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JohnGreen_2012X-_书呆子在线学习指南_
This is a map of New York State that was made in 1937 by the General Drafting Company. 这是一张纽约州的地图, 由通用制图公司在1937年绘制。
Drafting:n.起草;制图;v.起草;草拟;选派;抽调;(draft的现在分词)
It's an extremely famous map among cartography nerds , because down here at the bottom of the Catskill Mountains, there is a little town called Roscoe -- 这张地图在地图发烧友中非常有名, 因为在卡兹奇山山脚下, 有一个叫罗斯克的小镇,
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; cartography:n.地图制作,制图;制图学,绘图法; nerds:n.书呆子;网虫;讨厌鬼(nerd的复数);
actually, this will go easier if I just put it up here -- 还是放在大屏幕上看得比较清楚。
There's Roscoe, and then right above Roscoe is Rockland, New York, and then right above that is the tiny town of Agloe, New York. 这是罗斯克,它的北边是纽约州的罗克兰县, 再往北是纽约州的另一个小镇叫阿格罗。
Agloe, New York, is very famous to cartographers , because it's a paper town. 纽约州的阿格罗,在地图发烧友中非常有名, 因为它并不存在。
cartographers:n.制图师;地图制作者;
It's also known as a copyright trap . 它也被称为“版权陷阱”。
copyright:n.版权;著作权;adj.受版权保护的;未经准许不得复制的;v.获得…的版权; trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计;
Mapmakers -- because my map of New York and your map of New York are going to look very similar, on account of the shape of New York -- often, mapmakers will insert fake places onto their maps, in orde r to protect their copyright. 因为纽约州的形状,不同制图人绘制的纽约州地图, 看上去都很像—— 所以制图人经常会在自己的地图里加上几个不存在的地方, 为的是保护自己的版权。
Mapmakers:n.制图师;地图制作者; on account of:由于;因为;为了…的缘故;
Because then, if my fake place shows up on your map, 因为如果这些假的地名出现在你的地图上,
I can be well and truly sure that you have robbed me. 我就能确信你盗了我的版。
Agloe is a scrabblization of the initials of the two guys who made this map, 阿格罗实际上是这幅地图的两名绘制者名字首字母相拼得来的,
initials:n.首字母;缩写;姓名中的大写字母(initial的复数);
Ernest Alpers and Otto [G.] Lindberg, and they released this map in 1937. 欧内斯特·阿尔帕斯和奥托·G·林德伯格, 他们在1937年发布了这版地图。
Otto:n.玫瑰油; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
Decades later, Rand McNally releases a map with Agloe, New York, on it, at the same exact intersection of two dirt roads in the middle of nowhere . 几十年后,兰德·麦克纳利出版了一份地图, 他的地图上也有纽约州阿格罗这个地方, 而且位置都一样,在两条并不存在的道路的交汇处。
Rand:n.兰特(南非的货币单位);边缘;垫皮,衬底(鞋后根与鞋底中间的); releases:n.释放; vt.释放; intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点; dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话; nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
Well, you can imagine the delight over at General Drafting. 可以想象,通用制图（知道这个消息后）有多欢乐。
delight:n.高兴;vi.高兴;vt.使高兴;
They immediately call Rand McNally, and they say, "We've caught you! We made Agloe, New York, up. 他们立刻打电话给兰德·麦克纳利,说, “抓到你啦！纽约州阿格罗是我们编出来的。
It is a fake place. It's a paper town. 这地方纯属虚构,并不存在。
We're going to sue your pants off!" 我们要告得你倾家荡产！”
sue:v.控告;提起诉讼;(尤指在法庭上)提出请求;
And Rand McNally says, "No, no, no, no, Agloe is real." 但兰德·麦克纳利说,“不,不,不,阿格罗是存在的。”
Because people kept going to that intersection of two dirt roads -- 因为人们不断地前往那两条道路的交汇处,
(Laughter) （笑声）
in the middle of nowhere, expecting there to be a place called Agloe -- someone built a place called Agloe, New York. 希望在那个并不存在的地方,找到一个叫阿格罗的地方—— 结果真有人建了一个地方叫“纽约州阿格罗”。
(Laughter) （笑声）
It had a gas station , a general store , two houses at its peak . 那儿有一个加油站,一个百货商店,山顶还有两座房子。
gas station:n.(汽车)加油站; general store:n.(尤指小城镇或乡村的)杂货店; peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And this is of course a completely irresistible metaphor to a novelist , because we would all like to believe that the stuff that we write down on paper 这对小说家而言具有非常重要的象征意义, 因为我们都愿意相信我们写下的东西
irresistible:adj.不可抵抗的;不能压制的;极为诱人的; metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法; novelist:n.小说家; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
can change the actual world in which we're actually living, which is why my third book is called "Paper Towns". 能够改变我们生活的这个世界, 所以我将我的第三本小说命名为《纸镇》。
But what interests me ultimately more than the medium in which this happened, is the phenomenon itself. 但其实让我更感兴趣的并不是这件事是如何发生的, 而是这种现象本身。
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
It's easy enough to say that the world shapes our maps of the world, right? 大家很容易会想到,世界地图是由世界的形状决定的,对吗？
Like the overall shape of the world is obviously going to affect our maps. 也就是说世界是什么样,我们的地图就是什么样。
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
But what I find a lot more interesting is the way that the manner in which we map the world changes the world. 但我发现更有意思的是, 我们制作地图的方式反过来也会改变世界的样子。
Because the world would truly be a different place if North were down. 因为我们（印象中）的世界将会是另一个样子,如果（地图的）下方是北。
And the world would be a truly different place if Alaska and Russia weren't on opposite sides of the map. 我们（印象中）的世界将会是另一个样子, 如果我们不把阿拉斯加和俄罗斯放在一起,隔海相望。
And the world would be a different place if we projected Europe to show it in its actual size. 我们（印象中）的世界将会是另一个样子, 如果我们按照欧洲的真实比例来制作地图的话。
The world is changed by our maps of the world. 我们（制作）的世界地图改变了世界。
The way that we choose -- sort of, our personal cartographic enterprise, also shapes the map of our lives, and that in turn shapes our lives. 而我们选择的（人生）道路——就好比我们私人的地图制作公司, 绘制了我们人生的地图, 它反过来会影响我们的人生。
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; cartographic:adj.地图的;制图的;
I believe that what we map changes the life we lead. 我相信我们为自己绘制的地图,能改变我们的人生。
And I don't mean that in some, like, secret-y Oprah's Angels network, like, you-can-think-your-way- out-of-cancer sense. 我说的并不是类似神秘的“奥普拉天使网络”计划, 或者 “人定胜天” 之类的心灵鸡汤。
But I do believe that while maps don't show you where you will go in your life, they show you where you might go. 但我确信一点,尽管地图不能预测你的人生将走向何处, 但它至少能显示出一些可能性。
You very rarely go to a place that isn't on your personal map. 因为你不太可能去一个你个人地图上都没有的地方。
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
So I was a really terrible student when I was a kid. 我小时候是一个非常糟糕的学生。
My GPA was consistently in the low 2s. 我的平均绩点一直只有2分出头。
consistently:adv.一贯地;一致地;坚实地;
And I think the reason that I was such a terrible student is that I felt like education was just a series of hurdles that had been erected before me, and I had to jump over in order to achieve adulthood . 而我认为原因在于, 当时我觉得学校教育就像挡在我面前的 一个个障碍物, 我需要一个接一个地跨越它们才能成年。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; hurdles:n.障碍;跨栏;跨栏跑;障碍赛跑(hurdle的复数); erected:adj.直立的;正立的;v.建立;竖立(erect的过去分词); adulthood:n.成年;成人期;
And I didn't really want to jump over these hurdles, because they seemed completely arbitrary , so I often wouldn't, and then people would threaten me, you know, they'd threaten me with this "going on [my] permanent record," 而我真是不愿意去跨越这些障碍, 因为在我看来教育常常是武断的,所以我经常放弃, 然后就会有各种人出来威胁我, 他们对我甩狠话,“你的成绩会一直记在你的档案里,”
arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
or "You'll never get a good job." 或者是“你永远找不到一份好工作。”
I didn't want a good job! 我压根就不想找一份好工作好吗！
As far as I could tell at eleven or twelve years old, like, people with good jobs woke up very early in the morning, 我在十一、二岁的时候就明白, 那些有好工作的人起得比鸟还早,
As far as:至于…;
(Laughter) （笑声）
and the men who had good jobs, one of the first things they did was tie a strangulation item of clothing around their necks. 而他们每天早上做的第一件事 就是把一根布条紧紧缠在自己脖子上。
strangulation:n.[医]绞窄;勒杀;钳制;压缩; item:n.条款,项目;一则;一件商品(或物品);adj.又,同上;
They literally put nooses on themselves, and then they went off to their jobs, whatever they were. 简直就是给自己套绞索, 然后他们出发去上班,鬼知道那工作是什么。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: nooses:n.套索;束缚;绞刑;vt.用套索捉;使落入圈套;
That's not a recipe for a happy life. 这不是幸福生活该有的样子。
recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法;
These people -- in my, symbol-obsessed, twelve year-old imagination -- these people who are strangling themselves as one of the first things they do each morning, they can't possibly be happy. 这些人——在我这个痴迷符号的、十二岁小孩的想象中—— 这些每天早上做的第一件事 就是给自己套上绞索的人, 他们怎么可能开心呢。
imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; strangling:v.扼死;掐死;抑制;压制;扼杀;(strangle的现在分词)
Why would I want to jump over all of these hurdles and have that be the end? 我怎么会愿意跨过重重障碍, 最后落得跟他们一样的下场呢？
That's a terrible end! 这下场太悲哀了！
And then, when I was in tenth grade, I went to this school, 后来,在我十年级的时候,我转学了,
Indian Springs School, a small boarding school , outside of Birmingham , Alabama . 我转到了一家名叫“印第安泉”的小型寄宿学校, 位于阿拉巴马州伯明翰市郊区。
boarding school:n.寄宿学校; Birmingham:n.伯明翰(英国一座城市); Alabama:n.阿拉巴马州(美国州名);
And all at once I became a learner. 一夜之间我就成了个好学的人。
And I became a learner, because I found myself in a community of learners. 之所以有这种变化,是因为 我加入了一个学习社团。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
I found myself surrounded by people who celebrated intellectualism and engagement, and who thought that my ironic oh-so-cool disengagement wasn't clever, or funny, 我周围的人 全都信奉理智主义,喜欢与人交流, 他们觉得我那种自以为很酷的逃避学习的行为 既不聪明,也很无聊,
intellectualism:n.理智主义,知性主义; ironic:adj.讽刺的;反话的; disengagement:n.脱离;分开;
but, like, it was a simple and unspectacular response to very complicated and compelling problems. 仅仅只是一种在面对复杂而又无法逃避的问题时 所采取的简单而不成熟的应对方式。
unspectacular:adj.不引人注意的;普通的; response:n.响应;反应;回答; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) compelling:adj.引人入胜的; v.强迫; (compel的现在分词)
And so I started to learn, because learning was cool. 于是我也开始学习,因为学习这事儿变酷了。
I learned that some infinite sets are bigger than other infinite sets, and I learned that iambic pentameter is and why it sounds so good to human ears. 我明白了无限集合也有大小之分, 我明白了什么是抑扬格五音步诗,还有它为什么听起来那么悦耳。
infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限; iambic:adj.抑扬格的;短长格的;n.抑扬格;短长格; pentameter:n.五步格诗;adj.有五音步的;
I learned that the Civil War was a nationalizing conflict , 我明白了南北战争实际上是民族冲突,
Civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; nationalizing:vt.使国有化;使民族化;使归化;使成国家; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
I learned some physics, 我还学了点物理,
I learned that correlation shouldn't be confused with causation -- all of these things, by the way , enriched my life on a literally daily basis. 明白了相关不蕴含因果, 所有这些知识, 让我的生活日渐丰富多彩。
correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系; confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式) causation:n.原因;因果关系;出现; by the way:顺便说一下; enriched:v.使丰富;使饱含(某物);使富有;(enrich的过去分词和过去式)
And it's true that I don't use most of them for my "job," 而这些知识中的大部分跟我的工作没有任何关系,
but that's not what it's about for me. 其实我想说的并不是我自己,
It's about cartography. 而是如何绘制地图。
What is the process of cartography? 地图是怎么绘制出来的呢？
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
It's, you know, sailing upon some land, and thinking, "I think I'll draw that bit of land," 大体上,你航行到某一块陆地上, 想着“我要把这块陆地画下来,”
and then wondering, "Maybe there's some more land to draw." 然后你就会想,“也许还有其他陆地可以画。”
And that's when learning really began for me. 我的学习就是从那时才真正开始的。
It's true that I had teachers that didn't give up on me, and I was very fortunate to have those teachers, because I often gave them cause to think there was no reason to invest in me. 我的确遇到了没有放弃我的老师, 能遇到他们是我的幸运, 因为我常常会让老师们觉得在我身上浪费时间很不值。
fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的; invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予;
But a lot of the learning that I did in high school wasn't about what happened inside the classroom, it was about what happened outside of the classroom. 然而我高中时期学习的大部分过程, 并没有发生在课堂上, 而是在放学后。
For instance , I can tell you that "There's a certain Slant of light, Winter Afternoons -- 举个例子,我能背诵 “冬日午后的阳光,以特定角度穿堂——
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; Slant:n.倾斜; vi.倾斜; vt.使倾斜; adj.倾斜的;
That oppresses , like the Heft Of Cathedral Tunes --" 那沉重的压迫啊,似教堂圣歌在胸膛——”
oppresses:vt.压迫,压抑;使…烦恼;使…感到沉重; Heft:n.重量;重要性;vt.举起;举起试重量;vi.称重量; Cathedral:n.大教堂; Tunes:n.曲调;曲子;v.(为乐器)调音;调整;调频道;(tune的第三人称单数和复数)
not because I memorized Emily Dickinson in school when I was in high school, but because there was a girl when I was in high school, and her name was Amanda, and I had a crush on her, and she liked Emily Dickinson poetry . 并不是因为我在高中课堂上 背熟了埃米莉·迪更生的诗, 而是因为我高中班上有个女孩, 名叫阿曼达,我很喜欢她, 而她喜欢埃米莉·迪更生的诗。
memorized:v.记忆;记住(memorize的过去分词和过去式) crush:v.压碎;弄皱,变形;使…挤入;n.粉碎;迷恋;压榨;拥挤的人群; poetry:n.诗;诗意,诗情;诗歌艺术;
The reason I can tell you what opportunity cost is, is because one day when I was playing Super Mario Kart on my couch , my friend Emmet walked in, and he said, "How long have you been playing Super Mario Kart?" 而我知道什么是“机会成本”,是因为 有一天我躺在沙发上玩“超级玛丽赛车”, 我的朋友艾米特走进来说, “你在这玩 ‘超级玛丽赛车’ 多久了？”
Kart:n.(美)小型赛车; couch:n.睡椅,长沙发;床;卧榻;v.蹲伏,埋伏;躺着; Emmet:n.蚂蚁(英国方言,古语);
And I said, "I don't know, like, six hours?" and he said, "Do you realize that if you'd worked at Baskin-Robbins those six hours, you could have made 30 dollars, so in some ways, you just paid thirty dollars to play Super Mario Kart." 我说,“记不得了,也许,6个小时？” 他说,“你知道吗,你要是在Baskin-Robbins冰激凌店打工6小时的话, 你已经挣了30美元了,也就是说, 你花了30美元来玩 ‘超级玛丽赛车’。”
And I was, like, "I'll take that deal." 而我说,“很便宜啊。”
(Laughter) （笑声）
But I learned what opportunity cost is. 但（通过这件事）我学会了什么是“机会成本”。
And along the way, the map of my life got better. 就这样,我人生的地图慢慢完整起来。
It got bigger; it contained more places. 版图不断扩大,地方也不断增多。
There were more things that might happen, more futures I might have. 可能性越来越多, 我的未来选择也越来越多。
It wasn't a formal , organized learning process, and I'm happy to admit that. 当然这不是正规的,有条理的学习过程, 我对此毫不避讳。
formal:adj.适合正式场合的; n.(美)须穿礼服的社交集会; (口)夜礼服; organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
It was spotty , it was inconsistent , there was a lot I didn't know. 这个过程断断续续,有时还前后矛盾,很多事情我也没彻底弄明白。
spotty:adj.发疹的;多斑点的;质量不一的; inconsistent:adj.不一致的;前后矛盾的;
I might know, you know, Cantor's idea that some infinite sets are larger than other infinite sets, but I didn't really understand the calculus behind that idea. 比如说,我可能知道康托尔的理论, 无限集合也有大小之分, 但支持这个理论的微积分我就完全不懂。
calculus:n.[病理]结石;微积分学;
I might know the idea of opportunity cost, but I didn't know the law of diminishing returns. 我也许明白“机会成本”这个概念, 但是我不懂收益递减法则。
diminishing:v.减少; adj.逐渐缩小的;
But the great thing about imagining learning as cartography, instead of imagining it as arbitrary hurdles that you have to jump over, is that you see a bit of coastline , and that makes you want to see more. 但将学习想象成绘制地图, 而不是想象成一系列障碍, 需要你一个个去跨越, 好处就在于,你能看见一点点海岸线,这让你想更进一步,发现更多的东西。
coastline:n.海岸线;
And so now I do know at least some of the calculus that underlies all of that stuff. 所以我现在至少了解了微积分中 最最基础的知识。
underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下;
So, I had one learning community in high school, then I went to another for college, and then I went to another, when I started working at a magazine called "Booklist," 因此我在高中加入了 一个学习社团,然后在大学加入了另一个, 工作后又加入另一个, 当时我刚刚开始在一家名为《书单》的杂志社工作,
where I was an assistant, surrounded by astonishingly well-read people. 职务是助理,身边是一群热爱读书的朋友。
astonishingly:adv.令人惊讶地; well-read:adj.博学的;
And then I wrote a book. 之后我写了一本书。
And like all authors dream of doing, 就像所有作家梦想的一样,
I promptly quit my job. 我迅速辞职了。
promptly:adv.迅速地;立即地;敏捷地; quit:v.离开;放弃;停止;使…解除;n.离开;[计]退出;adj.摆脱了…的;已经了结的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And for the first time since high school, 这是我自高中以来,
I found myself without a learning community, and it was miserable . 第一次脱离了学习社团,这很痛苦。
miserable:adj.悲惨的;痛苦的;卑鄙的;
I hated it. 我很不爽。
I read many, many books during this two-year period. 在这两年期间,我读了很多书。
I read books about Stalin , and books about how the Uzbek people came to identify as Muslims, and I read books about how to make atomic bombs, but it just felt like I was creating my own hurdles, 有关于斯大林的, 关于乌兹别克斯坦人民是怎么被视为穆斯林的, 甚至还有关于怎么制造原子弹的, 但我的感觉并不好,像是给自己制造了障碍,
Stalin:n.斯大林(前苏联领导人); identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: atomic:adj.原子的,原子能的;微粒子的;
and then jumping over them myself, instead of feeling the excitement of being part of a community of learners, a community of people who are engaged together in the cartographic enterprise of trying to better understand and map the world around us. 然后还要自己跨过去,我完全感受不到 身处学习社团里时的那种兴奋, 当时的我们就像一群地图发烧友,聚集在地图制作公司, 试图更好地理解和描绘我们所处的世界。
excitement:n.兴奋;刺激;令人兴奋的事物; engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式)
And then, in 2006, I met that guy. 然后,在2006年,我遇见了这个家伙。
His name is Ze Frank . 他叫泽·弗兰克。
Frank:adj.坦白的,直率的;老实的;n.免费邮寄特权;v.免费邮寄;
I didn't actually meet him, just on the Internet. 其实我们没有真正见面,只是在网上。
Ze Frank was running, at the time, a show called "The Show with Ze Frank," 当时他在做一个名叫“泽·弗兰克秀”的节目,
and I discovered the show, and that was my way back into being a community learner again. 我发现了这个节目, 从此我便回归了学习社团。
Here's Ze talking about Las Vegas: 下面是泽·弗兰克在介绍拉斯维加斯:
(Video) Ze Frank: Las Vegas was built in the middle of a huge, hot desert. （视频）泽·弗兰克:拉斯维加斯建于一片广阔炎热的沙漠中心。
Almost everything here was brought from somewhere else -- the sort of rocks, the trees, the waterfalls . 这里的一切几乎都是从别处运来的—— 像这些岩石,树木,瀑布。
waterfalls:n.[水文]瀑布;悬瀑(waterfall的复数形式);
These fish are almost as out of place as my pig that flew. 这些鱼出现在这儿,就像猪会飞一样奇怪。
out of place:adj.不合适的;不相称的;不在适当的位置;
Contrasted to the scorching desert that surrounds this place, so are these people. 这一切与周围酷热的沙漠形成了鲜明的对比, 这里的人也一样。
Contrasted:比较;对比; scorching:adj.灼热的; v.把…烧焦;
Things from all over the world have been rebuilt here, away from their histories, and away from the people that experience them differently. 世界各地的景观在这里重建,失去了历史的沉淀, 人们对它们的感受变得单一。
Sometimes improvements were made -- even the Sphinx got a nose job . 有时景观还会被改进——比如斯芬克斯（狮身人面像）竟然隆鼻了。
improvements:n.改善;改进;改善的事物;(improvement的复数) Sphinx:n.(古埃及)狮身人面像;难于理解的人;天蛾; nose job:n.(非正式)鼻子整形手术;
Here, there's no reason to feel like you're missing anything. 这里应有尽有,你不会感觉失落。
This New York means the same to me as it does to everyone else. 这里的纽约在你我眼里都是一样的。
Everything is out of context , and that means context allows for everything: 一切都脱离了原有的环境,意味着这里的环境可以包容一切:
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
Self Parking, Events Center, Shark Reef . 自助停车,活动中心,鲨鱼礁。
Reef:礁,礁脉
This fabrication of place could be one of the world's greatest achievements, because no one belongs here; everyone does. 拉斯维加斯的建造,也许是世界上最伟大的成就之一, 因为无人属于这里,而人人都属于这里。
fabrication:n.制造,建造;装配;伪造物;
As I walked around this morning, I noticed most of the buildings were huge mirrors reflecting the sun back into the desert. 今早我四处闲逛的时候,我注意到大多数建筑物 就像巨大的镜子一样将阳光反射到沙漠里。
reflecting:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;显示,表明,表达;(reflect的现在分词)
But unlike most mirrors, which present you with an outside view of yourself embedded in a place, these mirrors come back empty. 因为镜子会反映出你和你周围的景象, 而这些建筑反映的只是一片虚无。 约翰·格林（JG）:让我回想起那些旧时光,
embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式);
John Green: Makes me nostalgic for the days when you could see the pixels in online video. 当时的在线视频 居然还能看出像素点。
nostalgic:adj.怀旧的;乡愁的; pixels:n.像素(组成屏幕图像的最小独立元素);(pixel的复数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
Ze isn't just a great public intellectual, he's also a brilliant community builder , and the community of people that built up around these videos was in many ways a community of learners. 泽不仅是一名出色的公知,而且是一名优秀的社团组织者, 因为这些视频而聚集到一起的这些人, 在很大程度上而言组成了一个学习社团。
builder:n.建筑者;建立者;
So we played Ze Frank at chess collaboratively , and we beat him. 我们与泽·弗兰克下国际象棋,多对一,结果我们赢了。
collaboratively:adv.合作地;协作地;
We organized ourselves to take a young man on a road trip across the United States. 我们带着一个年轻人自驾游走遍了美国。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
We turned the Earth into a sandwich , by having one person hold a piece of bread at one point on the Earth, and on the exact opposite point of the Earth, have another person holding a piece of bread. 我们把地球变成了一个三明治, 方法是让一个人举着一片面包站在地球的某一处, 然后在地球对面相对的地点, 安排另一个人也举着片面包。
sandwich:n.三明治;夹心面包片;
I realize that these are silly ideas, but they are also "learny" ideas, and that was what was so exciting to me, and if you go online, you can find communities like this all over the place. 我知道这主意很蠢,但是也有值得学习的地方不是吗, 而这让我非常兴奋, 如果你在网上搜一下,你能找到很多类似的社团。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Follow the calculus tag on Tumblr, and yes, you will see people complaining about calculus, but you'll also see people re-blogging those complaints , making the argument that calculus is interesting and beautiful, and here's a way in to thinking about the problem that you find unsolvable . 如果你在Tumblr搜索微积分的标签, 没错,你会看到很多人在吐槽微积分, 但同时你也会发现有很多人转发这些吐槽, 然后争论其实微积分很有趣也非常美, 一些你自己无法解答的问题,都可以在上面找到思路。
tag:n.标记;标签;标志;标牌;v.给…加上标签;把…称作;给…起诨名; complaining:adj.抱怨的;v.抱怨;控诉;(complain的现在分词) complaints:n.不满;抱怨;投诉;控告;(complaint的复数) unsolvable:adj.不能解决的;不能溶解的;
You can go to places like Reddit, and find sub-Reddits, like "Ask a Historian" or "Ask Science," 你可以去Reddit这样的网站,找到sub-Reddit栏目, 比如“向历史学家提问”或者“了解科学知识”,
where you can ask people who are in these fields a wide range of questions, from very serious ones to very silly ones. 你可以向相关领域专家提问, 什么问题都可以, 从国计民生到花边新闻。
But to me, the most interesting communities of learners that are growing up on the Internet right now are on YouTube, and admittedly , I am biased . 然而对我而言,网上出现的 最吸引人的学习社区是YouTube, 我承认,我是脑残粉。
admittedly:adv.公认地;无可否认地;明白地; biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的;
But I think in a lot of ways, the YouTube page resembles a classroom. 但我觉得,从多方面来看,YouTube页面就像一间教室。
resembles:v.看起来像:显得像:像(resemble的第三人称单数)
Look for instance at "Minute Physics," 举个例子,《一分钟学物理》这个视频,
a guy who's teaching the world about physics: 这个人在教全世界学物理:
(Video) Let's cut to the chase . （视频）言归正传。
cut to the chase:开门见山;提到关键问题;转入(或切入)正题;
As of July 4, 2012, the Higgs boson is the last fundamental piece of the standard model of particle physics to be discovered experimentally . 2012年7月4日,希格斯玻色子通过实验被发现, 补全了粒子物理学标准模型的最后一块。
boson:n.[高能]玻色子; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; particle:n.颗粒;[物]质点;极小量;小品词; experimentally:adv.实验上;用实验方法;实验式地;
But, you might ask, why was the Higgs boson included in the standard model, alongside well-known particles like electrons and photons and quarks , if it hadn't been discovered back then in the 1970s? 但是你们也许会问,为什么希格斯玻色子 会被包含在标准模型中, 而其他着名的粒子比如电子、光子和夸克则被排除在外。 仅仅因为它不是在70年代被发现的吗？
well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); electrons:n.[物]电子(electron的复数形式); photons:n.[物]光子;[量子]光量子(photon的复数); quarks:n.[高能][天]夸克(quark的复数形式);
Good question. There are two main reasons. 问得好。原因主要有两点。
First, just like the electron is an excitation in the electron field, the Higgs boson is simply a particle which is an excitation of the everywhere-permeating Higgs field. 首先,正如电子是电场中的一种激发现象, 希格斯玻色子同样也是一种激发现象, 发生于无处不在的希格斯场。
excitation:n.激发,刺激;激励;激动;
The Higgs field in turn plays an integral role in our model for the weak nuclear force. 而反过来,希格斯场在我们的弱相互作用模型中 又扮演了不可或缺的角色。
integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的;
In particular , the Higgs field helps explain why it's so weak. 特别是它解释了为什么弱相互作用这么“弱”。
In particular:尤其,特别;
We'll talk more about this in a later video, but even though weak nuclear theory was confirmed in the 1980s, in the equations , the Higgs field is so inextricably jumbled with the weak force , that until now we've been unable to confirm its actual and independent existence. 关于这一点我们将在后面的视频详细介绍, 但是尽管弱相互作用理论在80年代就被证实了,但在这些等式中, 希格斯场与弱相互作用力是如此纠缠不清, 以至于到现在我们也无法证明希格斯场确实是单独存在的。
equations:n.方程式;等式;均等;均势(equation的复数形式); inextricably:adv.逃不掉地;解不开地;解决不了地; jumbled:adj.乱七八糟的;vt.搞乱(jumble的过去分词); weak force:n.弱力(宇宙四种基本力之一,产生于原子中的粒子之间); independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等);
JG: Or here's a video that I made as part of my show " Crash Course ," talking about World War I: JG:还有这个视频, 是我的节目《速成班》中的一期,讲的是第一次世界大战:
Crash Course:速成课(等于cramcourse);
(Video) The immediate cause was of course the assassination in Sarajevo of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, on June 28, 1914, by a Bosnian-Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. （视频）直接起因当然是发生在萨拉热窝的刺杀事件, 奥地利大公弗朗茨·费迪南遇刺身亡, 发生在1914年6月28日,刺客是塞尔维亚民族主义者加夫里洛·普林西普。
assassination:n.暗杀,行刺; Sarajevo:n.萨拉热窝(位于南斯拉夫中部); Archduke:n.大公,皇太子; nationalist:n.民族主义者; adj.民族主义的(等于nationalistic);
Quick aside: It's worth noting that the first big war of the twentieth century began with an act of terrorism . 说句题外话:二十世纪 第一场大战起源于一次恐怖主义行动, 真是让人无语。
terrorism:n.恐怖主义;
So Franz Ferdinand wasn't particularly well-liked by his uncle, the emperor Franz Joseph -- now that is a mustache! 弗朗茨·费迪南其实并不怎么讨他叔叔喜欢, 他叔叔是弗朗茨·约瑟夫皇帝。就是这位大胡子老兄！
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; well-liked:adj.深受喜爱的;适销对路; Joseph:n.连帽大氅;
But even so, the assassination led Austria to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, whereupon Serbia accepted some, but not all, of Austria's demands, leading Austria to declare war against Serbia. 但尽管如此,此次刺杀事件还是导致奥地利向塞尔维亚发出最后通牒, 而塞尔维亚只是满足了奥地利的部分要求, 从而导致奥地利向塞尔维亚宣战。
Austria:n.奥地利;[国]奥地利;欧洲中南部内陆国家; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; ultimatum:n.最后通牒; whereupon:conj.于是;adv.因此;
And then Russia, due to its alliance with the Serbs, mobilized its army. 然后塞尔维亚的盟国俄罗斯,开始调遣军队。
alliance:n.联盟,联合;联姻; mobilized:v.组织;动员;调动;调用;(mobilize的过去式和过去分词)
Germany, because it had an alliance with Austria, told Russia to stop mobilizing , which Russia failed to do, so then Germany mobilized its own army, declared war on Russia, cemented an alliance with the Ottomans , and then declared war on France, because, you know, France. 奥地利的盟国德国, 要求俄罗斯停止调遣军队, 俄罗斯当然是拒绝的,于是德国也开始调集自己的军队, 与奥斯曼土耳其结成同盟,向俄罗斯宣战, 然后又向法国宣战,法国嘛,你懂的。
mobilizing:v.组织;鼓动;动员;调动;调用;(mobilize的现在分词) cemented:adj.渗碳的;注水泥的;粘合的;v.巩固;接合;粘合(cement的过去分词形式); Ottomans:n.垫脚软凳(ottoman的复数);
(Laughter) （笑声）
And it's not just physics and world history that people are choosing to learn through YouTube. 除了物理和世界历史, 人们还可以在YouTube上选择学习其他东西。
Here's a video about abstract mathematics . 下面是一个关于抽象数学的视频。
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
(Video) So you're me, and you're in math class yet again, because they make you go every single day. （视频）假设你是我,你再次来到了数学课堂上, 因为数学课每天都有。
And you're learning about, I don't know, the sums of infinite series. 你现在学的,可能是无穷级数求和。
sums:n.算术题;总数;全部;v.归纳;总计;(sum的第三人称单数和复数)
That's a high school topic, right? 这事儿很怪,
Which is odd , because it's a cool topic, but they somehow manage to ruin it anyway. 因为本来这道题很有趣,但他们（老师）总是有办法把它毁掉。
odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; ruin:n.废墟;毁坏;灭亡;v.毁灭;使破产;
So I guess that's why they allow infinite series in the curriculum . 我想这就是为什么他们会把无穷级数列入课程吧。
curriculum:n.课程;总课程;
So, in a quite understandable need for distraction , you're doodling and thinking more about what the plural of "series" should be than about the topic at hand: "serieses," "seriese," "seriesen," and "serii?" 因为无聊的原因,你可能会一边在本子上乱画 一边在想,“级数”这个词的复数形式应该是什么, 而没有想这道题本身:“serieses,”“seriese,” “seriesen,” 还是 “erii?”
understandable:adj.可以理解的;可以了解的; distraction:n.注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱; doodling:v.乱涂,胡写乱画;(doodle的现在分词) plural:n.复数形式;adj.复数的;复数形式的;多样的;多元的;
Or is it that the singular should be changed: one "serie," or " serum ," 或者单数形式是不规则变化:一个“serie,” 或者“serum,”
singular:adj.单数的;单一的;非凡的;异常的;n.单数; serum:n.血清;浆液;免疫血清;乳清;树液;
just like the singular of "sheep" should be "shoop." 就像“sheep”的单数应该是“shoop”。
But the whole concept of things like 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 and so on approaches one, is useful if, say, you want to draw a line of elephants, each holding the tail of the next one: 但是这个概念, 就像1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16并以此类推,直到无穷接近于1,在什么时候有用呢, 你想画一排大象, 每一只都叼着下一只的尾巴:
approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
normal elephant, young elephant, baby elephant, dog-sized elephant, puppy-sized elephant, all the way down to Mr. Tusks and beyond. 普通大象,年轻大象,婴儿大象,像狗那么大的大象, 像小狗那么大的大象,一直小到看不见。
Tusks:n.獠牙(tusk的复数);[建]墙面牙石;v.用长牙掘(tusk的第三人称单数);
Which is at least a tiny bit awesome , because you can get an infinite number of elephants in a line, and still have it fit across a single notebook page. 这么想还是挺神奇的, 因为你可以画无穷多的大象站成一排, 仅仅只需要一张笔记本纸就能画下。
awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的;
JG: And lastly, here's Destin , from "Smarter Every Day," JG:最后是《每天聪明一点点》的德斯丁,
Destin:n.德斯坦(美国佛罗里达州著名旅游地);
talking about the conservation of angular momentum , and, since it's YouTube, cats: 为我们讲述动量守恒, 由于是在YouTube上,所以他用猫来举例:
conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; angular:adj.[生物]有角的;生硬的,笨拙的;瘦削的; momentum:n.势头;[物]动量;动力;冲力;
(Video) Hey, it's me, Destin. Welcome back to "Smarter Every Day." （视频）嗨,我是德斯丁,欢迎再次收看《每天聪明一点点》。
So you've probably observed that cats almost always land on their feet. 也许你们注意到了,猫在落地的时候总是脚先着地。
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
Today's question is: why? 今天我们就来讲讲这是为什么。
Like most simple questions, there's a very complex answer. 大多数简单的问题都有一个异常复杂的答案。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
For instance, let me reword this question: 所以,我来换一种问法:
reword:vt.改写,重述;
How does a cat go from feet-up to feet-down in a falling reference frame , without violating the conservation of angular momentum? 为什么猫在一个下降坐标系中,可以将四脚朝天的姿态调整为四脚着地, 而又不违反角动量守恒呢？
reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用; frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的; violating:v.违背,违反(violate的现在分词);
(Laughter) （笑声）
JG: So, here's something all four of these videos have in common: JG:这四个视频有一些共同之处:
They all have more than half a million views on YouTube. 它们在YouTube上的观看数都超过了50万。
And those are people watching not in classrooms, but because they are part of the communities of learning that are being set up by these channels. 虽然观看的人没有坐在教室里, 但他们都是学习社团的一部分, 而学习社团就是由这些（YouTube）频道组成的。
And I said earlier that YouTube is like a classroom to me, and in many ways it is, because here is the instruc tor -- it's like the old-fashioned classroom: here's the instruc tor, and then beneath the instruc tor are the students, and they're all having a conversation. 我之前说过,YouTube对我而言就像教室, 因为它跟教室很像,有老师在讲课, 就像传统的课堂:老师在前面讲, 学生坐在下面听, 而且他们还可以交流。
old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的;
And I know that YouTube comments have a very bad reputation in the world of the Internet, but in fact, if you go on comments for these channels, what you'll find is people engaging the subject matter , 我知道YouTube的评论在互联网世界里 名声非常不好, 但实际上,如果你去看这些频道的评论, 你会发现人们真的在讨论视频的内容,
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词) subject matter:n.题材;
asking difficult, complicated questions that are about the subject matter, and then other people answering those questions. 他们会针对视频内容问各种复杂的问题, 其他网友则会回答这些问题。
And because the YouTube page is set up so that the page in which I'm talking to you is on the exact -- the place where I'm talking to you is on the exact same page as your comments, you are participating in a live and real and active way in the conversation. 因为YouTube页面是设定好的,所以我刚刚讲一战的那个网页, 会和你们发表的评论, 在同一个页面出现, 你们参与的是一个实时的、真实的、活跃的对话。
participating:v.参加;参与(participate的现在分词)
And because I'm in comments usually, I get to participate with you. 因为我也经常发表评论,所以我也跟大家一起在参与。
participate:v.参加;参与;
And you find this whether it's world history, or mathematics, or science, or whatever it is. 这些（评论）有关于世界历史的, 关于数学的,或者科学的,包罗万象。
You also see young people using the tools and the sort of genres of the Internet in order to create places for intellectual engagement, instead of the ironic detachment 你还发现年轻人在使用互联网工具, 来创建可以进行知识交流的空间, 而不是宣扬可笑的反智主义,
genres:n.流派(genre的复数);体裁;种类; detachment:n.分离,拆开;超然;分遣;分遣队;
that maybe most of us associate with memes and other Internet conventions -- you know, "Got bored . Invented calculus." 这也许会让我们大多数人联想起另一种互联网对话, 类似于,“太无聊了,于是发明了微积分。”
associate with:v.联合;与…联系在一起;和…来往; memes:模因(meme的复数); conventions:n.[法]惯例;会议;[计]约定(convention的复数); bored:adj.无聊的;厌倦的;烦闷的;v.使厌烦;钻,凿,挖;(bore的过去分词和过去式)
Or, here's Honey Boo Boo criticizing industrial capitalism : 或者就像哈尼布布批判工业资本主义:
Boo:int.(对演员,讲话者等表示不满)嘘; n.粉蓝烟草; v.发嘘声; criticizing:v.批评;批判;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的现在分词) industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; capitalism:n.资本主义;
[" Liberal capitalism is not at all the Good of humanity . 给你们几秒钟看一下她说的——
Liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; not at all:毫无;一点也不;不用谢; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
Quite the contrary; it is the vehicle of savage , destructive nihilism ."] 字幕:“自由资本主义（展现的）并不是人类的优点。
vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物; savage:adj.野蛮的; n.未开化的; vt.乱咬; destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的; nihilism:n.虚无主义;无政府主义;恐怖行为;
In case you can't see what she says ... yeah. 恰恰相反,它就像野人开的汽车,既虚无又具有破坏性。”
I really believe that these spaces, these communities, have become for a new generation of learners, the kind of communities, the kind of cartographic communities that I had when I was in high school, and then again when I was in college. 我确信,这些（网络上的）空间, 这些社团,已经成为新一代学习者的 学习园地,（就像前面说到的）地图爱好者社团, 就像我在高中和大学时代曾经参加过的学习社团一样。
And as an adult, re-finding these communities has re-introduced me to a community of learners, and has encouraged me to continue to be a learner even in my adulthood, so that I no longer feel like learning is something reserved for the young. 作为一个成年人,再次找到这样的社团, 让我重新成为一名学习者, 鼓励我在成年之后继续学习, 因此我不再觉得学习是年轻人的专利。
reserved:adj.内向的; v.预订,预约; (reserve的过去分词和过去式)
Vi Hart and "Minute Physics" introduced me to all kinds of things that I didn't know before. 怀·哈特和《一分钟学物理》带我了解了 以前从未涉足过的领域。
And I know that we all hearken back to the days of the Parisian salon in the Enlightenment , or to the Algonquin Round Table, and wish, "Oh, I wish I could have been a part of that, 我知道我们都憧憬过 文艺复兴时代的巴黎沙龙, 或者阿尔冈琴圆桌会议,感慨着, “啊,我多希望能置身其中,
hearken:vi.倾听;听给予注意;vt.留心;听明白; Parisian:n.巴黎人;adj.巴黎式的;巴黎人的; salon:n.沙龙;客厅;画廊;美术展览馆; Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
I wish I could have laughed at Dorothy Parker's jokes." 我多希望能听听多萝西·帕克讲的笑话。”
But I'm here to tell you that these places exist, they still exist. 但我要告诉你们,这些地方真的还存在。
They exist in corners of the Internet, where old men fear to tread . 它们存在于互联网的角落,老年人不敢涉足的角落。
tread:n.踏;胎面;步态;鞋底;踏板;梯级;v.踏;踩;践踏;跳;踩出;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And I truly, truly believe that when we invented Agloe, New York, in the 1960s, when we made Agloe real, we were just getting started. 我真心相信,当我们在60年代捏造了纽约州阿格罗这个地方时, 当我们将阿格罗变为现实时,我们（的旅途）才刚刚开始。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）