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JessicaGreen_2011G-_我们是否正在过滤掉错误的微生物_
Humans in the developed world spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors , where they breathe in and come into contact with trillions of lifeforms invisible to the naked eye: microorganisms . 在发达世界生活的人们 一生中90%的时间都待在室内 他们在这里呼吸着、接触着 数万亿的肉眼看不见的生命形态: 微生物
indoors:adv.在室内,在户内; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的; microorganisms:n.[微]微生物,微生虫(microorganism的复数);
Buildings are complex ecosystems that are an important source of microbes that are good for us, and some that are bad for us. 建筑物是复杂的生态系统 它是很多对我们有利的 微生物的发源地 当然也有一些对我们有害的
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数); source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式);
What determines the types and distributions of microbes indoors? 是什么决定了室内微生物的 种类和分布呢？
determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数) distributions:n.分派;分派;分销(distribution的复数形式);
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes that enter through windows and through mechanical ventilation systems. 建筑物被空气中的微生物所占据 它们通过窗户 机械通风系统进入室内
colonized:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地; airborne:adj.[航]空运的;空气传播的;风媒的; mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; ventilation:n.通风设备;空气流通;
And they are brought inside by humans and other creatures . 或者是被人类或者其他生物 带进室内
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数)
The fate of microbes indoors depends on complex interactions with humans, and with the human-built environment. 室内微生物的命运 取决于与人类本身 以及 与人类创造的室内环境之间的相互作用
interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
And today, architects and biologists are working together to explore smart building design that will create healthy buildings for us. 如今,建筑学家和生物学家 正在通力合作 致力于设计智能建筑 从而为我们 创造健康型建筑
architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
We spend an extraordinary amount of time in buildings that are extremely controlled environments, like this building here -- environments that have mechanical ventilation systems that include filtering , heating and air conditioning . 我们花费大量时间 在建筑上 来严格控制环境 就像我们现在所在的这栋建筑-- 有机械通风系统控制环境 系统包括了过滤 暖气装置以及空气调节装置
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; filtering:v.[化工]过滤,滤除(filter的ing形式); air conditioning:n.空调系统;空气调节;
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors, it's important to understand how this affects our health. 我们花费了大量时间在室内环境中 了解它是如何影响我们的健康的 这点非常重要
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center, we carried out a study in a hospital where we sampled air and pulled the DNA out of microbes in the air. 在生物学与环境研究中心 我们在医院开展了一项研究 首先对医院的空气进行抽样 然后把空气中 微生物的DNA提取出来
Biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
And we looked at three different types of rooms. 接着,我们观察三个不同的房间
We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated , which are the data points in the blue. 我们观察了具有机械通风系统的房间 用蓝色的数据点代表
mechanically:adv.机械地;呆板地;物理上地; ventilated:adj.通风的;v.发表;使…通风(ventilate的过去分词);
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated, where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation in a wing of the building and pry open the windows that were no longer operable , but they made them operable for our study. 具有自然通风的房间 我们获准关闭了房间的机械通风设备 房间在大楼侧翼部分 并且撬开已经 不再使用的窗户 但是院方为了我们的研究打开了它们
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; pry:v.撬动,撬开;刺探,探查;n.窥探;杠杆; operable:adj.可操作的;可动手术的;
And we also sampled the outdoor air. 然后我们又取样了室外空气
outdoor:adj.户外的;露天的;
If you look at the x-axis of this graph, you'll see that what we commonly want to do -- which is keeping the outdoors out -- we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation. 如果你观察图表的横轴 你会发现我们通常希望做的是-- 阻止室外空气进入-- 我们通过机械通风设备达到了这个目的
x-axis:n.X轴;横坐标轴; accomplished:adj.完成的;有技巧的;有学问的;v.完成;(accomplish的过去分词和过去式)
So if you look at the green data points, which is air that's outside, you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity , or variety of microbial types. 如果你看一下绿色数据点 它记录着室外空气数据 你可以发现庞大的微生物多样性 或者说各种不同种类的微生物
microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
But if you look at the blue data points, which is mechanically ventilated air, it's not as diverse . 但是如果你看一下蓝色的数据点 即代表着机械通风系统的点 多样性就没那么强了
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的;
But being less diverse is not necessarily good for our health. 但是较少的微生物种类 未必就对我们的健康有利
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
If you look at the y-axis of this graph, you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air, you have a higher probability of encountering a potential pathogen , or germ , than if you're outdoors. 如果我们看一下竖轴 你会发现,在机械通风系统下 将会有更高的可能性 遇到潜在的病原体 或是病菌 相比于在室外的条件下
y-axis:n.Y轴;纵坐标轴; probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; encountering:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的现在分词) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; pathogen:n.病原体;病菌; germ:n.[植]胚芽,萌芽;细菌;vi.萌芽;
So to understand why this was the case, we took our data and put it into an ordination diagram, which is a statistical map that tells you something about how related the microbial communities are in the different samples. 因此,要去理解为什么是这样 我们把获取的数据 带入到统筹图中 即一个统计学的图标中 它可以显示出 在不同的取样中微生物群是如何 存在关联性的
ordination:n.分类;任命;神职授任;排成等级; statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
The data points that are closer together have microbial communities that are more similar than data points that are far apart. 数据之间相似程度越高 表明了所代表微生物群之间的 相似程度就越高
And the first things that you can see from this graph is, if you look at the blue data points, which are the mechanically ventilated air, they're not simply a subset of the green data points, which are the outdoor air. 你可以明显的从这个图标中发现 如果你看一下蓝色的数据点 即代表机械通风系统的点 他们不仅仅是绿色数据点即代表着室外空气数据点 的一个简单的子集
subset:n.[数]子集;子设备;小团体;
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air looks like humans. 我们发现的是机械通风系统的特点其实 看上去像人类
It has microbes on it that are commonly associated with our skin and with our mouth, our spit. 它上面存在着微生物 通常这些微生物和我们的皮肤 嘴以及唾液有着联系
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
And this is because we're all constantly shedding microbes. 这是因为 我们随时都在脱落着微生物
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; shedding:v.去除;摆脱;使落下;掉落(货物);(shed的现在分词)
So all of you right now are sharing your microbes with one another. 因此在座的所有人 现在都在和他人共享着微生物
And when you're outdoors, that type of air has microbes that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt . 当你在户外的时候 空气中存在着各种微生物 它们通常都会和树叶、灰尘发生着联系
dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话;
Why does this matter? 为什么这很重要？
It matters because the health care industry is the second most energy intensive industry in the United States. 因为卫生保健产业 在美国是第二大 能源密集型产业
health care:n.卫生保健; intensive:adj.加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的;n.加强器; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
Hospitals use two and a half times the amount of energy as office buildings. 医院消耗的能源 是办公楼的2.5倍
And the model that we're working with in hospitals, and also with many, many different buildings, is to keep the outdoors out. 我们在工作中所合作的医院 样板模型 以及许多许多不同的建筑 都是封闭式的
And this model may not necessarily be the best for our health. 这种模式 也许未必是对我们健康最有利的选择
And given the extraordinary amount of nosocomial infections , or hospital acquired infections , this is a clue that it's a good time to reconsider our current practices. 大量的 院内感染 或在医院中的相互传染 这些都提示我们是时候 去重新审视我们的现状了
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) clue:n.提示;迹象;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语;v.提示;为…提供线索;
So just as we manage national parks, where we promote the growth of some species and we inhibit the growth of others, we're working towards thinking about buildings using an ecosystem framework where we can promote the kinds of microbes that we want to have indoors. 因此就像我们管理国家公园一样 在某些地方要提高某些物种的数量 同时要限制其他物种的数量 我们正在致力于思考让建筑物 运用一套生态系统框架 从而让我们可以在某些区域促进一些有益于 人类室内生活的微生物数量
promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; inhibit:vt.抑制;禁止;
I've heard somebody say that you're as healthy as your gut . 我听有些人说过 你的健康取决于你的肠道健康
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt so they can promote a healthy gut flora . 于是鉴于此原因,很多人都会去食用益生菌酸奶 从而他们就可以促进健康的肠道菌群
probiotic:adj.[生物]前生命期的;n.益生素; flora:n.植物区系;植物群;
And what we ultimately want to do is to be able to use this concept to promote a healthy group of microorganisms inside. 我们最终想做的是 可以运用这个概念 去促进健康的 内部微生物群
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）