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JohannHari_2015G-_你对上瘾的所有认知都是错的_
One of my earliest memories is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to. 在我小时候的一个记忆 有次我想叫醒我的亲人却叫不醒
relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数)
And I was just a little kid, so I didn't really understand why, but as I got older, 那时我只是个小孩不懂事 但当我长大了
I realized we had drug addiction in my family, including later cocaine addiction. 我发现我的家族吸毒成瘾 包括之后古柯碱成瘾
addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷; cocaine:n.[药]可卡因;
I'd been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain, and we then imposed that on the rest of the world. 于是我开始认真思考,其中的一个理由是 百年前美英两国带头禁止毒品使用 而且我们也在世界各地强制提倡反毒
banned:v.明令禁止;取缔;禁止(某人)做某事;(ban的过去分词和过去式) United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) imposed:adj.强加的;施加的;应用的;v.欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于;
It's a century since we made this really fateful decision to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer, because we believed that would deter them; it would give them an incentive to stop. 我们已经反毒整整一个世纪了 不断逼迫瘾君子戒毒并施以峻罚 因为我们相信这些手段可以阻止他们并且刺激他们戒毒
fateful:adj.重大的;决定性的;宿命的; addicts:有瘾的人;对...入迷的人(addict的复数); deter:v.阻止;制止;威慑;使不敢; incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的;
And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love, and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them. 几年前我看着那些沾染上毒品的家人朋友 不断思索着如何幫助他们
And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions 最后我发现有一堆难以置信的简单问题
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
I just didn't know the answer to, like, what really causes addiction? 是我根本无法解答的 例如, 是什么使我们成瘾
Why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working, and is there a better way out there that we could try instead? 为何要继续这种无效的反毒手段呢? 是否有更好的解套方式呢?
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
So I read loads of stuff about it, and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for, so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world who lived this and studied this and talk to them and see if I could learn from them. 为此我研究了大量的资料 仍然找不出我要的答案 所以我想说好吧, 我亲自去走访世界各地的人 染过毒品的人或研究专家 与他们交谈并尝试得到答案
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
And I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start, but I ended up going and meeting loads of different people, from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn, 谁也没想到一走就四万八千公里以上 面访无数个不同的人 从来自布鲁克林的布朗斯维尔区贩毒的跨性别者
transgender:n.跨性别;跨性别者; crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的;
to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses to see if they like them -- it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances -- 至喂食猫鼬吃幻觉剂的科学家 研究牠们是否喜欢 结果猫鼬真的喜欢但只限于某种情况下
hallucinogens:n.致幻剂;迷幻药;迷幻剂(hallucinogen的复数形式); mongooses:n.猫鼬;獴狐猴(等于mongooselemur); specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs, from cannabis to crack, Portugal. 一直走访到唯一把毒品合法化的国家 从大麻至古柯碱都合法的国家葡萄牙
decriminalized:vt.使合法化;非刑事化(等于decriminalise); cannabis:n.印度大麻(等于hemp);大麻烟原料;大麻雌花顶部;
And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is, almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong, and if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction, 最让我惊讶的一件事是 我们对成瘾的认知几乎不对 若我们开始吸收与成瘾相关的新知
absorb:v.吸收;使并入;吞并;同化;理解;吸收;耗费;承受; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies . 我们要改变的事恐怕比现有的毒品政策还多
policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I knew. 但我们从我们所知道的开始吧
Let's think about this middle row here. 想像一下中间这排的观众
Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went off and used heroin three times a day. 想像从今天开始的二十天你们每天使用海洛因三次
heroin:n.[药][毒物]海洛因,吗啡;
Some of you look a little more enthusiastic than others at this prospect . 有些人看起来很兴奋喔!
enthusiastic:adj.热情的;热心的;狂热的; prospect:n.展望;前景;希望;前途;v.勘探;探矿;
(Laughter) (观众笑声)
Don't worry, it's just a thought experiment. 别担心这只不过是个假想的实验
Imagine you did that, right? 假想你们已经做了
What would happen? 会发生什么事呢?
Now, we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century. 我们都知道事情的发展毕竟我们都学了一世纪了
We think, because there are chemical hooks in heroin, as you took it for a while , your body would become dependent on those hooks, you'd start to physically need them, and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts. Right? 我们都知道因为海洛因里化学物质的勾引 当你使用了一段时间 你的身体便开始依赖这些化学物质的勾引 所以你自然就会需要它 二十天后你们都染上海洛因了吧
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; hooks:n.钩子;[机]挂钩(hook的复数);v.[机]钩;钓(hook的第三人称单数); for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时; dependent on:依赖于;依靠;
That's what I thought. 我那时候也是这样想的
First thing that alerted me to the fact that something's not right with this story is when it was explained to me. 我开始发现事情不太对劲 让我这么解释好了
alerted:v.向…报警;使戒备;使意识到;(alert的过去分词和过去式)
If I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip , 如果我今天走出TED演讲会场不幸遭遇车祸并断了腿
hip:n.臀部;蔷薇果;忧郁;adj.熟悉内情的;非常时尚的;
I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine . 我即被送往医院并且注射大量的二乙酰吗啡
diamorphine:n.二乙酰吗啡;
Diamorphine is heroin. 二乙酰吗啡就是海洛因
It's actually much better heroin than you're going to buy on the streets, because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated . 其纯度比街上卖的海洛因更纯 因为毒贩卖的货是被汙染的
drug dealer:n.毒品贩子; contaminated:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);(contaminate的过去分词和过去式)
Actually, very little of it is heroin, whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure. 事实上, 其海洛因的成份微乎其微 因此医生提供的药品是纯度最高的
whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; medically:adv.医学上地;医药上地;
And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time. 而且你会长期接受这种药物治疗
There are loads of people in this room, you may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin. 你们也许都没发现 你们已经用过大量的海洛因了
And anyone who is watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening. 而你们正在听这场演讲的同时这件事也正在发生
And if what we believe about addiction is right -- those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks -- 那些人也暴露在化学物质的勾引下吧 结果会如何呢?
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
What should happen? They should become addicts. 他们应该也会变成瘾君子
This has been studied really carefully. 我们仔细的研究过这个问题
It doesn't happen; you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement , she didn't come out as a junkie . (Laughter) 结果是否定的若您的祖母做了髋关节置换手术 她不会出院后就成了瘾君子吧
replacement:n.替换;更换;替代品;接替者; junkie:n.有毒瘾者;废旧品商人;
And when I learned this, it seemed so weird to me, so contrary to everything I'd been told, everything I thought I knew, 我了解之后一切似乎很怪异 所有我所学的跟我所以为的其实都相反
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神; contrary:adj.相反的;对立的;adv.相反地;n.相反;反面;
I just thought it couldn't be right, until I met a man called Bruce Alexander. 这整件事都怪怪的直到我见到布鲁斯?亚历山大
He's a professor of psychology in Vancouver who carried out an incredible experiment 他做过一次不可思议的实验
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; Vancouver:n.温哥华(加拿大主要港市); incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
I think really helps us to understand this issue . 我真的认为这实验幫助我了解此议题
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
Professor Alexander explained to me, the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story, comes partly from a series of experiments that were done earlier in the 20th century. 亚历山大教授跟我解释说 有部分原因来自于一系列的实验结果 于二十世纪早期所完成的实验
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
They're really simple. 都是很简单的实验
You can do them tonight at home if you feel a little sadistic . 如果你有点虐待倾向今晚你可以在家实验
sadistic:adj.虐待狂的;残酷成性的;
You get a rat and you put it in a cage, and you give it two water bottles: 你把一只老鼠放进笼子里并放置两瓶水在里面
One is just water, and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine. 一瓶是纯水另一瓶水添加少许的海洛因或古柯碱
laced:adj.有带子的;(花)有彩色条纹的:v.由带子系紧:(lace的过去分词和过去式)
If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water and almost always kill itself quite quickly. 你会发现老鼠总是喜欢有毒的水 总是死得特别快
prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升;
So there you go, right? That's how we think it works. 你看吧这就是我们知道的结果
In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment and he noticed something. 在1970年代亚历山大教授在过程中观察此实验 然后他发现一个状况
He said ah, we're putting the rat in an empty cage. 他说我们把老鼠放在空笼子里
It's got nothing to do except use these drugs. 牠们无所事事当然只能吸毒
Let's try something different. 我们尝试不同的方法吧
So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called "Rat Park," 所以亚历山大教授制作一个笼子叫做 老鼠乐园
which is basically heaven for rats. 基本上是老鼠玩乐的天堂
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls, they've got loads of tunnels . 牠们有大量的起司吃也有很多颜色的鼠球可玩 还有无数条小隧道
tunnels:n.[交]隧道; v.凿隧道;
Crucially , they've got loads of friends. They can have loads of sex. 最重要的是牠们有很多朋友可以一直交配
Crucially:adv.关键地;至关重要地;
And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drugged water. 然而我们同样提供牠们自来水和毒水
But here's the fascinating thing: 令人讶异的是
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water. 在老鼠乐园中牠们不喜欢喝毒水
They almost never use it. 几乎从不使用
None of them ever use it compulsively . 没有一只因为忍不住而饮用
compulsively:adv.强制地,强迫地;
None of them ever overdose . 没有一只服药过量
overdose:n.(一次用药)过量;v.一次用药过量;
You go from almost 100 percent overdose when they're isolated to zero percent overdose when they have happy and connected lives. 这数字从它们遭隔离而百分百引用毒水 到它们拥有快乐和生命的联系后掉到零用量
isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离;
Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought, maybe this is just a thing about rats, they're quite different to us. 第一次看到这个情况亚历山大教授认为 也许这只是有关老鼠的事它们与我们不同
Maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know -- 也许牠们不同于我们所爱来的多元但你知道的
But fortunately , there was a human experiment into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time. 庆幸的是, 这有做过人体实验 发生在同个原则同个时间
fortunately:adv.幸运地; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
It was called the Vietnam War. 那就是越战
In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American troops were using loads of heroin, and if you look at the news reports from the time, they were really worried, because they thought, my God, we're going to have 在越南有百分之二十的美军使用大量的海洛因 若你看那时候的新闻会发现 大家都担心得要命
hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States when the war ends; it made total sense. 因为我们可能会有成千上万的吸毒犯在美国的街上游荡 当战争结束后证明了实验的结果
junkies:n.毒品贩子;吸毒者(junky的复数);
Now, those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home. 那些使用大量海洛因的军人回乡后
The Archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study, and what happened to them? 普通精神病学文献做了详细的调查 他们最后怎么了呢?
Archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数) Psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法;
It turns out they didn't go to rehab . They didn't go into withdrawal . 最后他们竟然没有去戒毒所他们也没有染上毒瘾
rehab:n.修复(等于rehabilitation);v.修复(等于rehabilitate); withdrawal:n.撤退,收回;提款;取消;退股;
Ninety-five percent of them just stopped. 百分之九十五的人直接停止使用
Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks, that makes absolutely no sense, but Professor Alexander began to think there might be a different story about addiction. 现在您若相信有关化学挂勾的事 您会觉得那根本是无稽之谈但亚历山大教授便开始去想 或许成瘾有另外的解读
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks? 他提到如果成瘾跟化学挂勾也许无关呢?
what if:如果…怎么办?
What if addiction is about your cage? 而是跟你所处的环境有关呢?
What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment? 或许上瘾和尝试适应你的环境有关？
adaptation:n.适应;改编;改编本,改写本;
Looking at this, there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands who said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction. 有了以上观点 另一位来自荷兰的教授彼得?寇恩 他说也许我们根本不应该用 成瘾 一词
Maybe we should call it bonding. 或许我们应该称之为 连结
Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond, and when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other, but if you can't do that, 人类天生最原始的需求便是连结彼此 而当我们开心又健康时我们会去连结彼此的关系 但如果你无法这么做的话
innate:adj.先天的;固有的;与生俱来的;
because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life, you will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief . 是因为你心里有创伤或受孤立或是遭生活压力击败所致 你需要跟某物做连结以幫助你舒缓压力
traumatized:adj.心理受到创伤的;v.使受创伤(traumatize的过去式和过去分词); relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
Now, that might be gambling , that might be pornography , that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis, but you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature. 而这东西也许是赌博也许是色情书刊 也许是古柯碱也许是大麻烟 但你会需要一个连结在因为这是我们人类的本性
gambling:n.赌博;投机;v.赌博;打赌;(gamble的现在分词) pornography:n.淫秽作品;色情书刊(或音像制品等)
That's what we want as human beings. 也是我们人类的基本需求
And at first, I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around, but one way that helped me to think about it is, 最初我觉得这件事难以理解 但有个方法幫助我去思考
I can see, I've got over by my seat a bottle of water, right? 我看到我座位旁有一罐水
I'm looking at lots of you, and lots of you have bottles of water with you. 我看到你们很多人也有水
Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war. 忘掉毒品, 忘掉反毒战争
Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka , right? 在完全合法情况下这些水可能都是伏特加吧?
vodka:n.伏特加酒;
We could all be getting drunk -- I might after this -- (Laughter) -- but we're not. 我们可能都会醉倒在一起或许演讲之后我会 － 但我们没醉呀
Now, because you've been able to afford the approximately gazillion pounds that it costs to get into a TED Talk, I'm guessing you guys could afford to be drinking vodka for the next six months. 因为你们都有接近海量的酒量 这是参加TED演讲的成果我猜你们都可以承受 未来六个月每天喝伏特加
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; gazillion:n.极大量;
You wouldn't end up homeless. 而你最后却不会成为游民
You're not going to do that, and the reason you're not going to do that is not because anyone's stopping you. 你不会这么做的原因是 不是因为有人阻止你
It's because you've got bonds and connections that you want to be present for. 而是因为你有很多的连结在 这些连结是你希望能参与的
You've got work you love. You've got people you love. 你有你爱的工作你有你爱的人
You've got healthy relationships. 你有健康的关系
And a core part of addiction, 然而成瘾最核心的关键
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核;
I came to think, and I believe the evidence suggests, is about not being able to bear to be present in your life. 我了解后,相信证据所建议的方式 是有关你无法忍受在生活中扮演的角色
Now, this has really significant implications . 这件事有个显着的涵义在
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
The most obvious implications are for the War on Drugs. 最显着的例子是在 反毒之战 里
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
In Arizona , I went out with a group of women who were made to wear t-shirts saying, "I was a drug addict," 在亚利桑那州, 我跟一群妇女出去 她们受迫穿上 我是吸毒犯 的衣服
Arizona:n.美国亚利桑那州;
and go out on chain gangs and dig graves while members of the public jeer at them, and when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again. 用炼子栓成串的囚犯挖坟墓人们看到都嘲笑她们 当那些妇女出狱后她们便留下了犯罪纪录 代表她们永远无法在合法的经济体制工作
gangs:n.帮派(gang的复数);v.成帮结伙;合伙行动(gang的三单形式); graves:n.坟墓; adj.重大的; v.对(船底)作清洗并涂上沥青等涂料; v.庄重地; (grave的第三人称单数) jeer:n.嘲笑;戏弄;揶揄的言语;vi.嘲笑;戏弄;vt.嘲笑;戏弄; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Now, that's a very extreme example, obviously, in the case of the chain gang , but actually almost everywhere in the world we treat addicts to some degree like that. 显然这个炼子栓成串的囚犯的例子太过极端了 但事实上世界各地都有类似的情形 我们对待染毒者的方式也差不多
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; chain gang:n.一群被链子拴在一起服劳役的囚犯; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
We punish them. We shame them. We give them criminal records. 我们惩罚她们, 让他们羞愧也留下犯罪纪录
We put barriers between them reconnecting . 我们阻止她们拥有再次连结的机会
barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式); reconnecting:n.重新连线中;正在重新连接;v.再接合(reconnect的现在分词);
There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man, who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse, you would design that system. 加拿大有位医生叫嘉柏?马铁他非常杰出 他告诉我若你想设计一个使上瘾问题更糟的系统 这就是那个系统
Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite, and I went there to see how it worked. 现在有一个地方决定去执行相反的模式 而我观察了它们的运作方法
In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe. 西元两千年的时候葡萄牙是欧洲毒品最泛滥的国家
One percent of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing , and every year, they tried the American way more and more. 百分之一的人口都有吸食海洛因真的无法想像 每年他们都大量效法美国的方式
addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷; mind-blowing:adj.使兴奋的;引起幻觉的;
They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more, and every year, the problem got worse. 惩罚, 汙辱并羞辱他们 年复一年, 问题每下愈况
stigmatized:adj.受非难的;被污名化的;v.污辱;指责(stigmatize的过去分词);
And one day, the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together, and basically said, look, we can't go on with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts. 某日, 葡萄牙总理和反对派的主席开会 基本上是说“我们不能再这样下去了” “没看过一个国家吸海洛因的人这么多”
Prime Minister:n.首相;总理; opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗;
Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem. 我们找科学家和医生成立小组 去找出问题根绝的方法
panel:n.镶板;仪表盘;钣金;(衣服上的)镶条;v.镶板(用木或玻璃板等镶嵌或装饰); genuinely:adv.真诚地;诚实地;
And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. Jo?o Goul?o, to look at all this new evidence, and they came back and they said, "Decriminalize all drugs from cannabis to crack, but" -- and this is the crucial next step -- 于是他们成立了小组组长是优秀的华?谷劳医生 来探究这个新的事实 研究完之后他们说 毒品除罪化从大麻到古柯碱 但最关键的步骤是
'"take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off,on disconnecting them, and spend it instead on reconnecting them with society." 使用那些我们曾经拿来对抗他们的钱 用于幫助他们重新融入这个社会
disconnecting:n.拆开;分离;解脱;v.断开(disconnect的ing形式);拆开;
And that's not really what we think of as drug treatment in the United States and Britain. 此种毒品疗法和我们想像的差异很大 尤其是在是在美国和英国
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
So they do do residential rehab, they do psychological therapy , that does have some value. 他们的确也有戒毒中心 也做心理治疗多少都有些价值在
residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的; psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; therapy:n.治疗,疗法;
But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do: a massive program of job creation for addicts, and microloans for addicts to set up small businesses. 然而跟我们的作法完全不同在于 他们提供染毒者大量不同的职缺 提供微型贷款给他们创業
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; job creation:n.(尤指为失业者)提供就业机会;
So say you used to be a mechanic . 你如果曾经是一位技工
mechanic:n.技工,机修工;adj.手工的;
When you're ready, they'll go to a garage , and they'll say, if you employ this guy for a year, we'll pay half his wages . 当你准备好了, 政府会去车厂幫你说话 你们如果雇用他工作一年,我们将会支付一半的薪资
garage:n.车库;汽车修理厂;飞机库;v.把…送入车库;把(汽车)开进车库; employ:vt.使用,采用;雇用;使忙于,使从事于;n.使用;雇用; wages:n.[劳经]工资; v.开展(运动等)(wage的第三人称单数形式);
The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal had something to get out of bed for in the morning. 目的是让每位葡萄牙的染毒者 每天早上能够有一个起床的动力
And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal, what they said is, as they rediscovered purpose, they rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society. 而当我去拜访葡萄牙的染毒者时 他们表示重新找到生活的目的时 他们也重新找回了生活连结并与广大的社会有了关系
rediscovered:v.重新发现,重新找到;(rediscover的过去分词和过去式)
It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began, and the results are in: injecting drug use is down in Portugal, according to the British Journal of Criminology , by 50 percent, five-zero percent. 实验至今已经实施了十五年了 得到的结果是 葡萄牙的注射性毒物使用量下降 根据英国犯罪学杂志 下降了百分之五十
injecting:v.(给…)注射(药物等);(给…)添加,增加(某品质);(inject的现在分词) according to:根据,据说; Journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; Criminology:n.犯罪学;刑事学;
Overdose is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts. 吸毒过量的数据明显下降染毒者得爱滋病机率也大幅下降
massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地;
Addiction in every study is significantly down. 每份毒品用量的报告皆大幅下降
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal wants to go back to the old system. 其中一项结果让你知道方法成功就是 没有任何一位葡萄牙人想回旧制
Now, that's the political implications. 而这就是政治意涵
I actually think there's a layer of implications to all this research below that. 事实上, 我认为在这个研究下 有分好几个层面的意涵
layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次;
We live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable to all sorts of addictions , whether it's to their smartphones or to shopping or to eating. 在我们所处的文化中人们感到越来越脆弱 对于不同种类的成瘾,无论是他们的智慧型手机 消费或是饮食
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; addictions:成瘾; smartphones:智能手机(smartphone的复数);
Before these talks began -- you guys know this -- we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on, and I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like 在这场演讲前你们都知道 我们被告知要把手机关机 然而我必须说你们的脸色都很难看
addicts who were told their dealer was going to be unavailable for the next couple of hours. (Laughter) 手机上瘾者得知在未来的几小时 他们的毒贩不在提供任何毒品了
unavailable:adj.难以获得的;不能利用的;不近便的;
A lot of us feel like that, and it might sound weird to say, 很多人都有这种感觉而且这或许听起来很怪
I've been talking about how disconnection is a major driver of addiction and weird to say it's growing, because you think we're the most connected society that's ever been, surely. 我一直强调失连是成瘾最大的主因 说来奇怪. 这问题日益严重 因为你认为我们是有史以来连结最紧密的社会体, 的确如此!
disconnection:n.[电]断开;分离,切断;
But I increasingly began to think that the connections we have or think we have, are like a kind of parody of human connection. 但我一直在想我们所拥有的连结 或我们认为有的,都是有点可笑的人际关系
parody:n.拙劣的模仿;诙谐的改编诗文;vt.拙劣模仿;
If you have a crisis in your life, you'll notice something. 若人生出现了危机你会发现
crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
It won't be your Twitter followers who come to sit with you. 坐在你身旁的不是你推特的朋友
It won't be your Facebook friends who help you turn it round. 助你一臂之力的人不是脸书的朋友
It'll be your flesh and blood friends who you have deep and nuanced and textured , face-to-face relationships with, and there's a study I learned about from Bill McKibben, the environmental writer, that I think tells us a lot about this. 而是你那些有血有肉的朋友 是与你有着深层且微妙的关系他们有特征且可以见面的 我从环境作家比尔?麦吉本的研究发现 我认为跟这件事有很大的关系
flesh and blood:adj.血肉般的; nuanced:adj.微妙的; v.精确细腻地表演; textured:adj.有织纹的; v.使具有某种结构(texture的过去分词); face-to-face:adj.面对面的;当面的;adv.面对面地;
He looked at the number of close friends the average American believes they can call on in a crisis. 他观察了几位一般美国人所认定亲密的朋友 是在危机出现时可以依靠的人
That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s. 自从1950年代开始这个数字不停地往下掉
declining:v.减少;下降;衰弱;谢绝;婉言拒绝;(decline的现在分词) steadily:adv.稳定地;稳固地;有规则地;
The amount of floor space an individual has in their home has been steadily increasing, and I think that's like a metaphor for the choice we've made as a culture. 每个人家里的建坪大小 稳定且持续地变大 我觉得这个譬喻 是我们作为一个文化的所做的选择
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法;
We've traded floorspace for friends, we've traded stuff for connections, and the result is we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been. 我们用建坪换朋友用物质换取连结 这样的结果却造成我们成为了史上最孤立的社会体系
And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment, says, we talk all the time in addiction about individual recovery , and it's right to talk about that, but we need to talk much more about social recovery. 布鲁斯?亚历山大这位研究老鼠乐园的教授提到 我们常常在讨论每个人戒瘾的治疗 讨论是对的 但是我们更需要的是社会的治疗
recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
Something's gone wrong with us, not just with individuals but as a group, and we've created a society where, for a lot of us, life looks a whole lot more like that isolated cage and a whole lot less like Rat Park. 谁发生不好的事这不只是他的问题而是整个群体 我们所创造出的社会体系对大部分人来说 这个社会就像是一个独立的牢笼 完全不像个老鼠乐园
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
If I'm honest, this isn't why I went into it. 老实说, 这并不是我要研究的事
I didn't go in to the discover the political stuff, the social stuff. 我并不是要去揭发政治或社会的弊端
I wanted to know how to help the people I love. 我的出发点是为了幫助我所爱的人
And when I came back from this long journey and I'd learned all this, 我从这个漫长的旅途回来后我学到这些知识
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
I looked at the addicts in my life, and if you're really candid , it's hard loving an addict, and there's going to be lots of people who know in this room. 我看着我身边染上毒瘾的人 若你真的有心,关怀染毒者是很困难的 在这个会场也会有很多人知道这件事
candid:adj.公正的;坦白的;率直的;偷拍的;
You are angry a lot of the time, and I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right? 大多时候你都是生气的 我想这个争论会有如此剧烈的回应 其中的原因是我们用心去体会
debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks, 每个人心中都有着一点关怀看着染上毒瘾的人会想
I wish someone would just stop you. 我真希望有人可以阻止你
And the kind of scripts we're told for how to deal with the addicts in our lives is typified by, I think, the reality show " Intervention ," if you guys have ever seen it. 而我们所知的这种如何治理染毒者的脚本 我想是一成不变的 如果你们有看过真人实境秀“Intervention”
scripts:n.原稿,手稿(script的复数形式); typified:vt.代表;作为…的典型;具有…的特点; Intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍;
I think everything in our lives is defined by reality TV , but that's another TED Talk. 我想实境秀反映了我们生活大小事 但这是另外一个TED演讲了
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; reality TV:n.(电视)真人秀;
If you've ever seen the show "Intervention," 若你们曾经看过“Intervetion”
it's a pretty simple premise . 它的内容很简单
premise:n.前提;假定;v.假定;预述(条件等);引导(论述等);;
Get an addict, all the people in their life, gather them together, confront them with what they're doing, and they say, if you don't shape up, we're going to cut you off. 找个瘾君子,找到他生命中的所有人把他们聚在一起 所有人告诉瘾君子:“如果你不能戒毒,他们把上瘾者所有的关系人找出来 我们唯有和你切断关系。
confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗;
So what they do is they take the connection to the addict, and they threaten it, they make it contingent on the addict behaving the way they want. 他们把上瘾者所有的关系人找出来 要胁要切断这些关系, 依上瘾者的表现而定。
contingent:n.代表团;一组与会者;小分队;adj.依情况而定的; behaving:v.表现:表现得体:有礼貌:(behave的现在分词)
And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn't work, and I began to think that's almost like the importing of the logic of the Drug War into our private lives. 我开始思考为什么这种方式无效, 这几乎就像毒品战争的思维 灌输到我们的私生活中
So I was thinking, how could I be Portuguese ? 所以我就在想要如何用葡萄牙人的方式呢?
Portuguese:adj.葡萄牙的;葡萄牙人的;葡萄牙语的;n.葡萄牙人;葡萄牙语;
And what I've tried to do now, and I can't tell you I do it consistently and I can't tell you it's easy, is to say to the addicts in my life that I want to deepen the connection with them, to say to them, I love you whether you're using or you're not. 我无法直接告诉你现在试着做的事 与其说这件事很简单 不如说我想对生命中染上毒瘾的朋友 加深我们彼此的关系 我要对他们说我爱你, 无论你是否吸毒与否
consistently:adv.一贯地;一致地;坚实地; deepen:vt.使加深;使强烈;使低沉;vi.变深;变低沉;
I love you, whatever state you're in, and if you need me, I'll come and sit with you because I love you and I don't want you to be alone or to feel alone. 我爱你, 无论你现在的状况如何 如果你需要我,我会陪在你身边 因为我爱你,我不想让你孤单一个人 或独自感受寂寞
And I think the core of that message -- you're not alone, we love you -- has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts, socially, politically and individually . 我想这些讯息的核心就是 你一点都不孤单,因为我们都爱你 我们传达给染毒者的讯息必须分层的 社会层面, 政治层面和个人层面
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; politically:adv.政治上; individually:adv.个别地,单独地;
For 100 years now, we've been singing war songs about addicts. 过了一个世纪,我们还在对毒瘾者唱战歌
I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them, because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety . 我想这一路以来我们要对他们唱的是情歌才对 因为成瘾的反面不是戒断
sobriety:n.清醒,冷静;节制;严肃;
The opposite of addiction is connection. 而是关系
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) (掌声)