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JoeLandolina_2014U-_可以立即止血的凝胶_
I want you guys to imagine that you're a soldier running through the battlefield . 我想要大家想象一下:你是一个士兵 奔跑在战场上。
battlefield:n.战场;沙场;斗争的领域;容易引发冲突的情况
Now, you're shot in the leg with a bullet , which severs your femoral artery . 现在,你的腿上中了一枪, 切断了你的股动脉。
bullet:n.子弹;只选某党全部候选人的投票;豆子;vi.射出;迅速行进; severs:n.塞维; femoral:adj.股骨的;大腿的;大腿骨的; artery:n.动脉;干道;主流;
Now, this bleed is extremely traumatic and can kill you in less than three minutes. 现在,血流异常汹涌 并且可以在三分钟之内置你于死地。
bleed:v.流血;失血;放掉;散开;n.[印]出血版 extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; traumatic:adj.外伤的;创伤的;n.外伤药;
Unfortunately , by the time that a medic actually gets to you, what the medic has on his or her belt can take five minutes or more, with the application of pressure, to stop that type of bleed. 不幸的是,等到救护兵 真的来到你身边, 拿出他或她腰间的医用设备 可能要花上五分钟以上的时间 通过施压来止住出血。
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; medic:n.医师;医科学生;苜蓿属植物(等于medick); belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰; application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用;
Now, this problem is not only a huge problem for the military , but it's also a huge problem that's epidemic throughout the entire medical field, which is how do we actually look at wounds and how do we stop them quickly in a way that can work with the body? 现在,这个问题已经 不止是一个军队上的大问题, 一个涉及到整个医学界的大问题, 它涉及到我们究竟该如何看待伤口？ 我们怎样通过一种符合身体运行机制 的方法尽快止血？
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; wounds:n.(身体上的)伤,伤口; v.使(身体)受伤; (wound的第三人称单数和复数)
So now, what I've been working on for the last four years is to develop smart biomaterials , which are actually materials that will work with the body, helping it to heal and helping it to allow the wounds to heal normally . 所以,我在过去四年里一直致力于 开发智能的生物材料, 这些生物材料可以 很好的在身体上作用,帮助治愈 并且帮助伤口正常愈合。
biomaterials:n.[材]生物材料(biomaterial的复数); heal:v.复原;治疗(病人);使又愉快起来;(使)结束 normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
So now, before we do this, we have to take a much closer look at actually how does the body work. 所以现在,在讲到这些之前,我们要仔细地研究一下 身体究竟是怎么运作的。
So now, everybody here knows that the body is made up of cells. 我们在座的各位都知道 身体是由细胞构成的。
made up of:由…组成,由…构成;
So the cell is the most basic unit of life. 所以细胞是构成生命的最基本单位。
But not many people know what else. 但是大多数人对其他的却了解甚少。
But it actually turns out that your cells sit in this mesh of complicated fibers , proteins and sugars known as the extracellular matrix . 事实上是,你的细胞 散落在错综复杂的纤维, 蛋白质和糖之间, 它们被统称为细胞外基质。
mesh:n.网格;网状物;陷阱;困境;圈套;v.(使)吻合,相配,匹配,适合; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数); proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); extracellular:adj.(位于或发生于)[生物]细胞外的(副词extracellularly); matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石;
So now, the ECM is actually this mesh that holds the cells in place, provides structure for your tissues , but it also gives the cells a home. 细胞外基质(ECM) 实际上是一个可以固定细胞的网架结构, 为你的组织结构提供支撑, 同样也为细胞提供了容身之所。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
It allows them to feel what they're doing, where they are, and tells them how to act and how to behave . 细胞外基质可以使细胞了解它们在做些什么, 它们在哪里,并且告诉它们 该怎样运作,怎样表现。
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
And it actually turns out that the extracellular matrix is different from every single part of the body. 另外,事实上,细胞外基质 在身体上的不同部位都是彼此不同的。
So the ECM in my skin is different than the ECM in my liver , and the ECM in different parts of the same organ actually vary , so it's very difficult to be able to have a product 就是说,我皮肤上的细胞外基质 与我肝脏细胞外基质是不同的, 并且在同样的器官中细胞外基质 实际上也会有不同,所以很难实现 生产一种产品
different than:不同于; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; organ:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音; vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
that will react to the local extracellular matrix, which is exactly what we're trying to do. 可以跟不同部位的细胞外基质产生反应, 而这正是我们正尝试去做的事情。
react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应;
So now, for example, think of the rainforest . 举一个例子,想象一片热带雨林。
rainforest:n.(热带)雨林;
You have the canopy , you have the understory , and you have the forest floor. 你有树冠层,有灌木层, 你还有地面层。
canopy:n.天篷;华盖;遮篷;苍穹;vt.用天蓬遮盖;遮盖; understory:n.林下叶层;下层植被;
Now, all of these parts of the forest are made up of different plants, and different animals call them home. 现在,森林的所有这些组成部分 都孕育着不同的植物 和不同的动物。
So just like that, the extracellular matrix is incredibly diverse in three dimensions . 所以就像这样,细胞外基质 在三维空间内存在令人难以置信的多样性。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; dimensions:n.规模,大小;
On top of that, the extracellular matrix is responsible for all wound healing , so if you imagine cutting the body, you actually have to rebuild this very complex ECM in order to get it to form again, and a scar, in fact, is actually poorly formed extracellular matrix. 另外,细胞外基质 负责所有伤口愈合的工作, 所以如果你想象自己割破了身体, 你实际上是要重建 这个非常复杂的细胞外基质 以便让这个伤口重新愈合, 并且伤疤实际上是 勉强重新组合的细胞外基质。
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; healing:n.康复; adj.痊愈中的; v.(使)康复,复原; (heal的现在分词) complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
So now, behind me is an animation of the extracellular matrix. 所以现在,在我的身后是一个 关于细胞外基质的动画。
animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制;
So as you see, your cells sit in this complicated mesh and as you move throughout the tissue, the extracellular matrix changes. 你可以看到,你的细胞坐落在这个复杂的网络中 并且随着你在组织结构中移动, 细胞外基质在变化着。
So now every other piece of technology on the market can only manage a two- dimensional approximation of the extracellular matrix, which means that it doesn't fit in with the tissue itself. 所以现在市场上的任一技术产品 都只能管理一个二维的 细胞外基质, 这就意味着它不能被 置于组织结构当中。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; on the market:上市;出售的; dimensional:adj.空间的;尺寸的; approximation:n.[数]近似法;接近;[数]近似值; fit in with:vt.适应;符合;与...一致;
So when I was a freshman at NYU, what I discovered was you could actually take small pieces of plant-derived polymers and reassemble them onto the wound. 所以当我还是纽约大学的一年级新生时, 我发现你实际上可以取 小片的植物中提取的聚合物 然后在伤口上面使它们重新聚合。
polymers:n.[高分子]聚合物;[高分子]高分子(polymer的复数); reassemble:vi.重新集合;vt.重新装配;重新召集;
So if you have a bleeding wound like the one behind me, you can actually put our material onto this, and just like Lego blocks, it'll reassemble into the local tissue. 所以如果你有一个类似于我身后的这样正在流血的伤口, 你可以把我们的材料涂抹在这个伤口上面, 并且就像是乐高砖块一样, 它会与所在部位的组织重新聚合。
bleeding:n.出血;渗色;adj.流血的;同情的;v.出血;渗出;(bleed的现在分词) Lego:n.乐高积木(商标名);
So that means if you put it onto liver, it turns into something that looks like liver, and if you put it onto skin, it turns into something that looks just like skin. 所以这意味着如果你把它涂在肝脏上, 它会转化成一些像肝组织的东西, 如果你把在涂在皮肤上, 它会变成一些像皮肤组织的东西。
So when you put the gel on, it actually reassembles into this local tissue. 所以当你涂上这种凝胶, 它会和相应部位的组织重新聚合。
gel:vi.胶化;n.[物化]凝胶,胶体; reassembles:重新组装(reassemble的第三人称单数);
So now, this has a whole bunch of applications, but basically the idea is, wherever you put this product, you're able to reassemble into it immediately. 所以这个材料有很多的用途, 但是最基本的思路就是,不管你把这个产品涂在哪里, 它都可以很快的重新聚合。
bunch:n.群;串;突出物;vi.隆起;打褶;形成一串;vt.使成一串;使打褶; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
Now, this is a simulated arterial bleed — at twice human artery pressure. 这是一个模拟动脉流血-- 是人类动脉压的两倍。
simulated:adj.假装的; v.假装; (simulate的过去式和过去分词) arterial:adj.[解剖]动脉的;干线的;像动脉的;
So now, this type of bleed is incredibly traumatic, and like I said before, would actually take five minutes or more with pressure to be able to stop. 这种出血状况是非常非常严峻的, 并且就像我之前说过的那样,需要花费 五分钟以上的时间来通过施压 才能够止住流血。
Now, in the time that it takes me to introduce the bleed itself, our material is able to stop that bleed, and it's because it actually goes on and works with the body to heal, so it reassembles into this piece of meat, and then the blood actually recognizes that that's happening, and produces fibrin , producing a very fast clot in less than 10 seconds. 现在,我在介绍这个伤口的这段时间里, 我们的材料已经可以止住流血了, 这是因为它可以在 身体上起作用来愈合伤口。 所以它与这块肉聚合在一起, 然后血流可以辨别 它正在起作用并且产生出纤维蛋白, 然后在十秒钟之内很快地封堵伤口。
recognizes:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的第三人称单数) fibrin:n.[生化]纤维蛋白,血纤蛋白; clot:n.[生理]凝块;v.使凝结成块;凝结
So now this technology — Thank you. 所以现在这项技术---谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
So now this technology, by January, will be in the hands of veterinarians , and we're working very diligently to try to get it into the hands of doctors, hopefully within the next year. 所以这项技术,到一月份的时候,会先由兽医实用, 并且我们会努力实现让医生掌握这样的技术, 希望可以在接下来的一年中实现。
in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中; veterinarians:n.[兽医]兽医(veterinarian的复数); diligently:adv.勤奋地;勤勉地;
But really, once again, I want you guys to imagine that you are a soldier running through a battlefield. 但是,我希望你们可以再想象一次 你是一个奔跑在战场上的士兵。
Now, you get hit in the leg with a bullet, and instead of bleeding out in three minutes, you pull a small pack of gel out of your belt, and with the press of a button, you're able to stop your own bleed and you're on your way to recovery . 现在,你腿上中了一枪, 并且取代三分钟之内流尽血的是, 你从腰间拿出了一小盒我们的凝胶, 按下按钮, 你就可以为你自己止血 并且你的伤情开始恢复。
recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）