Jenny8Lee.2008P-.寻求左宗棠鸡的由来.；TED演讲稿

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Jenny8Lee_2008P-_寻求左宗棠鸡的由来_
There are more Chinese restaurants in this country than McDonald's, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Wendy's, combined -- 40,000, actually.	在这个国家里的中国餐馆比麦当劳?,汉堡王?,肯德基?和温蒂快餐?加起来还要多。事实上,有4万家。
Kentucky:n.肯塔基州;
Chinese restaurants have played an important role in American history, as a matter of fact .	中餐馆在美国历史上发挥了很重要的作用, 这也是事实。
as a matter of fact:事实上;
The Cuban missile crisis was resolved in a Chinese restaurant called Yenching Palace in Washington, D.C., which unfortunately is closed now, and about to be turned into Walgreen's.	古巴导弹危机是在华盛顿一个名叫“燕京宫”的中餐馆里解决掉的。可惜的是,它现在关闭了, 而且要改建成沃尔格林连锁药店。
Cuban:n.古巴人;古巴产雪茄;adj.古巴的; missile:n.导弹;发射物;投掷物; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; resolved:adj.下定决心; v.解决; (resolve的过去分词和过去式) unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
And the house that John Wilkes Booth planned the assassination of Abraham Lincoln is actually also now a Chinese restaurant called Wok 'n Roll, on H Street in Washington.	而约翰·威尔克斯·布斯刺杀了林肯总统的那座房子, 现在也变成了一家中餐馆, 就是位于华盛顿的“锅和卷”。
assassination:n.暗杀,行刺;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
And it's not completely gratuitous , because wok and roll --	这个餐馆名也不是完全没意义的, 因为锅和卷,
gratuitous:adj.无理由的,无端的;免费的;
Chinese food and Japanese foods, so it kind of works out.	中国菜和日本菜, 还是有点关系的。
And Americans loved their Chinese foods so much they've actually brought it into space.	美国人如此的喜欢中国菜, 他们甚至带上了太空。
NASA, for example, serves thermal-stabilized sweet-and-sour pork on its shuttle menu for its astronauts.	比如说,美国宇航局就把恒温的糖醋猪肉列入了给宇航员准备的航天菜单。
sweet-and-sour:adj.糖醋的;添枝加叶的; pork:n.猪肉; shuttle:n.穿梭班机、公共汽车;梭;梭子;v.频繁往来;往返运送
So, let me present the question to you:	那么,让我来问你们这样一个问题:
If our benchmark for Americanness is apple pie , you should ask yourself, how often do you eat apple pie , versus how often do you eat Chinese food. Right?	如果我们自身的美国象征是个苹果派, 你应该问你自己, 你多久吃一次苹果派？还有多久吃一次中国菜？
benchmark:n.基准;标准检查程序;vt.用基准问题测试(计算机系统等); apple pie:n.苹果派;苹果馅饼; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
And if you think about it, a lot of the foods that you think of or we think of or Americans think of as Chinese food are barely recognizable to Chinese,	如果你仔细想想, 你就会发现有很多你们认为,我们认为或者美国人认为是中国菜的食物, 中国人并不认识。
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地; recognizable:adj.可辨认的;可认识的;可承认的;
for example: beef with broccoli , egg rolls, General Tso's Chicken, fortune cookies, chop suey , the take-out boxes.	比如说: 西兰花牛肉,蛋卷,左宗棠鸡, 幸运饼干,炒杂烩,外卖盒子。
broccoli:n.花椰菜;西兰花; fortune:n.财富;命运;运气;v.给予财富,偶然发生 chop suey:n.炒杂烩(中式菜,碎肉和蔬菜一起炒后配米饭吃); take-out:adj.供应外卖食物的;n.取消银行贷款;
For example, I took a whole bunch of fortune cookies back to China, gave them to Chinese to see how they would react .	例如,我拿了一大盒幸运饼干带回中国, 给中国人吃,来看看他们会有怎样的反应。
react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应;
What is this?	这是什么？
Should I try it?	我可以尝尝吗？
Try it!	尝一尝。
What is it called?	这叫什么名字啊？
Fortune cookie .	幸运饼干。
Fortune cookie:n.签饼(中国餐馆提供的薄脆饼,内有预测命运的小纸条);
There's a piece of paper inside!	里面有张纸啊～
(Laughter)	（笑声）
What is this?	这是什么？
You've won a prize!	你中奖了！
What is this?	这是什么？
It's a fortune!	是一个幸运。
Tasty !	挺好吃的。
Tasty:美味的
So, where are they from?	那么,他们是从哪里来的？
The short answer is, actually, they're from Japan.	简单的说,他们是从日本来的。
And in Kyoto , outside, there are still small family-run bakeries that make fortune cookies, as they did over 100 years ago, 30 years before fortune cookies were introduced in the United States.	在京都城外, 现在还有些小型的家庭糕点坊在制作幸运饼干。就像他们一百多年以前做的一样。三十年后幸运饼干就传入了美国。
Kyoto:n.京都(日本城市); bakeries:n.面包店(bakery的复数); United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
If you see them side by side , there's yellow and brown.	如果你把他们摆在一起看, 你会发现一个是黄色,一个是棕色。
side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的;
Theirs are actually flavored with miso and sesame paste , so they're not as sweet as our version.	日式的加入了豆面酱和芝麻酱, 没有我们的甜。
flavored:v.调味;加味于;(flavor的过去式和过去分词) miso:n.味噌,日本豆面酱; sesame paste:[食品]芝麻酱,芝麻糊;
So, how did they get to the United States?	那么,他们是怎样传入美国的呢？
Well, the short answer is, the Japanese immigrants came over, and a bunch of the bakers introduced them -- including at least one in Los Angeles, and one here in San Francisco called Benkyo-do, which is on the corner of Sutter and Buchanan.	简单说来,日本移民来到了美国, 一群面包师就引进了他们。洛杉矶至少有一家, 在旧金山这里有一家。名字叫做学习堂。
immigrants:n.移民(immigrant的复数); a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; bakers:n.面包师;(美)[食品]轻便烘炉(baker的复数);
They back then, actually, made fortune cookies using very much the similar kind of irons that we saw back in Kyoto.	在那时, 他们制作幸运饼干用的模具和我们在京都看见的非常相似。
So, the interesting question is, how do you go from fortune cookies being something that is Japanese to being something that is Chinese?	有意思的是, 幸运饼干是怎么从日本的东西变成中国的东西了的呢？
Well, the short answer is, we locked up all the Japanese during World War II, including those that made fortune cookies, so that's the time when the Chinese moved in: kind of saw a market opportunity and took over.	简单的说, 二战时,我们收押了所有的日本人, 包括了那些做幸运饼干的人。就在这时候,中国人来了, 发现了一个市场机遇,就据为己有了。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
So, fortune cookies: invented by the Japanese, popularized by the Chinese, but ultimately consumed by Americans.	因此,幸运饼干, 由日本人发明, 由中国人推广, 而最终给美国人消费。
popularized:vt.普及;使通俗化;vi.通俗化; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
They are more American than anything else.	他们比任何东西都要具有美国特色。
Another one of my favorite dishes:	接下来是我最喜欢的菜肴之一,
General Tso's Chicken -- which, by the way , in the US Naval Academy is called Admiral Tso's Chicken.	左宗棠鸡。顺便提一下,在美国海军军官学校, 它被叫做左司令鸡。
by the way:顺便说一下; Naval:adj.海军的;军舰的; Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; Admiral:n.海军上将;舰队司令;旗舰;
I love this dish.	我喜欢这道菜。
The original name in my book was actually called	在我的书中,它原本被叫做
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
The Long March of General Tso, and he has marched very far indeed, because he is sweet, he is fried, and he is chicken -- all things that Americans love.	左宗棠将军的长征。他确实是前进了非常远, 因为他是甜的,是油炸的,是鸡肉做的—— 这三样都是美国人最喜欢的。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
He has marched so far, actually, that the chef who originally invented the dish doesn't recognize it; he's kind of horrified .	他前进了如此之远, 连发明了这道菜的厨师都认不出来了。他有点被吓到了。
originally:adv.原来;起初; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; horrified:adj.惊骇的;带有恐怖感的;v.惊骇(horrify的过去式和过去分词);使…战悚;
He's in Taiwan right now.	他现在在台湾,
He's retired, deaf and plays a lot of Mahjong .	退休了,耳聋了,打很多麻将。
Mahjong:n.麻将;
So, he -- after this I showed him, he got up, and he's like, "Mominqimiao,"	在我把图片给他看后, 他站起来, 说着“莫名其妙”
which means, "This is all nonsense ."	意思是“我完全不明白”
nonsense:n.胡说;废话;adj.荒谬的;int.胡说;
and goes back to play his Mahjong game during the afternoon.	然后回去继续打了一下午的麻将。
So, another dish. One of my favorites. Beef with broccoli.	另外一道我喜欢的菜,西兰花牛肉。
Broccoli is not a Chinese vegetable; in fact, it is originally an Italian vegetable.	西兰花不是中国的蔬菜, 事实上,它是意大利的蔬菜。
It was introduced into the United States in the 1800s, but became popularized in the 1920s and the 1930s.	19世纪初时,引进了美国, 在20世纪20到30年代开始受到欢迎。
In fact, the Chinese had their own version of broccoli, which is called Chinese broccoli, but right now, what -- they've now discovered American broccoli, and are importing it as a, sort of, exotic delicacy .	中国人也有自己的西兰花, 就是油菜。但是现在,中国人发现了美国的西兰花, 便开始把它当作外国食物来进口。
exotic:adj.异国的;外来的;异国情调的; delicacy:n.美味;佳肴;微妙;精密;精美;敏锐,敏感;世故,圆滑;
I guarantee you, General Tso never saw a stalk of broccoli in his life -- and indeed, that actually was a picture of General Tso.	我可以向你保证,左宗棠将军一辈子都没有见过一株西兰花。这是一种左宗棠将军的图像。
guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保; stalk:n.(植物的)茎,秆;梗,柄;追踪;高视阔步;v.追踪,潜近;
I went to his home town.	我去了他的家乡。
This is a billboard that says: "Welcome to the birthplace of General Tso."	这个宣传栏上写着: “欢迎来到左宗棠的故里。”
billboard:n.(大幅)广告牌;v.宣传; birthplace:n.出生地;发源地;
And I went looking for chicken.	我去寻找小鸡,
Finally found a cow -- and did find chicken.	最后找到一头母牛～还是找到了一些鸡,
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Believe it or not, these guys were actually crossing the road.	信不信由你, 这些家伙还真在过马路。
And --	还有～
(Laughter)	（笑声）
- I actually found a whole bunch of General Tso's relatives who are still in the little town.	我发现了一群左宗棠将军的亲戚, 他们仍然在这个小镇上生活。
relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数)
This guy is now five generations removed from the General; this guy is about seven.	这个人是左宗棠将军的第五代后代, 这个人差不多是第七代。
Showed them all the pictures of General Tso Chicken that I showed you, and they're like, we don't know this dish.	给他们看了我给你们看的这些左宗棠鸡的图片, 他们都说,我们不知道这道菜。
And then they're like, is this Chinese food?	他们还问,这是中国菜吗？
Because it doesn't look like Chinese food to them.	因为对他们来说,这看上去不像中国菜。
But they weren't kind of surprised	但是他们并没有对
I traveled around the world to visit them, because in their eyes he is, after all, a famous Qing dynasty military hero.	我大老远跑来拜访他们而感到惊讶, 因为在他们看来,左宗棠将军到底是位著名的清朝名将。
dynasty:n.代;王朝;朝代; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人;
He played an important role in the Taiping rebellion , which was a war started by a guy who thought he was the son of God and the baby brother of Jesus Christ .	他在镇压太平天国运动中发挥了重要的作用。太平天国运动的发起者, 自称是上帝的儿子, 耶稣的亲弟弟。
rebellion:n.谋反;叛乱;反叛;反抗;叛逆; Jesus:int.上帝啊:天哪:n.耶稣:耶稣基督: Christ:n.基督;耶稣基督
And caused the war that killed 20 million people -- still the deadliest civil war in the world to this day .	这场战争中,有2千万人丧生, 至今仍是世界上伤亡最惨重的战争。
deadliest:adj.最致命的; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; to this day:至今;
So, you know, I realized when I was there,	你知道吗,我那时就意识到了,
General Tso is kind of a lot like Colonel Sanders in America, in that he's known for chicken and not war.	左宗棠将军有点像美国的桑德斯上校, 因为他是因为鸡肉而不是战争而闻名。
Colonel:n.(陆军、海军陆战队或美国空军)上校; Sanders:n.打磨机;(sander的复数)
But in China, this guy's actually known for war and not chicken.	但在中国,他确实是因为战争而不是鸡肉而闻名。
But the granddaddy of all the Chinese-American dishes we probably ought to talk about is chop suey, which was introduced around the turn of the 20th century.	但我们可能要谈到的所有美式中国菜的祖师爷是炒杂烩。它是在20世纪初的时候传入美国的。
granddaddy:n.祖父;外公;爷爷;
And according to New York Times, in 1904, there was an outbreak of Chinese restaurants all over town, and "the city has gone 'chop suey' mad."	据《纽约时报》指出, 在1904年,整个市镇上下,突然出现了很多中餐馆, “整个城市为了炒杂烩而疯狂。”
according to:根据,据说; outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
So it took about 30 years before the Americans realized that, whoa, chop suey is actually not known in China.	过了30多年, 美国人才意识到, 原来在中国,没有人知道炒杂烩。
And as this article points out, "The average native of any city in China knows nothing of chop suey."	就如同这篇文章所指出的一样, “中国任何一个城市里的普通老百姓, 完全不知道炒杂烩。”
native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民;
You know, back then it was a way to show that you were sophisticated and cosmopolitan : if you were a guy and you wanted to impress a girl, you could take her out on a chop suey date.	在那时,有一种办法来显示你很老于世故有世界意识。如果你是个男人,你想要给一个女孩留下深刻印象, 那么你可以带她出去吃炒杂烩。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; cosmopolitan:adj.世界性的;四海一家的;n.四海为家者;世界主义者; impress:v.盖印;强征;传送;给予某人深刻印象;
I like to say chop suey's the biggest culinary joke that one culture has ever played on another, because chop suey, if you translate into Chinese, means tsap sui, which, if you translate back, means " odds and ends ."	我想说, 炒杂烩是一个文化给另外一个文化开的最大的一个烹饪玩笑。因为炒杂烩, 如果你翻译成中文, 意思是“杂碎”,在翻译过来, 就是“零碎的东西”。
culinary:adj.厨房的;烹调用的; translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变; odds and ends:零星物品,零碎东西;
So, these people are going around China asking for chop suey, which is sort of like a Japanese guy coming here and saying,	因此,很多人去中国要吃炒杂烩, 这就有点像有个日本人来到美国说,
I understand you have a very popular dish in your country called " leftovers ," and it is particularly --	你知道你们国家有一道非常有名的菜, 叫做“剩菜”
leftovers:n.吃剩的食物;遗留物;(leftover的复数) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
- right?	—— 对吧？
And not only that : this dish is particularly popular after that holiday you call Thanksgiving.	还不仅仅是这, 这道菜尤其著名, 是在你们称之为“感恩节”的节日后。
only that:只是;要不是;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
So, why -- why and where -- did chop suey come from?	那么,炒杂烩为什么,从哪里来呢？
Let's go back to mid-1800s when the Chinese first came to America.	让我们回到19世纪中页, 第一批中国移民来到美国的时候。
Now back then, the Americans were not clamoring to eat Chinese food.	那时,美国人并不喜欢吃中国菜。
clamoring:v.喧嚷;用吵吵嚷嚷的方法迫使;(clamor的现在分词)
In fact, they saw this people who landed at their shores as alien.	事实上,他们把这些移民当做外星人。
These people weren't eating dogs -- they were eating cats -- and they weren't eating cats -- they were eating rats.	这些人没有吃狗肉, 就在吃猫肉, 没有吃猫肉,就在吃老鼠肉。
In fact, the New York Times, my esteemed employer , in 1883 ran an article that asked, "Do Chinese eat rats?"	事实上,我尊敬的雇主《纽约时报》在1883年发表了一篇文章说, “中国人吃老鼠肉吗？”
esteemed:adj.受人尊敬的;v.尊敬;认为;(esteem的过去分词); employer:n.雇主,老板;
And not the most PC question to be asked today, but if you kind of look at the popular imagery of the time, not so outlandish .	现在看来,这并不是个政治正确的问题, 但是如果你稍微考虑一下当时的普遍情况, 这个问题并没有特别怪异。
imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; outlandish:adj.古怪的;奇异的;异国风格的;偏僻的;
This is actually a real advertisement for rat poison from the late 1800s, and if you see, under the word "Clears" -- very small -- it says, "They must go,"	这是19世纪末期的一个真正的老鼠药广告。你看,在“清除”这个字下面,非常小的字, 写着,“一定要赶走他们。”
which refers not only to the rats, but to the Chinese in their midst , because the way that the food was perceived was that these people who ate foods different from us must be different from us.	这里的“他们”不仅仅是指老鼠, 还指生活在他们当中的中国人。因为当时人们对于食物的理解方式是, 和我们吃不一样的食物的人, 一定和我们不一样。
refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) midst:n.当中,中间;prep.在…中间(等于amidst); perceived:v.注意到;意识到;将…视为;认为;(perceive的过去式和过去分词)
And another way that you saw, sort of, this sort of, this antipathy towards the Chinese is through documents like this.	你可以看到,对中国人的厌恶情绪在另外一种方式表现为这样的文件。
antipathy:n.反感;厌恶;憎恶;不相容;
This is actually in the Library of Congress; it is a pamphlet published by Samuel Gompers, hero of our American labor movement, and it's called, "Some Reason for Chinese Exclusion :	这份文件现存于美国国会图书馆; 是由美国劳工运动的英雄, 塞缪尔·龚帕斯发表的。它叫做“排除华人的一些理由:
pamphlet:n.小册子; Exclusion:n.排除;排斥;驱逐;被排除在外的事物;
Meat versus Rice: American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism:	肉食对大米:美国男人对亚洲苦力
Manhood:n.成年;男子;男子气概; Asiatic:n.亚洲人;adj.亚洲的;亚洲人的;
Which shall survive?	孰胜孰负？
And it basically made the argument that Chinese men who ate rice would necessarily bring down the standard of living for American men who ate meat.	这份文件基本上提出了一个论点, 吃大米的中国人必然会降低吃肉食的美国人的生活标准。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; bring down:降低;打倒,打死;击落; standard of living:n.生活水平;
And as a matter of fact, then, this is one of the reasons why we must exclude them from this country	事实上, 这就是为什么我们一定要把他们排斥在我们国家之外的原因之一。
exclude:v.不包括;不放在考虑之列;防止…进入;阻止…参加;
So, with sentiments like these, the Chinese Exclusion Act was sort of passed between 1882 and 1902, the only time in American history when a group was specifically excluded for its national origin or ethnicity .	因此,有了像这样的观点, 《排华法案》在1882年到1902年之间通过了。那是美国历史上唯一一段时期, 一个群体会因为自己的民族特性而被特别的排斥。
sentiments:n.观点,看法;情绪;伤感,柔情,哀伤;(sentiment的复数) specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; excluded:v.排除;拒绝;把…除外;驱除;(excluded是exclude的过去分词) ethnicity:n.种族划分;
So, in a way, because the Chinese were attacked, and chop suey was created as a defense mechanism .	在某种程度上说,因为中国人被攻击了, 他们就发明了炒杂烩做为一种防卫机制。
mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
Now, who came up with the idea of chop suey?	那么,是谁想出来做炒杂烩的呢？
There's a lot of different mysteries, a lot of different legends , but of the ones that I've found that I thought was most interesting is this article from 1904.	这里有很多不同的传说但在我发现的一些故事中我认为最有趣的是1904年的一篇文章。
legends:n.传说; (legend的复数)
A Chinese guy named Lem Sen shows up in Chinatown , New York City, and says,	一个叫做林森的中国人出现在了纽约的唐人街,说道,
Chinatown:n.唐人街,中国城;
I want you guys all to stop making chop suey, because I am the original creator and sole proprietor of the dish known as chop suey.	我要你们所有人都停止做炒杂烩, 因为我是炒杂烩菜的原始的发明者, 也是唯一的所有者。
sole:n.鞋底; adj.仅有的; v.给(鞋)换底; proprietor:n.业主;所有者;经营者;
And the way that he tells it, there was a guy, there was a famous Chinese diplomat that showed up, and he was told to make a dish that looked very popular and could, quote , "pass" as Chinese.	据他所说, 有个人, 有个很著名的中国外交官来了, 别人叫他做一道菜,要看起来很流行, 可以当作中国菜。
diplomat:n.外交家,外交官;有外交手腕的人;处事圆滑机敏的人; quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用;
And as he said -- we would never print this today -- but basically, the American man has become very rich.	他还说, 我们今天也许都不会说出来, 但是美国人都变的很有钱了。
Lem Sen, who's this guy:	林森说:
I would have made this money, too, but I've spent all this time looking for the American man who stole my recipe .	我本可以也赚这么多钱, 但我吧所以时间都花在了寻找那个偷了我的食谱的美国人。
recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法;
Now I've come and found him, and I want my recipe back and I want everyone to stop making chop suey, or pay me for the right to do the same.	现在我来到了这里找到了他, 我想把我的食谱要回来, 我想要每个人都停止制造炒杂烩菜, 要不就付版权费给我。
So it was an early exercise of intellectual property rights.	这么看来,这是一次知识产权的早期运用。
intellectual property:知识产权;
So the things is, this kind of idea of Chinese-American food doesn't exist only in America.	问题是, 这种美式中国菜并不仅仅存在于美国。
In fact, if you think about it,	只有你想想就会发现,
Chinese food is the most pervasive food on the planet, served on all seven continents , even Antarctica, because Monday night is Chinese food night at McMurdo Station, which is the main scientific station in Antarctica.	中国菜是地球上最无处不在的食物, 在七大洲上都有,甚至是南极洲。因为在南极洲最大的考察站麦克默多站星期一晚上是中国菜之夜。
pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的; continents:n.[地理]大陆,大洲(continent复数); scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
So, you see different varieties of Chinese food.	有许许多多不同种类的中国菜。
For example, there is French Chinese food, where they serve salt and pepper frog legs.	例如,有法式中国菜, 他们提供椒盐蛙腿。
pepper:n.胡椒;辣椒;胡椒粉;v.加胡椒粉于;使布满;
There is Italian Chinese food, where they don't have fortune cookies, so they serve fried gelato .	有意式中国菜, 他们没有幸运饼干, 但他们有油炸意式冰淇淋。
gelato:n.(意大利语)冰淇淋;
My downstairs neighbor, Alessandra, was completely shocked when I told her, " Dude , fried gelato is not Chinese."	我的楼下邻居亚历山大在我告诉她 “伙计,油炸意式冰淇淋不是中国的。”之后无比震惊。
downstairs:adv.在楼下;往楼下;adj.楼下的;n.楼下(尤指地面的一层); Dude:n.男人,小伙子;(非正式)花花公子;
She's like, "It's not?	她说,“不是的？
But they serve it in all the Chinese restaurants in Italy."	但在意大利的每一家中餐馆都有的吃。”
(Laughter)	（笑声）
And even the Brits have their own version.	英国人也有有自己特色的中国菜。
Brits:n.英国人(Brit的复数);布里茨(男子名);
This is a dish called crispy shredded beef, which has a lot of crisp, a lot of shred, and not a lot of beef.	这道菜叫做酥碎牛肉丝, 有很多酥皮,很多碎屑,没有很多牛肉。
crispy:adj.酥脆的;易碎的;干净利落的;生气勃勃的; shredded:adj.切碎的;v.变成碎片(shred的过去分词形式);
There is West Indian Chinese food, there's Jamaican Chinese food, there is Middle Eastern Chinese food, there's Mauritian Chinese food.	还有西印度中国菜, 牙买加式中国菜, 中东中国菜, 毛里求斯中国菜。
Jamaican:adj.牙买加的;牙买加人的;n.牙买加人; Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒;
This is a dish called Magic Bowl that I discovered.	我发现了一道叫做魔术之碗的菜。
There's Indian Chinese food,	还有印度中国菜,
Korean Chinese food,	韩式中国菜,
Korean:n.朝鲜族;韩国人;朝鲜话;adj.朝鲜的;朝鲜族的;朝鲜话的;
Japanese Chinese food, where they take the bao, the little buns , and they make them into pizza versions, and they take -- and they -- like, totally randomly they'll take Chinese noodle dishes, and they'll just Ramen-ize them.	日式中国菜, 日本人把小包子做成了比萨。他们还很随意的, 他们把中式的面条, 也做出了日式拉面。
buns:n.小圆甜蛋糕;小圆甜饼;(bun的复数) randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地;
This is, like, this is something that in the Chinese version has no soup.	像这个, 在中国的版本中就没有汤的。
So, there's Peruvian Chinese food, which should not be mixed with Mexican Chinese food, where they basically take things and make it look like fajitas .	还有秘鲁中国菜, 不要和墨西哥中国菜混淆了, 因为后者基本上只是把所有的菜都做得像墨西哥法士达铁板烧。
fajitas:n.法士达(一种墨西哥食物);
And then -- one thing: they have things like risotto chop suey.	还有一个, 他们还有炒杂烩意式调味饭。
risotto:n.意大利调味饭(一种米,洋葱,鸡肉等制作的米饭);
My personal favorite of all the restaurants I've encountered around the world was this one in Brazil , called "Kung Food."	我在整个世界里见到的所以餐馆中我最喜欢的一个是在巴西的这个,叫做“功夫菜”
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式) Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家);
(Laughter)	（笑声）
So, let's take a step back, and kind of, understand what is to be appreciated in America.	让我们退回来一步, 来想想, 在美国有什么值得注意的。
appreciated:v.欣赏;感激;理解;(appreciate的过去分词和过去式)
But you know what?	但是你知道吗？
They actually did so through a centralized headquarters out of Illinois , right?	他们实际上是通过伊利诺斯州的总部来做的这些的,是吧？
centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词); headquarters:n.总部;指挥部;司令部; Illinois:n.伊利诺斯州(美国州名);
So, this actually became very clear to me with the March 30, 2005 Powerball drawing, where, you know, they expected, based on the number of ticket sales they had, to have three or four second-place winners -- those are the people who match five or six Powerball numbers.	于是,在2005年3月30日的超级球抽奖活动中, 我明白了。那一次抽奖, 他们根据售出的彩票数目估计会有三四个二等奖获得者, 就是那些猜中了五六个号码的人。
Powerball:n.强力球(美国的一种彩票);
Instead, they had 110, and they were completely shocked.	但他们有110个, 他们完全惊呆了。
They looked all across the country, and discovered it couldn't necessarily be fraud , because it happened, you know, in different states, across different computer systems.	他们在全国上下调查, 发现不太可能是个骗局, 因为这些彩票是在不同的州,不同的电脑系统。
fraud:n.欺骗;骗子;诡计;
So whatever it was, it caused people to sort of behave in a mass synchronized way.	不管是什么, 有种东西,让人们有了群体同步行为。
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; synchronized:adj.同步的;同步化的;v.使协调(synchronize的过去分词);同时发生;校准;
So, like, OK, maybe it had to do with the patterns on the little pieces of paper -- you know, like, it was a diamond, or, you know, diagonal .	好吧,也可能是那一小张彩票上面的某种图案。就像也许是菱形, 或者是对角线。
diagonal:adj.斜的;对角线的;斜纹的;n.对角线;斜线;
It wasn't that.	但不是这样的。
It wasn't that, so they're like,	不是这样的,他们就说,
OK, let's look at television, so they looked at an episode of Lost.	让我们从电视节目上找找吧。因此,他们看了一集《迷失》
episode:n.一段经历;片段,插曲;一集;
Now, I don't have a TV, which makes me a freak , but very productive , and --	我没有电视机, 别人觉得我很古怪,但这使得我工作富有成效～
freak:n.怪人,怪事;畸形人;反复无常;adj.奇异的,反常的; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
- and this episode of Lost, I understand, was over a white guy's lucky number which was not a lucky number, which was how long they'd been on the island, but they looked, and the numbers did not match.	我知道,这一集《迷失》讲的是一个白人的幸运号码, 事实上却不是幸运号码, 讲的是他们在岛上呆了多长时间, 他们对照了, 号码不相符。
so they looked at The Young and The Restless , and it wasn't that, either.	他们还看了《不安分的青春》, 号码也不对。
Restless:adj.焦躁不安的;不安宁的;得不到满足的;
So, it wasn't until the first guy shows up the next day, and they ask him, "Where did you get your number from?"	直到第二天第一个获奖者出现他们问他, “你的号码从哪里来的？”
He's like, "Oh, I got it from a fortune cookie."	他说,“哦,我从一个幸运饼干中得到的。”
This actually is a slip that one of the winners had, because the Tennessee lottery security officials were like, oh, no -- like, this can't be true.	这就是其中一个获奖者的幸运签, 因为田纳西州彩票安全局觉得这不可能是真的,
slip:v.溜;下降;滑落;n.纸条;衬裙; Tennessee:n.田纳西州(美国州名); lottery:n.彩票;碰运气的事,难算计的事;抽彩给奖法;
But it was true, and basically, of those 110 people, and 104 of them or so had gotten their number from the fortune cookie.	但这是真的。这110个人中,基本上有 104个人的号码是从幸运饼干中得到的。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
Yeah. So, I went and started looking.	是的,因此,我开始调查。
I went across the country, looking for these restaurants where these people had gotten their fortune cookies from.	我跑遍了全国, 来寻找那些获奖者吃到幸运饼干的餐馆。
You know, there are a bunch of them, including Lee's China in Omaha -- which is actually run by Koreans, but that's another point -- and a bunch of them named China Buffet .	有很多家, 包括在奥马哈市的李氏中餐厅, 事实上那是由韩国人开的,但这不是重点。还有很多家叫做自助中餐。
Omaha:n.奥马哈;奥马哈市(美国内布拉斯加州);美国奥马哈族印第安人; Buffet:n.自助餐; vt.对…打来打去; adj.快餐式的
So, what's interesting is that their stories were similar, but they were different.	有意思的是,他们的故事都相似, 但却有所不同。
It was lunch, it was take-out, it was sit-down , it was buffet, it was three weeks ago, it was three months ago.	有的是午餐,有的是外卖, 有的是坐下来吃,有的是自助餐, 有的是三星期前,有的是三个月前。
sit-down:坐下
But at some point, all these people had a very similar experience that converged at a fortune cookie and at a Chinese restaurant, and all these Chinese restaurants were serving fortune cookies, which, of course we know, aren't even Chinese to begin with.	但在某种程度上, 所以这些人都有一个非常相似的经历, 在一个中餐馆,吃了一个幸运饼干。所有这些中餐馆都有幸运饼干。而我们已经知道, 这些饼干一开始就不是中国的。
converged:adj.收敛的;聚合的;v.聚集,使会聚(converge的过去式);
So it's kind of part of the phenomenon	这就有点像我所说的
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
I called spontaneous self-organization, right, where, like in ant colonies, where little decisions made by -- on the micro-level actually have a big impact on the macro-level .	自发组织现象。就像在蚂蚁群中, 在微观层面上做出的小小的决定, 会在宏观层面上产生巨大的影响。
spontaneous:adj.自发的;自然的;无意识的; micro-level:n.微级,微观;个体层次; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; macro-level:宏观层;
So, a good sort of contrast is Chicken McNuggets.	一个很好的对比是, 麦当劳?的麦乐鸡块。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
McDonald's actually spent 10 years coming out with a chicken-like product.	麦当劳?花了十年才推出了鸡肉之类的产品。
They did chicken pot pie, they did fried chicken, and then they finally introduced Chicken McNuggets.	他们做了鸡肉馅饼, 炸鸡, 他们最后推出了麦乐鸡块。
And the great innovation of Chicken McNuggets was not nuggetfying them, because that's kind of an easy concept, but the trick behind Chicken McNuggets was, they were able to remove the chicken from the bone in a cost-effective manner, which is why it took so long for other people to copy them.	麦乐鸡块的新发明, 并没有给他们带来金块, 因为这个想法很简单, 但麦乐鸡块背后的技巧是, 如何用一种划算的方式来把鸡肉从骨头上剔出来。这就是为什么过了这么久才有人模仿他们。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; cost-effective:adj.划算的;成本效益好的(等于cost-efficient);
It took 10 years, and then within a couple of months, it was such a hit they just introduced it and rolled it across the entire system of McDonald's in the country.	花了十年时间, 然后在短短几个月之内, 他们就推出了麦乐鸡块, 并在全国麦当劳连锁的整个系统中都推广了, 可真是风行一时。
In contrast, we have General Tso's Chicken, which actually started in New York City in the early 1970s, as I was also starting in the university in New York City in the early 1970s, so ...	相反, 我们有左宗棠鸡, 是在20世纪70年代在纽约城里兴起的, 20世纪70年代初期,我也正在纽约读大学～
And this logo !	还有这个标志！
logo:n.标志;
So me, General Tso's Chicken and this logo are all cosmically related.	于是,我,左宗棠鸡,还有这个标志都在宇宙范围内有了联系。
cosmically:adv.大规模地;按照宇宙法则;
But that dish also took about 10 years to spread across America from a random restaurant in New York City.	但是这道菜也花了将近十年, 才从纽约城里的某家餐馆推广到全国的。
Someone's like, oh, God -- it's sweet, it's fried, it's chicken:	有人想到, 噢,天哪～这道菜是甜的,是油炸的,是鸡肉做的:
Americans will love this.	美国人一定会喜欢。
So, what I like to say, you know, this being sort of Bay Area, Silicon Valley -- is that we think as McDonald's as sort of the Microsoft of the dining experiences.	我想说的是,如果这是海湾地区,硅谷我们可以把麦当劳?看作是餐饮业的微软。
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地); dining:n.吃饭;v.吃饭;进餐;用饭;(dine的现在分词)
We can think of Chinese restaurants perhaps as Linux : sort of an open source thing, right, where ideas from one person can be copied and propagated across the entire system;	我们可以把中餐馆看作Linux: 一种开源系统,对吧？一个人的想法可以在这整个系统中被复制,被普及。
Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统); source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; propagated:传播;
that there can be specialized versions of Chinese food, you know, depending on the region .	在不同的地区,就有特别版本的中国菜。
specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) region:n.地区;范围;部位;
For example, you know, in New Orleans we have Cajun Chinese food, where they serve Sichuan alligator and sweet and sour crawfish , right?	比如说, 在新奥尔良,我们有法人后裔风味的中国菜, 你可以吃到四川短吻鳄和糖醋小龙虾。
Orleans:n.奥尔良(法国城市); Cajun:n.法人后裔(移居美国路易斯安纳州的); alligator:n.短吻鳄;钝吻鳄 crawfish:vi.后退,退缩;n.小龙虾;
And in Philadelphia , you have Philadelphia cheesesteak roll, which looks like a n or="Black"> egg roll on the outside, but a cheesesteak on the inside.	在费城, 你可以吃到费城奶酪牛排卷, 它外面看上去像一个蛋卷, 但在里面有奶酪牛排。
Philadelphia:n.费城(美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市);
I was really surprised to discover that, not only in Philadelphia, but also in Atlanta , because what had happened was that a Chinese family had moved from Atlanta to -- sorry, from Philadelphia to Atlanta , and brought that with them.	我很惊讶的发现, 不仅仅是在费城有,在亚特兰大也有。原因是, 一个中国家庭从费城搬到了亚特兰大, 把奶酪牛排卷也带过去了。
Atlanta:n.亚特兰大(美国城市);
So, the thing is, our historical lore , because of the way we like narratives , are full of vast characters such as, you know, Howard Schultz of Starbucks and Ray Kroc with McDonald's and Asa Chandler with Coca-Cola .	问题是, 我们的历史知识中, 由于我们对于叙事故事的喜爱, 充斥了大量的人物。比如说,星巴克?的霍尔德·舒尔茨麦当劳?的雷·克拉克还有可口可乐?的艾萨·凯德勒
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; lore:n.知识;学问;全部传说;(动物的)眼光知识; narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数); Starbucks:n.星巴克(咖啡店名); Coca-Cola:n.可口可乐(美国饮料公司);
But, you know, it's very easy to overlook the smaller characters -- oops -- for example, like Lem Sen, who introduced chop suey,	但是,你知道, 我们非常容易忽视掉小人物。比如说,发明了炒杂烩的林森,
overlook:v.忽略;俯视;视而不见;眺望;
Chef Peng, who introduced General Tso Chicken, and all the Japanese bakers who introduced fortune cookies.	发明了左宗棠鸡的彭厨师, 还有发明了幸运饼干的所有日本面包师。
So, the point of my presentation is to make you think twice , that those whose names are forgotten in history can often have had as much, if not more, impact on what we eat today.	我这篇报告的目的是, 让你能够反复的思考, 那一些名字被历史遗忘了的人, 对于我们现在吃的食物, 有着同样,也许更加重要的影响。
presentation:n.展示;描述,陈述;介绍;赠送; think twice:再三考虑;重新考虑;
So. Thank you very much.	谢谢大家。

Jenny8Lee_2008P-_寻求左宗棠鸡的由来_