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JimCollins_2020S-_我们如何使用人工智能发现新抗生素_-
So how are we going to beat this novel coronavirus ? 我们要如何击败新型冠状病毒？
By using our best tools: our science and our technology . 通过使用我们最好的工具: 我们的科学和技术。
In my lab, we're using the tools of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology to speed up the fight against this pandemic . 在我的实验室中, 我们正在使用人工智能 和合成生物学的工具, 加快与这场疫情的战斗。
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; artificial intelligence:n.人工智能; synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
Our work was originally designed to tackle the antibiotic resistance crisis . 我们工作的初衷 是想解决抗生素耐药性的危机。
Our project seeks to harness the power of machine learning to replenish our antibiotic arsenal and avoid a globally devastating postantibiotic era . 我们的项目试图利用 机器学习的力量 补充我们的抗生素“弹药库”, 并避免会造成全球性危害的 后抗生素时代。
Importantly, the same technology can be used to search for antiviral compounds that could help us fight the current pandemic. 重要的是,同样的技术能用来寻找 可以帮助我们应对当前疫情的 抗病毒化合物。
originally:adv.原来;起初; tackle:v.处理; n.用具; antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; seeks:v.寻求;寻找;探索;搜索; harness:vt.治理; n.马具; replenish:vt.补充,再装满;把…装满;给…添加燃料; arsenal:n.兵工厂;军械库; devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) era:n.新时期;纪元;年代;新时代; antiviral:adj.抗病毒的;抗滤过性病原体的;n.抗病毒物质(等于antidote); compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
Machine learning is turning the traditional model of drug discovery on its head. 机器学习正在颠覆 传统的药物开发模型。
With this approach , instead of painstakingly testing thousands of existing molecules one by one in a lab for their effectiveness , we can train a computer to explore the exponentially larger space 通过这种方法, 我们不再需要在实验室里 一个接一个费力地测试 成千上万 现有分子的效力, 而是可以训练电脑探索更大的、
traditional:传统的,惯例的, approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; painstakingly:adv.煞费苦心地;费力地; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); one by one:一个接一个; effectiveness:n.效力; explore:v.探索:探测:探险: exponentially:adv.以指数方式;
of essentially all possible molecules that could be synthesized , and thus, instead of looking for a needle in a haystack , we can use the giant magnet of computing power to find many needles in multiple haystacks simultaneously . 基本上涵盖了所有 可能合成的分子的空间。 因此,相比在“海底捞针”, 我们可以使用计算能力 这块“巨型磁铁”, 同时在几个“海”底 捞很多很多根“针”。
We've already had some early success. 我们的早期尝试 已经取得了一些成功。
Recently , we used machine learning to discover new antibiotics that can help us fight off the bacterial infections that can occur alongside SARS-CoV-2 infections. 最近,我们使用机器学习 发现了新的抗生素, 可以帮助我们抵御 可能伴随 SARS-CoV-2 冠状病毒感染 发生的细菌感染。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; synthesized:adj.合成的;综合的;v.合成(synthesize的过去分词);综合; a needle in a haystack:大海捞针啊;海底捞针;被忽略的人; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 magnet:n.磁体;磁铁;磁石;吸铁石; computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词) needles:n.针数,千针本;[印刷]折页顶针(needle复数形式); multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; haystacks:n.大干草垛; simultaneously:adv.同时地; Recently:adv.最近;新近; antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数) bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;
Two months ago, TED's Audacious Project approved funding for us to massively scale up our work with the goal of discovering seven new classes of antibiotics 两个月前,TED 的“大胆计划” （Audacious Project） 批准了我们的资金申请, 这将大规模扩展我们的工作, 目标是在未来的七年里,
against seven of the world's deadly bacterial pathogens over the next seven years. 发现七类新型抗生素, 以对抗世界上七种 致命的病原体细菌。
For context : the number of new class of antibiotics that have been discovered over the last three decades is zero. 在此说明一下: 在过去三十年内,人类发现的 新型抗生素的数量为零。
Audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的; approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式) funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
While the quest for new antibiotics is for our medium-term future, the novel coronavirus poses an immediate deadly threat, and I'm excited to share that we think we can use the same technology to search for therapeutics to fight this virus. 虽说寻找新的抗生素 是为了我们的中期未来, 新型冠状病毒构成了 迫在眉睫的致命威胁, 我很高兴能跟大家宣布, 我们认为可以使用相同的技术 寻找对抗这种病毒的治疗手段。
So how are we going to do it? 那么我们该怎么做呢？
Well, we're creating a compound training library and with collaborators applying these molecules to SARS-CoV-2-infected cells to see which of them exhibit effective activity. 我们正在创建一个 化合物训练库, 并与合作者一起,用这些分子处理 被 SARS-CoV-2 感染的细胞, 看看哪个分子表现出了有效的活性。
quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索; medium-term:adj.中期的; poses:姿势; therapeutics:n.疗法,治疗学; collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数); applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) exhibit:v.展览;表现;展出;n.陈列品;(在法庭上出示的)物证;
These data will be use to train a machine learning model that will be applied to an in silico library of over a billion molecules to search for potential novel antiviral compounds. 这些数据将用于训练 一个机器学习模型, 这个模型将被应用于包含 超过十亿个分子的计算机模拟数据库, 以寻找潜在的新型抗病毒化合物。
We will synthesize and test the top predictions and advance the most promising candidates into the clinic . 我们将合成并测试 算法预测出的最优分子, 并让最有潜力的备选分子 进入临床实验。
Sound too good to be true? 听起来是不是过于美好了？
Well, it shouldn't. 并非如此。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式); clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
The Antibiotics AI Project is founded on our proof of concept research that led to the discovery of a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic called Halocin. 抗生素人工智能项目的设立 是基于我们的概念验证研究, 这项研究最终发现了 一种新型广谱抗生素, 叫做 Halocin。
Halocin has potent antibacterial activity against almost all antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, including untreatable panresistant infections. Halocin 具有强大的抗菌活性, 能杀死几乎所有 对抗生素耐药的病原体细菌, 包括无法治疗的多重耐药感染。
Importantly, in contrast to current antibiotics, the frequency at which bacteria develop resistance against Halocin is remarkably low. 重要的是,与目前的抗生素相比, 细菌对 Halocin 产生耐药性的频率 非常低。
proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护; broad-spectrum:adj.广谱的;用途广泛的; antibacterial:n.抗菌剂;抗菌药;adj.抗菌的; antibiotic-resistant:adj.耐抗生素的; untreatable:adj.无法医治的; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地
We tested the ability of bacteria to evolve resistance against Halocin as well as Cipro in the lab. 我们在实验室里测试了 细菌对 Halocin 以及环丙沙星（Cipro） 产生耐药性的能力。
In the case of Cipro, after just one day, we saw resistance. 结果发现, 仅仅一天后,细菌就对 环丙沙星产生了耐药性。
In the case of Halocin, after one day, we didn't see any resistance. 而对于 Halocin, 经过一天后, 细菌没有产生任何耐药性。
Amazingly, after even 30 days, we didn't see any resistance against Halocin. 不可思议的是, 甚至在 30 天后, 我们也没有发现细菌 对 Halocin 产生任何耐药性。
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; Cipro:盐酸环丙氟沙星制剂;
In this pilot project, we first tested roughly 2,500 compounds against E. coli . 在这个试点项目中,我们首先对大肠杆菌 测试了大约 2500 种化合物。
This training set included known antibiotics, such as Cipro and penicillin , as well as many drugs that are not antibiotics. 这个训练集包括了已知的抗生素, 例如环丙沙星和青霉素, 以及许多不是抗生素的药物。
These data we used to train a model to learn molecular features associated with antibacterial activity. 我们用这些数据来训练模型, 让它学习与抗菌活性 有关的分子特征。
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; coli:n.大肠杆菌; penicillin:n.盘尼西林(青霉素); molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
We then applied this model to a drug-repurposing library consisting of several thousand molecules and asked the model to identify molecules that are predicted to have antibacterial properties but don't look like existing antibiotics. 然后我们把这个模型 应用到由数千个分子组成的 药物再定位数据库上, 并要求模型识别 被预测具有抗菌性能 但长得不像现有抗生素的分子。
Interestingly , only one molecule in that library fit these criteria , and that molecule turned out to be Halocin. 有趣的是,数据库里 只有一个分子符合这些条件, 那个分子就是 Halocin。
Given that Halocin does not look like any existing antibiotic, it would have been impossible for a human, including an antibiotic expert, to identify Halocin in this manner. 由于 Halocin 看起来 不像任何现有的抗生素, 人类,包括抗生素专家, 都不可能以这种方式 发现 Halocin 的。
consisting:v.由…组成;由…构成;在于;存在于(consist的现在分词) identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式) Interestingly:adv.有趣地; criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数);
Imagine now what we could do with this technology against SARS-CoV-2. 想象一下,我们能如何使用这项技术 对抗 SARS-CoV-2。
And that's not all. 还不止这些。
We're also using the tools of synthetic biology, tinkering with DNA and other cellular machinery , to serve human purposes like combating COVID-19, and of note, we are working to develop a protective mask that can also serve as a rapid diagnostic test. 我们也在使用合成生物学的工具 修补 DNA 和其他细胞成分, 为人类服务,比如对抗 COVID-19。 值得一提的是,我们正在努力开发 可作为快速诊断测试的防护口罩。
So how does that work? 它的原理是什么？
Well, we recently showed that you can take the cellular machinery out of a living cell and freeze-dry it along with RNA sensors onto paper in order to create low-cost diagnostics for Ebola and Zika. 我们最近发现 你可以从活细胞中 提取出细胞成分, 然后把它连同 RNA 检测器 在试纸上进行冷冻干燥, 从而制作出廉价的 埃博拉和寨卡病毒诊断测试工具。
tinkering:v.(尤指不起作用地)小修补,小修理;(tinker的现在分词) cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元; machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置; combating:战斗;与…斗争;反对(combat的现在分词); protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的; diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; freeze-dry:vt.冻干,冷冻干燥; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的; diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数); Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
The sensors are activated when they're rehydrated by a patient sample that could consist of blood or saliva , for example. 在通过添加患者的样本, 如血液或唾液进行重新溶解后, RNA 检测器就能被激活。
It turns out, this technology is not limited to paper and can be applied to other materials, including cloth. 事实证明,除了纸制品, 这项技术还可以应用于 其他材料,包括布料。
For the COVID-19 pandemic, we're designing RNA sensors to detect the virus and freeze-drying these along with the needed cellular machinery into the fabric of a face mask, where the simple act of breathing, along with the water vapor that comes with it, can activate the test. 对于 COVID-19 疫情, 我们正在设计 针对病毒的 RNA 检测器, 然后把它们和所需的细胞成分一起 在口罩的面料上进行冷冻干燥, 简单的呼吸行为 连同呼出的水蒸气, 就可以激活测试。
activated:v.使活动;激活;使活化;(activate的过去式和过去分词) rehydrated:vt.再水化; patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; saliva:n.唾液;涎; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; freeze-drying:v.使…冻干(freeze-dry的ing形式);n.[化工]冷冻干燥法; fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构; vapor:n.蒸汽;烟雾;vt.使…蒸发;使…汽化;vi.蒸发;吹牛;沮丧;
Thus, if a patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2, the mask will produce a fluorescent signal that could be detected by a simple, inexpensive handheld device . 如果患者感染了 SARS-CoV-2, 口罩就会产生荧光信号, 可以通过简单廉价的 手持设备检测出来。
In one or two hours, a patient could thus be diagnosed safely, remotely and accurately . 一两个小时内,病人就能得到 安全、准确、无接触的诊断。
We're also using synthetic biology to design a candidate vaccine for COVID-19. 我们也在使用合成生物学 设计 COVID-19 的备选疫苗。
infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式) fluorescent:adj.荧光的;萤光的;发亮的;n.荧光;日光灯; detected:v.发现;查明;侦察出;(detect的过去分词和过去式) inexpensive:adj.廉价的;不昂贵的; handheld:adj.掌上型;手持型; device:n.装置;策略;图案; diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地; accurately:adv.精确地,准确地; vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的;
We are repurposing the BCG vaccine, which had been used against TB for almost a century. 我们正在重新利用卡介苗, 这种疫苗在近一个世纪前 就被用来预防结核病。
It's a live attenuated vaccine, and we're engineering it to express SARS-CoV-2 antigens , which should trigger the production of protective antibodies by the immune system . 这是一种减毒活疫苗, 我们通过生物工程 让它表达 SARS-CoV-2 抗原, 以此来触发免疫系统 产生保护性抗体。
repurposing:n.再利用;v.为…改变用途(repurpose的ing形式); BCG:abbr.(=BacillusCalmette-Guérin)[药]卡介苗; attenuated:adj.[生物][物]衰减的; v.使减弱; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; antigens:n.[免疫]抗原(antigen的复数); trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数); immune system:n.免疫系统;
Importantly, BCG is massively scalable and has a safety profile that's among the best of any reported vaccine. 重要的是,卡介苗可大规模生产, 并且它的安全性在所有 有记录的疫苗中是最好的。
With the tools of synthetic biology and artificial intelligence, we can win the fight against this novel coronavirus. 借助合成生物学与人工智能的工具, 我们可以打赢 和新型冠状病毒的战争。
This work is in its very early stages, but the promise is real. 这项工作尚处于初期阶段, 但它的前景是真实的。
scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
Science and technology can give us an important advantage in the battle of human wits versus the genes of superbugs , a battle we can win. 在人类智慧与超级细菌基因的战斗中, 科学和技术能给予我们重要的优势, 帮助我们取得胜利。
Thank you. 谢谢。
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点: wits:n.智慧;头脑;智力;机智幽默的人;理解力;(wit的复数) versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) superbugs:n.超级病菌;