返回首页

JessicaPryce_2018S-_排除种族因素，建立公平的儿童福利体系_
I want you to imagine that you are a Child Protective Services worker. 我想请各位把自己想象成 儿童保护协会的工作人员,
Protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的;
And you have to respond to a report of child abuse . 你现在要调查一起虐童案。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; child abuse:n.摧残儿童;虐待儿童;
You walk into a home, unannounced , unexpected , certainly uninvited . 你走进一个家,事先未通知其家人, 让人毫无防备。
unannounced:adj.突然的;未经宣布的;未通知的; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; uninvited:adj.未被邀请的;未经请求的;
The first thing you see is a mattress in the middle of the room, on the floor. 首先映入眼帘的是,房间正中央 的地板上,放着一张床褥,
mattress:n.床垫;褥子;空气垫;
Three kids lying on it, asleep. 上面躺着三个小孩,熟睡着。
There's a small table nearby with a couple of ashtrays , empty beer cans. 附近是一张小桌子, 放着几个烟灰缸, 空啤酒罐,
nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近; ashtrays:n.烟灰缸(ashtray的复数);
Large rat traps are set in the corner, not too far from where the kids lie asleep. 角落还安置着几个巨大的捕鼠夹, 就在离孩子们睡觉不远处。
traps:n.陷阱,捕捉器; v.使落入险境; (trap的第三人称单数和复数)
So you make a note. 所以你记下了这一切。
A part of your job is walking through the entire home. 你工作的一部分,是走遍整个房子。
So you start with the kitchen, where there's very little food. 你从厨房开始, 发现食物了了无几,
You notice another mattress in the bedroom, on the floor, that the mother shares with her infant child. 你还注意到卧室地板上的 另一张床褥, 是母亲和她的婴孩睡觉的地方。
infant:n.婴儿;幼儿;未成年人;adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的;
Now, generally , at this point, two things may happen. 这时,一般会有两种情况发生。
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
The children are deemed unsafe and removed from the home, and placed in state custody for a specified period of time. 孩子们的生存条件被视为受到威胁, 所以不得不送去寄养所, 在特定的一段时间内, 由州政府代为监护。
deemed:v.认为;视为;相信;(deem的过去分词和过去式) unsafe:adj.不安全的;危险的;不安稳的; custody:n.保管;监护;拘留;抚养权; specified:v.指定;具体说明;逐一登记;列入清单;(specified是specify的过去分词)
Or the children remain with their family and the child welfare system provides help and support. 或孩子继续与家人待在一起, 但会收到儿童福利处的帮助和支持。
welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利;
When I was a Child Protective Services worker, 我还在儿童保护服务处工作的时候,
I saw things like this all the time. 这类事件层出不穷。
Some far better, some far worse. 情况有时候可能好得多, 有时候差得多。
I asked you to imagine yourself in that home, because I wonder what crossed your mind. 我让各位想象自己身临其境, 是因为我想知道, 大家当时会想什么。
What guides your decisions? 是什么引导大家做出决定？
What's going to impact your opinion of that family? 是什么影响大家对那个家庭的看法？
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
What race, ethnicity , did you think the family was? 各位觉得这家人属于什么种族, 民族?
ethnicity:n.种族划分;
I want you to realize that if those children were white, it is more likely that their family stays together after that visit. 我想让大家知道, 如果那些孩子是白人的话, 在那次家访后, 他们与家人待在一起的几率会更高。
Research done at the University of Pennsylvania found that white families, on average, have access to more help and more support from the child welfare system. 根据宾夕法尼亚大学的 一项研究调查, 白人家庭总体而言,会从儿童福利体系中 得到帮助和支持更多。
Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
And their cases are less likely to go through a full investigation. 而且他们的案件也不太需要 经过全方位调查。
But on the other hand , if those kids are black, they are four times more likely to be removed, they spend longer periods of time in foster care, and it's harder to find them a stable foster placement. 但另一方面,如果那些孩子是黑人, 他们送去寄养所的几率是 白人孩子的四倍之高, 而这些孩子待在寄养所的时间 也更长, 也更难找到一个稳定的寄养的地方。
on the other hand:另一方面; foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的; stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
Foster care is meant to be an immediate shelter of protection for kids who are at high risk. 寄养服务本来是为严重受到威胁的 孩子们提供紧急住所。
But it's also a confusing and traumatic exit from the family. 但就这样将孩子从父母身边带走, 不仅令人困惑,还会造成巨大痛苦。
confusing:adj.令人困惑; v.使糊涂; (confuse的现在分词) traumatic:adj.外伤的;创伤的;n.外伤药;
Research done at the University of Minnesota found that kids who went through foster care had more behavioral problems and internalized issues than kids who remain with their families while receiving help and support. 根据明尼苏达大学的一项调查显示, 曾有过寄养经历的孩子, 比那些继续和父母亲待在一起, 接受后续帮助和支持的孩子们, 更容易有行为问题和性格问题。
Minnesota:n.明尼苏达州(美国中北部洲); behavioral:adj.行为的; internalized:v.内在化(internalize的过去分词); issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
The scenario I mentioned earlier is not uncommon . 我先前提到的情境屡见不鲜。
scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本; uncommon:adj.不寻常的;罕有的;adv.非常地;
A single mother, living in low-income housing with her four children. 一个单身母亲,和她的四个孩子, 生活在一个低收入人群的房子里,
And the rats make it almost impossible to keep food, let alone fresh food in the home. 鼠患让食物尚且难以保存, 更不用说要在家里找到新鲜的食物了。
let alone:更不必说;听任;不打扰;
Does that mother deserve to have her children taken from her? 但难道仅凭这一点, 母亲就该跟她的孩子骨肉分离吗？
deserve:vi.应受,应得;
Emma Ketteringham, a family court attorney , says that if you live in a poor neighborhood , then you better be a perfect parent. Emma Ketteringham 是一名家庭事务律师, 她说如果你住在一个贫穷的街区, 那么你最好成为一个完美的父母亲,
attorney:n.律师(尤指代表当事人出庭者);(业务或法律事务上的)代理人; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
She says that we place unfair, often unreachable standards on parents who are raising their kids with very little money. 她说,我们的社会对于那些 低收入的父母而言,
unreachable:adj.不能得到的;不能达到的; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
And their neighborhood and ethnicity impact whether or not their kids are removed. 而他们的所住的街区和所属的民族, 直接影响到他们的孩子是否 会被送去寄养所。
whether or not:是否…;
In the two years I spent on the front lines of child welfare, 我在儿童福利的前线上工作了两年,
I made high-stakes decisions. 我做的决定都是高风险的。
high-stakes:adj.高风险;
And I saw firsthand how my personal values impacted my work. 我切身体会过我的个人价值观 是如何影响我工作的。
firsthand:adj.直接的;直接采购的;直接得来的;adv.直接地; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词);
Now, as social work faculty at Florida State University , 现在,作为弗洛里达州大学里 社会工作系的一名教师,
social work:n.社会工作; faculty:n.科,系;能力;全体教员; State University:n.(美国)州立大学;
I lead an institute that curates the most innovative and effective child welfare research. 我领导的学院, 进行的是最创新最有成效的 儿童福利研究。
institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; curates:n.助理牧师;副牧师; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
And research tells us that there are twice as many black kids in foster care, twenty-eight percent, than there are in the general population, 14 percent. 研究结果显示,寄养所里的黑人儿童 是其它种族儿童的两倍, 有28%这么多。 而其它种族的儿童也就才14%。
in the general:通常,一般;
And although there are several reasons why, 虽然其中有着许多原因,
I want to discuss one reason today: implicit bias . 但我今天只想谈论一个理由: 隐性偏见。
implicit:adj.含蓄的;暗示的;盲从的; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
Let's start with "implicit." 让我们从“隐性”开始说起,
It's subconscious , something you're not aware of. 它是潜意识的,你察觉不到的。
subconscious:adj.潜意识的;下意识的;n.潜在意识;下意识心理活动;
Bias -- those stereotypes and attitudes that we all have about certain groups of people. 而偏见 -- 就是对于特定人群的 刻板印象和态度,这是我们都有的。
stereotypes:n.模式化观念(或形象); v.对…形成模式化(或类型化)的看法; (stereotype的第三人称单数和复数) attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
So, implicit bias is what lurks in the background of every decision that we make. 所以,隐性偏见指的就是潜藏在 我们做出的每一个决定的背景因素。
lurks:v.潜伏;潜藏;埋伏;n.潜伏;埋伏;(lurk的第三人称单数和复数)
So how can we fix it? 那我们该如何解决这个问题呢？
I have a promising solution that I want to share. 我有一个很有前景的解决方案, 想和大家分享。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Now, in almost every state, there are high numbers of black kids going into foster care. 现在,几乎每一个州, 都有着不胜其数的黑人儿童 被送进了寄养所。
But data revealed that Nassau County , a community in New York, had managed to decrease the number of black kids being removed. 但数据显示,拿骚县, 纽约的一个县城, 已经成功减少了许多将黑人儿童 送去寄养所的案例了。
revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) County:n.郡,县; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
And in 2016, I went into that community with my team and led a research study, discovering the use of blind removal meetings. 2016年,我和我的团队走进拿骚县, 领导一项调查研究, 看看隐去孩童个人信息后 再进行寄养汇报的成效如何。
removal:n.去除;消除;清除;除去;
This is how it works. 这个汇报是这样进行的:
A case worker responds to a report of child abuse. 社会工作者受命调查一起虐童案件,
responds:v.(口头或书面)回答,回应;作出反应;响应;(respond的第三人称单数)
They go out to the home, but before the children are removed, the case worker must come back to the office and present what they found. 他们前往受访家庭, 但是在决定让孩子搬去寄养所前, 这名社会工作者必须先回到办公室, 汇报他们的调查结果。
But here's the distinction : 但与以往不同的是,
distinction:n.区别;区分;差别;卓越;
When they present to the committee , they delete names, ethnicity, neighborhood, race, all identifiable information. 当工作人员向组委会汇报结果时, 他们隐去了受访家庭的姓名, 民族,所住街区,种族, 以及所有能透露身份的信息。
committee:n.委员会; identifiable:adj.可辨认的;可认明的;可证明是同一的;
They focus on what happened, family strength, relevant history and the parents' ability to protect the child. 他们把重点放在事件的经历, 家庭的优势,相关的历史, 和父母保护孩子的能力上。
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
With that information, the committee makes a recommendation , never knowing the race of the family. 在听完汇报后, 组委会将提出一项建议, 他们至始至终不会知道 受访家庭的种族。
recommendation:n.推荐;介绍;提议;正式建议;
Blind removals have made a drastic impact in that community. 这项举措对拿骚县造成了 巨大的影响。
removals:n.屏蔽选项设置;效果移除(removal的复数); drastic:adj.激烈的;猛烈的;n.烈性泻药;
In 2011, 57 percent of the kids going into foster care were black. 2011年的时候,有57%被送进 寄养所的都是黑人儿童,
But after five years of blind removals, that is down to 21 percent. 但在隐去孩童的个人信息后, 这个数据降到了21%。
(Applause) （掌声）
Here's what we learned from talking to some of the case workers. 通过与社会工作者的对话, 我们了解到,
'"When a family has a history with the department, many of us hold that history against them, even if they're trying to do things differently." “一个家庭如果曾经 在社会工作部门留下不良记录后, 我们大部分社会工作者 就会以此否定这个家庭做出的努力, 即便他们已经在尽力改变了。”
'"When I see a case from a certain apartment building, neighborhood or zip code, “当我只要看到这个案件发生在 某个特定的公寓, 街区,或邮编,
I just automatically think the worst." 我就会不由自主往最坏的方面想。”
automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的;
'"Child welfare is very subjective , because it's an emotional field. “儿童福利是一项非常主观的工作, 因为这个领域牵动着我们的情绪,
subjective:adj.主观的;个人的;自觉的; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
There's no one who doesn't have emotions around this work. 从事这项工作的人, 没有一个是可以没有任何情绪的。
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
And it's very hard to leave all of your stuff at the door when you do this work. 在你执行工作之前, 也很难让你将所有的情绪留在门外。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
So let's take the subjectivity of race and neighborhood out of it, and you might get different outcomes ." 所以,让我们将种族和社区这些 主观因素排除在外, 你所得出的结果也许会有所不同。
subjectivity:n.主观性,主观; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
Blind removals seem to be bringing us closer to solving the problem of implicit bias in foster-care decisions. 隐去孩童的个人信息,似乎将我们 更紧密的联系在一起, 去解决这个影响着寄养决定的 隐性偏见的问题,
My next step is figuring out how to use artificial intelligence and machine learning to bring this project to scale and make it more accessible to other states. 下一步,我要找出办法, 使用人工智能和机器学习 让这个方法更加容易 大规模的运用到别的州上。
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;
I know we can transform child welfare. 我知道,我们是有能力变革 儿童福利体系的。
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
We can hold organizations accountable to developing the social consciousness of their employees. 我们要让相关的机构负起责任, 对他们的社会工作人员 进行社会意识培训。
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的; consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
We can hold ourselves accountable to making sure our decisions are driven by ethics and safety. 我们应该让自己承担起相应的责任, 确保我们每个决定 都符合道德规范,为安全着想。
ethics:n.伦理学;伦理观;道德标准;
Let's imagine a child welfare system that focuses on partnering with parents, empowering families, and no longer see poverty as failure. 让我们想象一下这样一个美好的 儿童福利体系:致力于与父母合作, 给家庭赋权, 不再视贫穷为失败。
empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词) poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
Let's work together to build a system that wants to make families stronger instead of pulling them apart. 让我们一起建立一个 让家庭更加团结,而不是让其 支离破碎的儿童福利体系吧！
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) (Cheering) （掌声）（欢呼）