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JessicaGreen_2013U-_设计周遭的细菌环境_
Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems made of tiny lifeforms: bacteria , viruses and fungi . 一切事物均被肉眼不可见的生态系统覆盖 其组成为微小的生命形式:细菌、病毒和霉菌
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数); bacteria:n.[微]细菌; fungi:n.真菌;菌类;蘑菇(fungus的复数);
Our desks, our computers, our pencils, our buildings all harbor resident microbial landscapes . 我们的书桌、计算机、笔、建筑 全是微生物的栖息地
harbor:n.港口;港湾;(比喻)避难所;[军]坦克掩蔽场;v.停泊;包含;隐匿;怀抱(恶意); resident:adj.居住的;住院医师;定居的;n.居民; microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的; landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计;
As we design these things, we could be thinking about designing these invisible worlds, and also thinking about how they interact with our personal ecosystems. 当我们设计这些物品时,不妨思考一下 关于这些隐形世界的设计 同时思考它们如何与 我们个人的生态系统互动
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes , and these creatures define who we are. 我们的身体是亿万个微生物的住所 这些生物定义了我们
trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式); creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
The microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods . 肠道中的微生物可影响你的体重和心情
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; moods:n.情绪(mood的复数);
The microbes on your skin can help boost your immune system . 皮肤上的微生物有助于提升你的免疫系统
boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃; immune system:n.免疫系统;
The microbes in your mouth can freshen your breath, or not, and the key thing is that our personal ecosystems interact with ecosystems on everything we touch. 口中的微生物可使你口气清新 或正好相反 最重要的是,我们个人的生态系统 与我们接触的一切生态系统间的交互作用
freshen:v.显得新鲜;减少咸味;精神饱满;
So, for example, when you touch a pencil, microbial exchange happens. 因此,例如,当你触摸一支笔时 即发生微生物交换
exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
If we can design the invisible ecosystems in our surroundings , this opens a path to influencing our health in unprecedented ways. 如果我们能设计周遭的隐形生态系统 将开启一条途径 以前所未有的方式影响我们的健康
surroundings:n.周围的环境;环境;(surrounding的复数) influencing:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右(influence的现在分词) unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的;
I get asked all of the time from people, "Is it possible to really design microbial ecosystems?" 经常有人问我 “设计微生物生态系统是否确实可行？”
And I believe the answer is yes. 我认为答案是肯定的
I think we're doing it right now, but we're doing it unconsciously . 我认为我们此刻正在进行这件事 但处于不自觉状态
unconsciously:adv.不知不觉;无意识地;
I'm going to share data with you from one aspect of my research focused on architecture that demonstrates how, through both conscious and unconscious design, we're impacting these invisible worlds. 我想与大家分享一些信息 来自我对建筑的研究之一 显示我们如何藉由有意识 及无意识的设计 影响这些肉眼不可见的世界
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构; demonstrates:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;演示;(demonstrate的第三人称单数) impacting:[力]冲击;[力]撞击;[物]碰撞(impact的现在分词);
This is the Lillis Business Complex at the University of Oregon , and I worked with a team of architects and biologists to sample over 300 rooms in this building. 这是奥勒冈大学Lillis商学综合大楼 我与一个由建筑师和生物学家组成的团队合作 在这栋建筑中的300多个房间取样
Complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; Oregon:n.俄勒冈州(美国州名); architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数);
We wanted to get something like a fossil record of the building, and to do this, we sampled dust. 我们希望得到类似建筑物化石纪录的数据 为了达成这个目标,我们搜集灰尘样本
fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的;
From the dust, we pulled out bacterial cells, broke them open, and compared their gene sequences . 我们从灰尘中分离出细菌细胞 将它们打破,比较其中的基因序列
bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子; sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式);
This means that people in my group were doing a lot of vacuuming during this project. 这意味着我的团队成员 在这个计划中进行了许多吸尘工作
vacuuming:v.用真空吸尘器清扫;(vacuum的现在分词)
This is a picture of Tim, who, right when I snapped this picture, reminded me, he said, "Jessica, the last lab group I worked in 照片中的人是Tim 就在拍摄这张照片的当下,他提醒我－ 他说,“Jessica,在上个研究团队中”
snapped:v.断裂,绷断; (snap的过去分词和过去式) reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式)
I was doing fieldwork in the Costa Rican rainforest , and things have changed dramatically for me." “我的工作是在哥斯达黎加雨林进行田野调查” “对我来说目前的处境简直是天壤之别”
fieldwork:n.野外工作;现场工作;野战工事; Costa:n.[解剖]肋骨;叶脉;[昆]前缘脉; rainforest:n.(热带)雨林; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地;
So I'm going to show you now first what we found in the offices, and we're going to look at the data through a visualization tool that I've been working on in partnership with Autodesk. 因此我准备向大家展示我们在办公室中的第一项发现 我们将藉由某种视觉工具浏览这些数据 这是我和Autodesk（3D软件设计公司）长期合作的成果
visualization:n.形象化;清楚地呈现在心; partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约;
The way that you look at this data is, first, look around the outside of the circle. 浏览数据的方法是 先观察圆圈外围
You'll see broad bacterial groups, and if you look at the shape of this pink lobe , it tells you something about the relative abundance of each group. 你将看见许多不同的菌落 如果观察这个粉红叶片状图形 它将显示每种菌落的相对数量
lobe:n.(脑,肺等的)叶;裂片;耳垂;波瓣; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; abundance:n.丰度;丰富;大量;富足;
So at 12 o'clock, you'll see that offices have a lot of alphaproteobacteria, and at one o'clock you'll see that bacilli are relatively rare. 因此在12点钟方向你看见办公室存在许多 甲型变形菌,在1点钟方向 你看见杆菌数量十分稀少
bacilli:n.n.杆菌(bacillus的复数);细菌; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
Let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building. 我们看看建筑中不同类型空间的情况
take a look at:看一看;检查;
If you look inside the restrooms, they all have really similar ecosystems, and if you were to look inside the classrooms, those also have similar ecosystems. 如果观察休息室 它们的生态系统均十分相似 如果观察教室 它们亦拥有相似的生态系统
But if you look across these space types, you can see that they're fundamentally different from one another. 但如果纵观这些空间类型 可看出它们彼此间 截然不同
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
I like to think of bathrooms like a tropical rainforest. 我喜欢将浴室想成热带雨林
tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的;
I told Tim, "If you could just see the microbes, it's kind of like being in Costa Rica. Kind of." 我对Tim说,“如果你能看见微生物” “感觉就像身处哥斯达黎加,多少吧”
And I also like to think of offices as being a temperate grassland . 我也喜欢将办公室想成温带草原
temperate:adj.温和的;适度的;有节制的; grassland:n.草原;牧草地;
This perspective is a really powerful one for designers, because you can bring on principles of ecology, and a really important principle of ecology is dispersal , the way organisms move around . 这个观点对设计师来说十分有用 因为你可套用生态学原则 生态学中一个十分重要的原则就是分布 即有机体的传播方式
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) dispersal:n.分散;传播;散布;疏散;消失; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; move around:v.走来走去;绕着…来回转;
We know that microbes are dispersed around by people and by air. 我们知道微生物藉由人类 和空气传播
dispersed:adj.散布的;被分散的;被驱散的;v.分散;传播(disperse的过去分词);
So the very first thing we wanted to do in this building was look at the air system. 因此我们希望在这栋建筑中做的第一件事 就是观察空气系统
Mechanical engineers design air handling units to make sure that people are comfortable, that the air flow and temperature is just right. 机械工程师设计空调系统 确保人们感到舒适 空气流通、气温恰到好处
Mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的;
They do this using principles of physics and chemistry, but they could also be using biology . 他们利用物理和化学原理进行这项工作 但也可利用生物学
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
If you look at the microbes in one of the air handling units in this building, you'll see that they're all very similar to one another. 如果观察这栋建筑中 某个空调系统里的微生物 将发现其中生态均十分相似
And if you compare this to the microbes in a different air handling unit, you'll see that they're fundamentally different. 如果将它与 不同空调系统中的微生物比较 将发现两者截然不同
The rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago , and what that means is that mechanical engineers are like eco-engineers, and they have the ability to structure biomes in this building the way that they want to. 这建筑中的房间就像孤立群岛中的岛屿 这意味着机械工程师 如同生态工程师,有能力 以他们想要的方式建构这栋建筑中的生物群落
archipelago:n.群岛,列岛;多岛的海区; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; biomes:n.[生态]生物群落;[生态]生物群区(biome的复数);
Another facet of how microbes get around is by people, and designers often cluster rooms together to facilitate interactions among people, or the sharing of ideas, like in labs and in offices. 另一个传播微生物的方式是藉由人类 设计师通常将房间设计在一处 促进人们的交流 或分享彼此的看法,就像实验室和办公室
facet:n.面;方面;小平面;vt.在…上琢面; get around:到处走走;逃避;说服;传开来(等于getround);有办法应付;有办法应付局面; cluster:n.群;簇;丛;串;vi.群聚;丛生;vt.使聚集;聚集在某人的周围; facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数)
Given that microbes travel around with people, you might expect to see rooms that are close together have really similar biomes. 考虑微生物随着人们四处传播 你或许预期相距不远的房间 存在十分相似的生物群落
And that is exactly what we found. 这正是我们发现的结果
If you look at classrooms right adjacent to one another, they have very [similar] ecosystems, but if you go to an office that is a farther walking distance away, the ecosystem is fundamentally different. 如果观察彼此相邻的教室 它们拥有十分相似的生态系统 但如果观察 与其相距甚远的办公室 其中的生态系统则大不相同
adjacent:adj.邻近的,毗连的;
And when I see the power that dispersal has on these biogeographic patterns, it makes me think that it's possible to tackle really challenging problems, like hospital-acquired infections . 当我发现促使 生物地理学分布的力量之后 意识到或许可藉此 解决一些充满挑战的问题 例如医院内感染
biogeographic:adj.生物地理的; tackle:v.处理; n.用具; hospital-acquired:医院获得性; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
I believe this has got to be, in part, a building ecology problem. 我认为其中部分原因必定在于 建筑物的生态问题
All right, I'm going to tell you one more story about this building. 好,我将告诉大家更多关于这栋建筑的故事
I am collaborating with Charlie Brown. 我与Charlie Brown合作
collaborating:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的现在分词)
He's an architect, and Charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change. 他是一名建筑师 Charlie十分关切全球气候变化
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
He's dedicated his life to sustainable design. 毕生致力于永续建筑设计
dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式) sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
When he met me and realized that it was possible for him to study in a quantitative way how his design choices impacted the ecology and biology of this building, he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did. 当他遇上我之后,意识到自己有机会 以量化方式进行研究 了解他的设计选择如何影响 这栋建筑的生态和生物系统 他十分兴奋,因为这为他的工作增添一个新层面
quantitative:adj.定量的;量的,数量的; impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词); dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
He went from thinking just about energy to also starting to think about human health. 他从仅思考能源问题 转为同时将人类健康纳入考虑
He helped design some of the air handling systems in this building and the way it was ventilated . 他协助设计了一些 这栋建筑的空调系统及通风方式
ventilated:adj.通风的;v.发表;使…通风(ventilate的过去分词);
So what I'm first going to show you is air that we sampled outside of the building. 因此我首先要展示的是 我们从户外取样的空气
What you're looking at is a signature of bacterial communities in the outdoor air, and how they vary over time. 图中显示的是户外空气中的细菌群落 以及它们如何随时间改变
signature:n.署名;签名;信号; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) outdoor:adj.户外的;露天的; vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
Next I'm going to show you what happened when we experimentally manipulated classrooms. 接下来我将向大家展示 我们以教室进行实验的情形
experimentally:adv.实验上;用实验方法;实验式地; manipulated:v.(暗中)控制,操纵,影响;使用;治疗脱臼;(manipulate的过去式和过去分词)
We blocked them off at night so that they got no ventilation . 我们于夜间将它关闭 因此教室无法通风
ventilation:n.通风设备;空气流通;
A lot of buildings are operated this way, probably where you work, and companies do this to save money on their energy bill. 许多建筑采用这种方式 或许你的工作地点正是如此 公司藉由这种方式节省电费
What we found is that these rooms remained relatively stagnant until Saturday, when we opened the vents up again. 我们发现这些房间的空气几乎静止不动 直到我们周六再次将它打开
stagnant:adj.停滞的;不景气的;污浊的;迟钝的; vents:n.[矿业]通风孔(vent的复数);排空(气)阀;通风管;管乐类;
When you walked into those rooms, they smelled really bad, and our data suggests that it had something to do with leaving behind the airborne bacterial soup from people the day before. 当你走进那些房间时 气味十分难闻 我们的数据显示 这和空气中残留的菌落有关 来自前一天于此活动的人们
airborne:adj.[航]空运的;空气传播的;风媒的;
Contrast this to rooms that were designed using a sustainable passive design strategy where air came in from the outside through louvers . 相较于 采用被动式永续策略设计的房间 户外空气可由百叶窗进入
Contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; louvers:n.[建]百叶窗(louver的复数);
In these rooms, the air tracked the outdoor air relatively well, and when Charlie saw this, he got really excited. 这些房间的空气成分与户外空气极为相似 目赌这个结果时,Charlie非常兴奋
tracked:v.跟踪;追踪;(track的过去分词和过去式)
He felt like he had made a good choice with the design process because it was both energy efficient and it washed away the building's resident microbial landscape. 他感到自己藉由设计 做了一个好选择 因为这不仅符合能源效率需求 也能带走残留在建筑中的微生物
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
The examples that I just gave you are about architecture, but they're relevant to the design of anything. 我刚刚展示的是关于建筑的例子 但这和任何设计都息息相关
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
Imagine designing with the kinds of microbes that we want in a plane or on a phone. 想象我们希望设计的微生物种类 在飞机上 或手机上
There's a new microbe, I just discovered it. 我不久前发现一种新型微生物
It's called BLIS, and it's been shown to both ward off pathogens and give you good breath. 名为BLIS,研究证明 它不但能抵御病原体 也能使你口气清新
ward:n.病房; v.防止; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌;
Wouldn't it be awesome if we all had BLIS on our phones? 如果我们手机上都有BLIS,不是很棒吗？
awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的;
A conscious approach to design, 根据意识进行的设计
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
I'm calling it bioinformed design, and I think it's possible. 我称之为生物信息设计（bioinformed design） 我认为这是可行的
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）