot of other projects. |
人类微生物菌落项目 正在美国展开 在欧洲, 有人类肠道宏基因组计划(MetaHIT)和很多其它研究 |
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United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
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| And when people have done a variety of studies, they have learned things such as, when a baby is born, during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the microbes from your mother. |
当他们做了各种研究 他们发现了各种现象,比如一个婴儿 从产道出生时 母体的微生物菌群会移植到婴儿上 |
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variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; vaginal:adj.[解剖]阴道的;叶鞘的; delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送;
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| There are risk factors associated with cesarean sections, some of those risk factors may be due to mis-colonization when you carve a baby out of its mother rather than being delivered through the birth canal. |
剖腹产有一些风险 其中有可能包括错误移植 当婴儿经由剖腹被取出母体 而非从产道生出时, 这有可能发生 |
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factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) cesarean:adj.剖腹产的;凯撒的;n.剖腹产(等于Caesarean); carve:vt.雕刻;切开;开创;vi.切开;做雕刻工作;
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| And a variety of other studies have shown that the microbial community that lives in and on us helps in development of the immune system, helps in fighting off pathogens, helps in our metabolism , and determining our metabolic rate, probably |
许多不同研究显示 在我们身体和表面的微生物 对免疫系统的发育有益 帮助击退病原体,促进新陈代谢 决定我们的代谢速度 |
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metabolism:n.[生理]新陈代谢; determining:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;支配;裁决;(determine的现在分词) metabolic:adj.变化的;新陈代谢的;
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| determines our odor , and may even shape our behavior in a variety of ways. |
可能决定我们的体味 还可能在很多方面塑造我们的行为 |
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determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数) odor:n.气味;名声;
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| And so, these studies have documented or suggested out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community, this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us. |
因此这些研究证明或者推断了 这些微生物群落的各种重要功能 这些在我们体内和表面生活的非病原体,这层“云”的功能 |
| And one area that I think is very interesting, which many of you may have now that we've thrown microbes into the crowd, is something that I would call "germophobia." |
有个领域我觉得很有意思 就是既然刚才我们刚扔了一群菌到人群中 你们中间有许多人也许有这个心态, 我叫它“恐菌症” |
| So people are really into cleanliness , right? |
人们真的很重视清洁, 是吗？ |
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cleanliness:n.清洁;
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| We have antibiotics in our kitchen counters, people are washing every part of them all of the time, we pump antibiotics into our food, into our communities , we take antibiotics excessively . |
我们的厨房桌台上有抗菌用品 人们时时刻刻都在洗身上的每个部分 抗生素大量地流入我们的食物和居住环境中 我们无节制地滥用抗生素 |
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antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数) pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) excessively:adv.过分地;极度;
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| And killing pathogens is a good thing if you're sick, but we should understand that when we pump chemicals and antibiotics into our world, that we're also killing the cloud of microbes that live in and on us. |
如果你生病了,杀死病原体是件好事 但我们要知道,当我们把化工产品 和抗生素注入我们的生活中时,我们也在杀死 生活在我们体内和表面的微生物云 |
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chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
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| And excessive use of antibiotics, in particular in children, has been shown to be associated with, again, risk factors for obesity , for autoimmune diseases , for a variety of problems that are probably due to disruption of the microbial community. |
研究发现,过度使用抗生素,尤其在儿童身上 和肥胖、自身免疫疾病 以及其它各种健康问题都有关 因为抗生素破坏了 人体的微生物群落 |
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obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解;
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| So the microbial community can go wrong whether we want it to or not, or we can kill it with antibiotics, but what can we do to restore it? |
所以微生物群落可能会出问题 不论我们喜不喜欢 或者我们可以用抗生素杀死这些微生物 但是我们怎样才能重建这些群落? |
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restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原;
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| I'm sure many people here have heard about probiotics . |
我相信在座的许多人听说过益生菌群 |
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probiotics:n.益生菌,原生菌;促生素或益菌;
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| Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore the microbial community that is in and on you. |
人们可以尝试用益生菌来重建 体内和体表的微生物群落 |
| And they definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases. |
已经有一些使用益生菌的成功案例 |
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definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
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| There's a project going on at UC Davis where people are using probiotics to try and treat , prevent, necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants . |
在加州大学戴维斯分校有一项研究 人们尝试用益生菌来治疗和预防 早产儿的坏死性小肠结肠炎 |
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treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; necrotizing:adj.坏死的;引起坏死的;n.坏死(necrotize的ing形式);使…坏死; enterocolitis:n.[内科]小肠结肠炎; premature:adj.早产的;不成熟的;比预期早的;n.早产儿;过早发生的事物; infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿;
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| Premature infants have real problems with their microbial community. |
早产儿身上有不少和微生物群落相关的问题 |
| And it may be that probiotics can help prevent the development of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis in these premature infants. |
也许益生菌可以帮助预防 早产儿罹患 这种可怕的坏死性小肠结肠炎 |
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horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
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| But probiotics are sort of a very, very simple solution . |
但是益生菌是一个非常,非常简单的解决方法 |
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solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
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| Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat have one or two species in them, maybe five species in them, and the human community is thousands upon thousands of species. |
许多你可以吃的药丸或酸奶 含有一或两种,还可能五种细菌 而人体微生物群落包含数千个菌种 |
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pills:n.药丸; v.起球; (pill的第三人称单数和复数) species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
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| So what can we do to restore our microbial community when we have thousands and thousands of species on us? |
所以我们怎样才能重建我们的微生物群落 在我们身上有数千种微生物的情况下？ |
| Well, one thing that animals seem to do is, they eat poo -- coprophagia. |
好吧,动物们所做的一件事是 它们吃类便——食粪症 |
| And it turns out that many veterinarians , old school veterinarians in particular, have been doing something called "poo tea," |
实际上许多兽医 尤其是老派的兽医 一直在用一种叫“粪便茶”的东西 |
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veterinarians:n.[兽医]兽医(veterinarian的复数); old school:adj.古老的;古旧的;传统的;
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| not booty , but poo tea, to treat colic and other ailments in horses and cows and things like that, where you make tea from the poo from a healthy individual animal and you feed it to a sick animal. |
不是屁屁,而是粪便茶来治疗 马和牛的腹绞痛和其它类似疾病 就是用健康动物的粪便做成茶 然后喂给生病的动物喝 |
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booty:n.赃物;战利品;掠夺物;(赢得,购买,得到的)贵重物品; colic:n.疝气;疝痛;急腹痛; ailments:n.疾病,小病(ailment复数形式); individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
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| Although, unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its side, and you can put your hand into its rumen, it's hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes directly into the mouth and through the entire |
但是,除非你有一头身上装了研究反刍消化装置的牛,肚子一侧开了个大洞 你可以把手伸进它的瘤胃 很难想象从嘴巴经过整个消化道上部 传输微生物 |
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directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
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| top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system, so you may have heard in people they are now doing fecal transplants, where rather than delivering a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth, they are delivering a community of probiotics, a community of microbes from a healthy donor, through the other end. |
是最好的传输方式 所以你们可能听说过有人在做 粪便移植,与其将少数益生菌种 从口腔传入体内 他们将一个益生菌群 来自一个健康的捐赠者的整个微生物群落 从消化道的另一端送入体内 |
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digestive:adj.消化的;助消化的;n.助消化药; tract:n.束;地带;小册子;大片土地; fecal:adj.排泄物的;残渣的;糟粕的;
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| And this has turned out to be very effective in fighting certain intransigent infectious diseases like Clostridium difficile infections that can stay with people for years and years and years. |
事实表明这种做法 对于某些顽固的传染病很有疗效 比如可以在人体内存活多年的 艰难梭状芽孢杆菌感染 |
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intransigent:adj.不妥协的;不让步的;n.不妥协的人; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; Clostridium:n.梭菌;梭菌属; difficile:adj.(法)困难的;难相处的;固执的; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
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| Transplants of the feces , of the microbes from the feces , from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure systemic C. dif infections in some people. |
粪便移植 从而实现健康捐赠者的粪便中微生物的移植 事实上已经有一些成功治愈系统性艰难梭状芽孢杆菌感染的案例 |
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feces:n.排泄物;渣滓; systemic:adj.系统的;全身的;体系的;
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| Now what these transplants, these fecal transplants, or the poo tea suggest to me, and many other people have come up with this same idea, is that the microbial community in and on us, it's an organ. |
这些新的移植方法,这些粪便移植 或是粪便茶给我还有很多人以启示 我们有了共同的想法 就是这些在我们体内外的微生物群落,是一个器官 |
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come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
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| We should view it as a functioning organ, part of ourselves. |
我们应该把它看成一个有功能的器官,看成人体的一部分 |
| We should treat it carefully and with respect , and we do not want to mess with it, say by C-sections or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness, without some real good justification . |
我们应该认真对待它,尊重它 我们不应该在不必要的情况下破坏它的平衡 比如采用剖腹产,使用抗生素 或过度清洁 |
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with respect:怀有敬意; mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺; C-sections:n.剖腹产; justification:n.理由;辩护;认为有理,认为正当;释罪;
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| And what the DNA sequencing technologies are allowing people to do now is do detailed studies of, say, 100 patients who have Crohn's disease and 100 people who don't have Crohn's disease. |
因为用DNA测序技术,人们可以做详细的研究 就像比较100个克罗恩病患者 和100个没有克罗恩病的人 |
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technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
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| Or 100 people who took antibiotics when they were little, and 100 people who did not take antibiotics. |
或者比较100个在小时候服用过抗生素的人 和100个小时候没服用过抗生素的人 |
| And we can now start to compare the community of microbes and their genes and see if there are differences. |
我们现在可以开始比较他们的微生物群落 和它们的基因来看是否存在差异 |
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compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
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| And eventually we may be able to understand if they're not just correlative differences, but causative . |
最终我们可能会弄明白,这些人群间的差异是否 不仅仅是相关的,还有因果关系 |
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eventually:adv.最后,终于; correlative:adj.相关的;有相互关系的;n.关联词;相关物; causative:adj.成为原因的;惹起…的;n.使役动词;
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| Studies in model systems like mouse and other animals are also helping do this, but people are now using these technologies because they've gotten very cheap, to study the microbes in and on a variety of people. |
小鼠和其它动物实验模型系统 也正帮助我们研究,但人们现在使用 DNA测序技术是因为成本已经很低 如果要研究不同人体内外的微生物的话 |
| So, in wrapping up, what I want to tell you about is, |
所以,总的来说,我想告诉你们的是 |
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wrapping:n.包装材料;包装纸;v.包,裹(礼物等);用…包裹;(wrap的现在分词)
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| I didn't tell you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes. |
我并没有告诉你们我患糖尿病的故事 |
| It turns out that my father was an M.D., actually studied hormones . I told him many times that I was tired, thirsty, not feeling very good. |
实际上我父亲是个医生 他研究内分泌激素。很多次我和他说 我又累,又渴,感觉不舒服 |
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hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数);
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| And he shrugged it off, I think he either thought |
他耸耸肩,我想,他要么认为 |
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shrugged:v.耸肩(表示不知道或不在乎);(shrug的过去分词和过去式)
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| I was just complaining a lot, or it was the typical |
我只是爱抱怨,要么 |
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complaining:adj.抱怨的;v.抱怨;控诉;(complain的现在分词) typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
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| M.D. "nothing can be wrong with my children." |
是一个医生认为“我家的小孩不会生病”的心态 |
| We even went to the International Society of Endocrinology meeting as family in Quebec . |
我们甚至举家前往魁北克 参加国际内分泌学学会 |
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Endocrinology:n.内分泌学;内分泌科; Quebec:n.魁北克(加拿大港市省名);
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| And I was getting up every five minutes to pee , and drinking everybody's water at the table, and I think they all thought I was a druggie . |
我每五分钟就要起来尿尿 吃饭时要喝完每个人的水 我想,他们可能都认为我嗑药了 |
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pee:n.小便;撒尿;v.撒尿; druggie:n.瘾君子;吸毒者(等于druggy);
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| But the reason I'm telling you this is that the medical community, my father as an example, sometimes doesn't see what's right in front of their eyes. |
但我和你们说这个故事的原因是 在医学界,以我的父亲为例 有时候看不到眼前发生的事 |
| The microbial cloud, it is right in front of us. |
这层微生物云,就在我们眼前 |
| We can't see it most of the time. It's invisible . |
很多时候我们看不到它。它是隐形的 |
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invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
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| They're microbes. They're tiny. |
它们是微生物,微小的生物。 |
| But we can see them through their DNA, we can see them through the effects that they have on people. |
但是我们可以通过它们的DNA看到它们 我们可以通过它们对人类的影响看到它们 |
| And what we need now is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context of everything in human medicine. |
我们现在需要做的是 开始思考在人类医学每个方面 微生物群落的作用 |
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context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
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| It doesn't mean that it affects every part of us, but it might. |
这并不意味着它会影响我们的每一部分 但是有这个可能性 |
| What we need is a full field guide to the microbes that live in and on people, so that we can understand what they're doing to our lives. |
我们需要一份人类体内和表面的微生物的实地指南 这样我们才能了解 它们对我们生活的影响 |
| We are them. They are us. |
我们就是它们。它们就是我们 |
| Thank you. |
谢谢 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |