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JimFallon_2009-_探索杀人凶手的心理世界_
I'm a neuroscientist , a professor at the University of California. 我是一名神经学家,一名加州大学的教授。
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家;
And over the past 35 years, 在过去的35年里,
I've studied behavior on the basis of everything from genes through neurotransmitters , dopamine , things like that, all the way through circuit analysis . 我都在研究人的行为。 不过研究的基础主要集中在基因 多巴胺之类的神经传导素 以及目标分析。
on the basis of:根据;基于…; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) neurotransmitters:n.神经传导物质(neurotransmitter的复数形式); dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物); circuit:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
So that's what I normally do. 这些都是我通常所做的。
normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
But then, for some reason, 但出于某种原因,
I got into something else, just recently . 我最近开始迷上了另外的一样东西。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
And it all grew out of one of my colleagues asking me to analyze a bunch of brains of psychopathic killers. 究其缘由,则是因为我的一个同事 叫我去研究一批 心理变态的杀人犯的大脑。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse); a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; psychopathic:adj.精神病的;精神错乱的;n.精神变态者;
And so this would be the typical talk I would give. 所以你们这里看到的就是我通常会给的演讲。
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
And the question is, "How do you end up with a psychopathic killer?" 而我探索的问题就是,“一个人是怎样变成心理变态的杀人凶手的呢？”
What I mean by psychopathic killer are these people, these types of people. 我对心理变态的杀手的定义 主要是针对这些人,这些种类的人。
And so some of the brains that I've studied are people you know about. 所以我所研究的一些大脑实际上是属于 你们所听说过的人的。
When I get the brains I don't know what I'm looking at. 当我刚拿到这些大脑的时候,我其实不知道我查看的究竟是何种大脑。
These were blind experiments. They also gave me normal people and everything. 算是一个单盲实验,因为他们所给我的大脑中也混杂着正常人的大脑。
So I've looked at about 70 of these. 我一共查看了大概70个大脑,
And what came up was a number of pieces of data. 并从中获取了一些数据。
So we look at these sorts of things theoretically , on the basis of genetics , and brain damage , and interaction with environment, and exactly how that machine works. 我们从理论化的角度出发, 将基因 脑损伤、与环境的相互作用, 以及大脑的工作原理作为分析研究的基础。
theoretically:adv.理论地;理论上; genetics:n.遗传学; brain damage:n.(疾病、事故导致的)脑损伤; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
So we're interested in exactly where in the brain, and what's the most important part of the brain. 我们所感兴趣的是大脑中的具体位置 和大脑中最重要的部分。
So we've been looking at this. 所以这就是我们长期以来的研究对象:
The interaction of genes, what's called epigenetic effects, brain damage, and environment, and how these are tied together. 基因之间的相互作用, 也就是所谓的后生效应, 大脑的损伤,环境因素, 以及他们之间的联系。
epigenetic:adj.后生的;外成的;渐成说的;
And how you end up with a psychopath, and a killer, depends on exactly when the damage occurs . 而一个人变成心理变态狂,变成杀手的原因 就决定于脑损伤发生的确切时间。
occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
It's really a very precisely timed thing. 时机的掌握真的需要恰到好处。
You get different kinds of psychopaths . 心理变态狂是有各种各样的。
psychopaths:n.心理病态性格;精神病者(psychopath的复数);
So we're going along with this. And here's, just to give you the pattern. 这就是我们研究的主要方向。而我们所发现的规律就是
The pattern is that those people, every one of them I looked at, who was a murderer, and was a serial killer , had damage to their orbital cortex . 这些人,我检查过的每一个人, 每一个杀人凶手,每一个连环杀手, 都在大脑的额眶部皮质有所损伤,
serial killer:n.连环杀手; orbital:adj.轨道的;眼窝的; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮;
Which is right above the eyes, the orbits , and also the interior part of the temporal lobe . 就在眼睛、眼眶的正上方。 再有就是太阳穴的内侧。
orbits:n.[天][航]轨道(orbit的复数); v.环绕…的轨道运行; interior:n.内部;内陆;内地;里面;adj.内部的;里面的; temporal:adj.暂时的;当时的;现世的;n.世间万物;暂存的事物; lobe:n.(脑,肺等的)叶;裂片;耳垂;波瓣;
So there is the pattern that every one of them had, but they all were a little different too. 所以他们这些人之间是有规律可寻的。 但彼此之间有稍微有点不同。
They had other sorts of brain damage. 他们也有其他类型的脑损伤。
A key thing is the effect of the major violence genes, like the MAO-A gene. 重点就在于 最主要的暴力基因 被称作为MAO-A基因。
violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
And there is a variant of this gene that is in the normal population. 正常人群中是有这个基因的变种。
variant:adj.不同的;多样的;n.变体;转化;
Some of you have this. And it's sex-linked . 你们中的一些人就有这个变种。它是跟性别有关的。
sex-linked:adj.[遗]伴性的;位于性染色体的;
It's on the X chromosome . And so in this way you can only get it from your mother. 是在X染色体上。正因为如此, 你只能从你母亲那里遗传这个基因。
X chromosome:n.[遗]x染色体;雌性染色体;
And in fact this is probably why mostly men are psychopathic killers, or are very aggressive . 事实上,这也许就是为什么男人、男孩 更有可能成为心理变态的杀人凶手, 变得非常有暴力倾向。
aggressive:adj.侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的;
Because a daughter can get one X from the father, one X from the mother, it's kind of diluted out. 因为女儿还是可以从爸爸那里得到一个X染色体, 从妈妈那里得到另一个,所以总体上的效果就好像被抵消了一样。
diluted:v.稀释;冲淡;削弱;降低;(dilute的过去分词和过去式)
But for a son, he can only get the X chromosome from his mother. 但如果是个儿子的话, 他就只能从妈妈那里得到一个X染色体。
So this is how it's passed from mother to son. 这就是它如何从母亲传到儿子的。
And it has to do with too much brain serotonin during development. 它也跟成长过程中分泌的血清素有关。
serotonin:n.[生化]血清素;5-羟色胺(血管收缩素);
Which is kind of interesting because serotonin is supposed to make you calm and relaxed . 这其实是挺有趣的现象, 因为血清素本该让你平静放松下来。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) relaxed:adj.轻松的;冷静的;v.放松;休息;宽慰;(relax的过去分词和过去式)
But if you have this gene, in utero your brain is bathed in this. 但如果你拥有这个基因,在母体里的时候 你的大脑就是整个沉浸在血清素之中。
utero:子宫; bathed:adj.沐浴的;淋漓的,湿透的;沉溺的;v.沐浴;(bath的过去分词);
So your whole brain becomes insensitive to serotonin. 所以你的整个大脑都对血清素麻木了。
insensitive:adj.感觉迟钝的,对…没有感觉的;
So it doesn't work later on in life. 正因此,在你随后的生命中,它就起不到它应有的作用。
And I'd given this one talk in Israel , just this past year. 我之前在以色列给过这个演讲, 就在去年。
Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人;
And it does have some consequences . 而这项研究发现确实有着深远的影响。
consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Theoretically what this means is that in order to express this gene, in a violent way, very early on, before puberty , you have to be involved in something that is really traumatic , not a little stress, not being spanked or something. 因为从理论上来讲, 若想让这个基因发挥其作用, 引发暴力, 那么在很早的时候,在青春期之前, 你就必须经历一些非常惨痛的事情, 不只是一点小小的压力,不只是被打屁股这么简单,
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; puberty:n.青春期;开花期; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) traumatic:adj.外伤的;创伤的;n.外伤药; not a little:许多,大量的; spanked:v.打(小孩的)屁股;(spank的过去分词和过去式)
But really seeing violence, or being involved in it, in 3D. 而是真正目睹暴力, 或者是置身其中。
Right? That's how the mirror neuron system works. 这就是镜像神经元系统的工作原理,对吧？
neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位;
And so, if you have that gene, and you see a lot of violence in a certain situation, this is the recipe for disaster , absolute disaster. 这样一来,如果你有那个基因, 而又在某个场合下 目睹了大量的暴力, 那么灾难就会产生,绝对的灾难。
recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法; disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
And what I think might happen in these areas of the world, where we have constant violence, you end up having generations of kids that are seeing all this violence. 而我觉得在这些长期被暴力笼罩的区域, 很有可能发生的就是 一代又一代的孩子 目睹着周边的一切暴力。
And if I was a young girl, somewhere in a violent area, you know, a 14 year old, and I want to find a mate , 假如我是一个小女生,生活在某个暴力的地区, 14岁,想找个伴侣,
mate:n.助手,大副; v.使配对;
I'd find some tough guy, right, to protect me. 我当然是会找一个非常强壮的男生,来保护我。
Well what the problem is this tends to concentrate these genes. 这样一来,问题就产生了,因为这些基因被聚集到了一起。
concentrate:n.浓缩物;v.聚精会神;集中(注意力);使…集中(或集合、聚集);(使)浓缩;
And now the boys and the girls get them. 他们的儿子和女儿也因此会遗传这些基因。
So I think after several generations, and here is the idea, we really have a tinder box. 所以我觉得几代过后, 我们真的就有了个引发暴乱的根源。
tinder:n.火绒;易燃物;
So that was the idea. 主要的概念就是这样。
But then my mother said to me, "I hear you've been going around talking about psychopathic killers. 但有一天我母亲对我说道:“我听说你到处进行演讲, 讨论心理变态的杀人狂,
And you're talking as if you come from a normal family." 听起来你好像来自一个正常家庭一样。”
I said, "What the hell are you talking about?" 我说道:“ 你到底在讲什么鬼？”
She then told me about our own family tree . 她随后就告诉了我们自己的家庭史。
family tree:n.家谱;谱系图;
Now she blamed this on my father's side, of course. 当然了,她现在是把一切都归咎在我爸爸那边。
This was one of these cases, because she has no violence in her background. 这算得上是案例之一,因为她的家族史是没有什么暴力倾向的,
But my father did. 但我父亲那边却有。
Well she said, "There is good news and bad news. 她说:“我有一个好消息还有一个坏消息。
One of your cousins is Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell university. 埃兹拉-康奈尔,康奈尔大学的创办者,是你的表兄。
founder:vi.失败;沉没;倒塌;变跛;vt.破坏;使摔倒;垮掉;n.创始人;建立者;翻沙工;
But the bad news is that your cousin is also Lizzi Borden. 但坏消息是利兹-伯顿是你的表姐。”
Now I said, "Okay, so what? We have Lizzi." 我回答到:“那又怎样呢？利兹是我的亲戚。”
She goes, "No it gets worse, read this book." 她说:“事情比这糟糕。读读这本书。”
And here is this "Killed Strangely ," and it's this historical book. 就是这本书,叫做“离奇谋杀”,是本记录历史的书。
Strangely:adv.奇怪地;奇妙地;不可思议地; historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的;
And the first murder of a mother by a son, was my great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather. 里面记载的第一桩谋杀, 是一个儿子杀害母亲的案件, 而犯案者就是我的曾曾曾曾曾祖父。
Okay, so that's the first case of matricide . 那就是第一起杀母案。
matricide:n.弑母;
And that book is very interesting. Because It's about witch trials, and how people thought back then. 这本书其实非常有趣。它讲述了巫女审判, 还有那时候人们的想法。
witch:n.巫婆,女巫;vt.迷惑;施巫术;
But it doesn't stop there. 但它不单单仅此而已。
There were seven more men, on my father's side, starting then, Cornells, that were all murderers. 在我父亲那边,还有七位男士, 都是康奈尔家族的人,都是杀人凶手。
Okay, now this gives one a little pause. 这就让人不得不倒吸口冷气了。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Because my father himself, and my three uncles, in World War II, were all conscientious objectors , all pussycats . 因为我老爸他自己, 还有我三个叔伯,在二战的时候 都是反战主义者,都是很温和的。
conscientious:adj.勤勉认真的;一丝不苟的; objectors:n.反对者;提出异议的人; pussycats:n.猫;有毛且柔软的东西;
But every once in a while , like Lizzie Borden, like three times a century, and we're kind of due. 但我们家族隔三岔五,就会出现一个像利兹-伯顿这号人物,大概每100年出现三次, 现在差不多该轮到我们这一辈了。
every once in a while:有时;偶然;偶尔;时而;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So the moral of the story is: people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. 所以教训就是: 居住玻璃屋者不宜以石掷人。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
But more likely is this. 但真正的教训是:
(Laughter) ［我不管这个世界对我有多了解,只要我老妈不知道就好。］（笑声）
And we had to take action. Now our kids found out about it. 我们家人不得不做点什么。我们的孩子们也是得知了这些情况。
And they all seemed to be OK. 他们看上去还不错。
But our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here. 但我们的孙子一辈则是需要格外注意的一辈。
grandkids:n.(外)孙;(外)孙女;(grandkid的复数) concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
So what we've done is I've started to do PET scans of everybody in the family. 所以我开始为家里面的每个人 做大脑扫描。
(Laughter) （笑声）
We started to do PET scans, EEGs and genetic analysis to see where the bad news is. 我们已经开始做脑扫描,脑电图,基因分析, 来查明问题将会出现在哪里。
Now the only person, it turns out one son and one daughter, siblings , didn't get along. And their patterns are exactly the same. 结果唯一有问题的 是一对兄妹, 曾经合不来。他们的图象是完全一样。
siblings:n.兄;弟;姐;妹;(sibling的复数)
They have the same brain, and the same EEG. 同样的大脑,同样的脑电图。
And now they are close as can be. 但他们现在却是亲密无间。
But there's gonna be bad news somewhere. 可是我们知道肯定在某个地方有问题,
And we don't know where it's going to pop up . 只不过我们不确定问题将会出现在哪里。
pop up:v.突然出现;
So that's my talk. 这就是我的演讲。
(Laughter) （笑声）