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JeffHawkins_2003-_大脑研究将改变计算机科学_
I do two things. I design mobile computers and I study brains. 我有两个专业,设计微型电脑和研究大脑
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
And today's talk is about brains and, yay, somewhere I have a brain fan out there. 今天的演说是关于大脑的 嘿,我们听众里面好像有大脑研究的粉丝
(Laughter) （笑声）
I'm going to, if I can have my first slide up here, and you'll see the title of my talk and my two affiliations . 请把我演说的首页播放 你们可以看到我演说的标题和我的两个专业资格
affiliations:n.联盟;附属机构;加入(affiliation的复数);
So what I'm going to talk about is why we don't have a good brain theory, why it is important that we should develop one and what we can do about it. 我会先说为什么我们没有一个好的大脑理论 研究出一个大脑理论的重要性和怎么应用
And I'll try to do all that in 20 minutes. I have two affiliations. 我会尝试在20分钟内完成。我有两个职业
Most of you know me from my Palm and Handspring days, but I also run a nonprofit scientific research institute called the Redwood Neuroscience Institute in Menlo Park, and we study theoretical neuroscience, and we study how the neocortex works. 你们可能认识我其中的职业和我的发明,Palm 和 Handspring 掌上电脑 但我还有一个非盈利的研究院 : 位于 美国 Menlo Park的Redwood(红木)神经系统科学研究院 在那里我们研究神经系统科学理论 和研究 新(大脑)皮层 是怎么运作的
Palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法); Handspring:n.翻筋斗;前手翻腾越; nonprofit:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; Redwood:n.红木树,[林]红杉;红树木材; Neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); theoretical:adj.理论的;理论上的;假设的;推理的;
I'm going to talk all about that. 我将会讲解有关的研究
I have one slide on my other life, the computer life, and that's the slide here. 我有一页演说是关于我电脑方面的工作,这张就是
These are some of the products I've worked on over the last 20 years, starting back from the very original laptop to some of the first tablet computers 这些是我在近 20 年来设计过的电子产品 由最早的笔记本到第一台手写笔记本
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑; tablet:n.碑;药片;写字板;小块;
and so on, and ending up most recently with the Treo, and we're continuing to do this. 到最近的 微型笔记本 Treo 而我们会继续这方面的工作
recently:adv.最近;新近;
And I've done this because I really believe that mobile computing is the future of personal computing, and I'm trying to make the world a little bit better by working on these things. 我干这些是因为我深信移动计算技术 是个人计算系统的未来,而我会尝试通过这些工作 来造福人群
computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词) personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
But this was, I have to admit, all an accident. 但我得承认这些都是巧合
I really didn't want to do any of these products and very early in my career I decided 我其实没有想过时间这些产品 而在我刚刚开始工作的时候我决定
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I was not going to be in the computer industry. 我不会从事计算机行业
And before I tell you about that, I just have to tell you this one little picture of graffiti there I picked off the web the other day . 在说那个之前,让我先告诉你 我在网上找到这个小图片,
graffiti:n.墙上乱写乱画的东西(graffito的复数形式); the other day:不久前某一天;几天以前;
I was looking for a picture of graffiti, little text input language, and I found the website dedicated to teachers who want to make these, you know, the script writing things across the top of their blackboard, and they had added graffiti to it, and I'm sorry about that. 我在网上找有关涂鸦的图片, 而发现这专为教师们而设的网站 他们教学中在黑板上写的, 而他们却把这涂鸦上了,真可惜,
input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式) script:n.剧本;电影剧本;笔迹;广播(或讲话等)稿;v.为电影(或戏剧等)写剧本;
(Laughter) （听众的笑声）
So what happened was, when I was young and got out of engineering school, 经过是这样的,我还年轻的时候,刚刚从Cornell 康奈尔大学工程学院毕业
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
Cornell in '79, I decided, I went to work for Intel . 是 1979 年, 我决定去 Intel 英特尔工作
Intel:n.美国英特尔公司(财富500强公司之一,以生产CPU芯片著称);
I was in the computer industry, and three months into that, 我在从事计算机行业,3 个月后
I fell in love with something else, and I said, "I made the wrong career choice here," 我爱上另一个东西,我发现我选错了行业
and I fell in love with brains. 而我爱上了大脑
This is not a real brain. This is a picture of one, a line drawing . 这不是真的大脑, 这是一张大脑的图画
line drawing:n.线条画;白描;
But I don't remember exactly how it happened, but I have one recollection , which was pretty strong in my mind. 但我不太记得是怎么发生的 但我还记得一段挺强烈的记忆
recollection:n.回忆;回忆起的事物;
In September 1979, Scientific American came out with a single topic issue about the brain. And it was quite good. 1979 年 9 月,Scientific America(美国科学杂志)发表了 一本关于大脑研究的特刊
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
It was one of the best issues ever. And they talked about the neuron and development and disease and vision and all the things you might want to know about brains. It was really quite impressive . 那是该杂志中最好的一期。那特刊讨论脑细胞 的发展,疾病,视觉和其它 关于大脑的课题。真的是很棒的
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; impressive:adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的;
And one might have the impression that we really knew a lot about brains. 你可能认为我们对大脑很了解
impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想;
But the last article in that issue was written by Francis Crick of DNA fame. 特邗里最后有 Francis Crick 写有关 DNA 的文章
Today is, I think, the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA. 今天应该是发现 DNA 的 50 周年
And he wrote a story basically saying, well, this is all well and good, but you know what, we don't know diddley squat about brains and no one has a clue how these things work, so don't believe what anyone tells you. 他(Francis Crick)写了一段, 大概意思是, 我们基本上对大脑一点都不认识 而没有人知道它怎么运作 所以别随便相信别人说的(以为我们很了了解大脑)
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; squat:v.蹲,蹲下;蹲坐;蹲伏;使蹲坐;n.蹲坐,蜷伏;adj.蹲着的;矮胖的; clue:n.提示;迹象;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语;v.提示;为…提供线索;
This is a quote from that article. He said, "What is conspicuously lacking," 他在文章里提到 ”我们现在显著地缺少的是 。。。“
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; conspicuously:adv.显著地,明显地;超群地,惹人注目地;
he's a very proper British gentleman so, "What is conspicuously lacking is a broad framework of ideas in which to interpret these different approaches ." 他是一个很传统的英国绅士, ”现在显著地缺少的是, 一个可以融入对大脑已经的不同想法和不同解释方式的框架“
interpret:v.诠释;说明;口译;把…理解为; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
I thought the word framework was great. 我认为’框架‘这词用的很好
He didn't say we didn't even have a theory. He says, we don't even know how to begin to think about it -- we don't even have a framework. 他甚至没有提到’理论‘,他说, 我们根本不知道怎么开始去想 我们连框架都没有
We are in the pre-paradigm days if you want to use Thomas Kuhn. 我们正处于 Thomas Kuhn 所说的规范前时期
And so I fell in love with this, and said look, we have all this knowledge about brains. How hard can it be? 后来我就爱上大脑研究了,我想, 我们有这么多关于大脑的知识,能有多难呢？
And this is something we can work on my lifetime. I felt I could make a difference , and so I tried to get out of the computer business, into the brain business. 后来这成为我毕生的工作, 我觉得我可以有所贡献, 我尝试离开计算机行业而专注大脑研究
make a difference:有影响,有关系;
First, I went to MIT, the AI lab was there, and I said, well, I want to build intelligent machines, too, but the way I want to do it is to study how brains work first. 首先我去了 MIT(麻省理工学院)的人工智能研究院, 我想,我也想设计和制作聪明的机器, 但我的想法是先研究大脑怎么运作
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
And they said, oh, you don't need to do that. 而他们说,呃,你不需要这样做
We're just going to program computers, that's all we need to do. 我们只需要计算机编程
And I said, no, you really ought to study brains. They said, oh, you know, you're wrong. And I said, no, you're wrong, and I didn't get in. 而我说,不,你应该先研究大脑。 他们说,呃,你知道吗, 你错了。而我说,不,你们错了,最后我没被取录
(Laughter) （笑声）
But I was a little disappointed -- pretty young, but I went back again a few years later and this time was in California, and I went to Berkeley. 但我真的有点失望,那时候年轻,但我再尝试 几年后在加州的 Berkley(加州大学伯克利分校)
And I said, I'll go in from the biological side. 这次我尝试去学习生物研究方面
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
So I got in -- in the PhD program in Biophysics , and I was, all right, 我开始攻读生物物理博士课程
Biophysics:n.生物物理学;
I'm studying brains now, and I said, well, I want to study theory. 我在学习大脑了,而我想学理论
And they said, oh no, you can't study theory about brains. 而他们说,不,你不可以学大脑的理论
That's not something you do. You can't get funded for that. 这是不可以的,你不会拿到研究经费
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式);
And as a graduate student, you can't do that. So I said, oh my gosh. 而作为研究生,没有研究经费是不可以的。我的天
I was very depressed . I said, but I can make a difference in this field. 我很沮丧但我还坚信我可以在这一研究领域作出贡献
depressed:adj.沮丧的; v.使抑郁; (depress的过去式和过去分词)
So what I did is I went back in the computer industry and said, well, I'll have to work here for a while , do something. 最后我回到计算机行业 对自己说,我先工作,做些有意义的
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时;
That's when I designed all those computer products. 就是那时候我设计了你们认识的一系列的微型电子产品
(Laughter) （笑声）
And I said, I want to do this for four years, make some money, like I was having a family, and I would mature a bit, and maybe the business of neuroscience would mature a bit. 我计划干四年,挣点钱, 组织自己的家庭,我可能会成熟点 也可能那时候神经系统科学也会成熟一点了
mature:v.成熟; adj.明白事理的;
Well, it took longer than four years. It's been about 16 years. 结果干了比四年长多了,已经大概十六年
But I'm doing it now, and I'm going to tell you about it. 但我终于做到了,而我现在告诉你们
So why should we have a good brain theory? 那为什么我们需要有一个好的大脑理论呢？
Well, there's lots of reasons people do science. 嗯, 科学研究有很多目的
One is -- the most basic one -- is people like to know things. 其中比较简单的是,我们喜欢了解各种的事物
We're curious , and we just go out and get knowledge, you know? 我们好奇,而我们渴求知识
curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的;
Why do we study ants? Well, it's interesting. 我们为什么研究蚂蚁？因为这个有趣
Maybe we'll learn something really useful about it, but it's interesting and fascinating . 可能我们从中会学到一些很有用的知识,但本质上这研究很有趣
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
But sometimes, a science has some other attributes which makes it really, really interesting. 有时候,科学有其他本质 令它很有趣
attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数)
Sometimes a science will tell something about ourselves, it'll tell us who we are. 有时候科学会告诉我们一些关于我们自己的, 告诉我们,我们到底是什么
Rarely , you know, evolution did this and Copernicus did this, where we have a new understanding of who we are. 这很罕有的,例如,进化论,哥白尼(Copernicus) 都让我们对自身有新一层的理解
Rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; Copernicus:n.哥白尼(波兰天文学家);
And after all, we are our brains. My brain is talking to your brain. 毕竟,我们就是我们的大脑。我的大脑正在跟你们的大脑沟通
Our bodies are hanging along for the ride, but my brain is talking to your brain. 我们的身体只是随行的部分,但我的大脑正在跟你们的大脑沟通
And if we want to understand who we are and how we feel and perceive , we really understand what brains are. 如果我们想了解我们是什么和我们怎么去感受和察觉 我们就先要明白大脑是什么
perceive:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为;
Another thing is sometimes science leads to really big societal benefits and technologies , or businesses, or whatever, that come out of it. And this is one, too, 又有时候科学会 让我们有新的科技和为社会带来很大好处 甚至商业,和其它。 而大脑科学研究也会有这些好处
societal:adj.社会的; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
because when we understand how brains work, we're going to be able to build intelligent machines, and I think that's actually a good thing on the whole , 因为如果我们明白了大脑怎么运作,我们就可以 制作有智能的机器,而这总体来说是好的
on the whole:基本上,大体上;就全体而论;
and it's going to have tremendous benefits to society just like a fundamental technology . 而且对社会带来好处 就好像很基本的科技一样
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
So why don't we have a good theory of brains? 那为什么我们没有一个好的大脑理论？
And people have been working on it for 100 years. 虽然人们已经研究了大概100多年了
Well, let's first take a look at what normal science looks like. 我们先看看一般的科学研究是怎么进行的
take a look at:看一看;检查;
This is normal science. 这是一般的科学
Normal science is a nice balance between theory and experimentalists . 一般的科学是平衡于理论和实验的
experimentalists:n.实验主义者;经验主义者;实验者;
And so the theorist guys say, well, I think this is what's going on, and the experimentalist says, no, you're wrong. 比方说,理论家先认为是这样的, 而实验家说,不,你错了
theorist:n.理论家;
And it goes back and forth , you know? 反复的验证,你们明白吗？
back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的;
This works in physics. This works in geology . But if this is normal science, what does neuroscience looks like? This is what neuroscience looks like. 物理学是这样研究的,地质学也是这样研究的,但这是一般的科学 那神经系统科学研究又怎样进行呢？我们看看
geology:n.地质学;地质情况;
We have this mountain of data, which is anatomy , physiology and behavior. 我们有巨多的数据,包括:解剖学的,生理学的和行为学的
anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; physiology:n.生理学;生理机能;
You can't imagine how much detail we know about brains. 你们很难想象我们已经有多少数据
There were 28,000 people who went to the neuroscience conference this year, and every one of them is doing research in brains. 今年的神经系统科学研讨会我们有 28000 个专家参与 而每一个都在研究大脑
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
A lot of data. But there's no theory. There's a little, wimpy box on top there. 很多的数据,但没有理论,可能有一点点,就像最上边的那小的可怜的箱子
wimpy:adj.懦弱的;无用的;
And theory has not played a role in any sort of grand way in the neurosciences . 而在神经系统科学研究领域当中,理论从没有像它们在一般科学里的主导地位
neurosciences:n.神经科学;(neurosciences是neuroscience的复数);
And it's a real shame. Now why has this come about? 这是很可惜的,为什么会这样呢？
If you ask neuroscientists , why is this the state of affair? 如果你问神经系统科学专家,为什么情况会这样？
neuroscientists:n.神经系统科学家;
They'll first of all admit it. But if you ask them, they'll say, well, there's various reasons we don't have a good brain theory. 他们会同意情况是这样,但如果你问为什么,他们会说 有很多原因导致我们没有一个好的大脑理论
first of all:adv.首先;
Some people say, well, we don't still have enough data, we need to get more information, there's all these things we don't know. 有些专家会说,我们还没有足够的数据 我们要拿更多的数据,我们还有很多不明白的
Well, I just told you there's so much data coming out your ears. 嗯, 我刚刚告诉过你们了
We have so much information; we don't know how to begin to organize it. 我们有太多的数据但不知道怎么去组织
organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
What good is more going to do? 那就算有更多的数据又有何用？
Maybe we'll be lucky and discover some magic thing, but I don't think so. 可能我们会幸运的突然发现谜底,但我不认为会发生
This is actually a symptom of the fact that we just don't have a theory. 种种证据都在说明我们根本没有一个好的理论
symptom:n.症状;征候;征兆;
We don't need more data -- we need a good theory about it. 我们不需要更多的数据,我们只需要一个好的理论
Another one is sometimes people say, well, brains are so complex , it'll take another 50 years. 另一些专家会说,大脑太复杂了 这研究会再花 50 年
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
I even think Chris said something like this yesterday. 我想 Chris 昨天也说过类似的话
I'm not sure what you said, Chris, but something like, well, it's one of the most complicated things in the universe. That's not true. 我不肯定 Chris 你所说的内容,但大概是, (大脑研究)是宇宙中最复杂的。我不认同
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
You're more complicated than your brain. You've got a brain. 你们都比大脑复杂,你们都有大脑
And it's also, although the brain looks very complicated, things look complicated until you understand them. 而且,大脑只是看似复杂, 所以事物在弄明白前都是复杂的
That's always been the case. And so all we can say, well, my neocortex, which is the part of the brain I'm interested in, has 30 billion cells. 我们可以说, 新大脑皮层(neocortex),大脑里面我们最感兴趣的部分,有 300 亿细胞
But, you know what? It's very, very regular. 但你们知道吗,它(新大脑皮层）非常有规律
In fact, it looks like it's the same thing repeated over and over and over again . 实际上,它就像同样的组织不停的重覆
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地;
It's not as complex as it looks. That's not the issue. 它不像想象中复杂,那不是问题
Some people say, brains can't understand brains. 有些人说,大脑不能明白大脑
Very zen-like. Whoo. You know -- 很玄,喔
(Laughter) （笑声）
It sounds good, but why? I mean, what's the point? 听起来挺好,但有什么用？
It's just a bunch of cells. You understand your liver . 它只是一堆细胞,就好像你了解你的肝脏
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝;
It's got a lot of cells in it too, right? 肝脏也是一堆细胞是吗
So, you know, I don't think there's anything to that. 所以,我不见得大脑有什么分别的
And finally , some people say, well, you know, 还有一些人说
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
I don't feel like a bunch of cells, you know. I'm conscious . “我不认为自己只是一堆细胞,我是神志清醒的
conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的;
I've got this experience, I'm in the world, you know. 我又很多经历,我处在一世界,明白不,
I can't be just a bunch of cells. Well, you know, people used to believe there was a life force to be living, and we now know that's really not true at all. 我不可能只是一堆细胞” 人们曾经相信有‘生命力’ 我们现在已经知道那根本不正确
life force:n.生命力;
And there's really no evidence that says, well, other than people just have disbelief that cells can do what they do. 而且根本就没有证据证明,除了人类之外 只是不相信一堆细胞能做人能做的事
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; disbelief:n.怀疑,不信;
And so, if some people have fallen into the pit of metaphysical dualism , some really smart people, too, but we can reject all that. 有些人沉迷于形而上学唯物论 包括一些很聪明的人,但我们可以全否定
pit:n.深洞;深坑;矿井;麻子;v.使…表面有斑点;在…上打洞;去掉…的果核; metaphysical:adj.形而上学的;超自然的;玄学派诗歌的; dualism:n.二元论;双重性;二神教; reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者;
(Laughter) （笑声）
No, I'm going to tell you there's something else, and it's really fundamental, and this is what it is: there's another reason why we don't have a good brain theory, 不,我会告诉你们另外的 很基础很根本的 原因导致我们无法拥有一个好的大脑理论
and it's because we have an intuitive , strongly-held, but incorrect assumption that has prevented us from seeing the answer. 因为我们有很根深蒂固 但错误的假设,这阻止了我们去寻找答案
intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的; assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取;
There's something we believe that just, it's obvious , but it's wrong. 我们相信这个明显的假设,但它是错的
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
Now, there's a history of this in science and before I tell you what it is, 这在科学研究中是有先例的,但在说那之前,
I'm going to tell you a bit about the history of it in science. 我先告诉你一些科学的历史
You look at some other scientific revolutions , and this case, I'm talking about the solar system , that's Copernicus, 看看其它的科学革命 比方说哥白尼的天体运行学说
revolutions:n.革命,转数(revolution的复数形式); solar system:[天]太阳系;
Darwin's evolution, and tectonic plates, that's Wegener. 达尔文的进化论,和魏格纳的大陆漂移学说
tectonic:adj.[地质]构造的;建筑的;地壳构造上的;
They all have a lot in common with brain science. 它们跟大脑理论有很多共同点
in common with:与…一样;
First of all, they had a lot of unexplained data. A lot of it. 第一,很多无法解析的数据
unexplained:adj.未经解释的;未经说明的;不清楚的;
But it got more manageable once they had a theory. 但有理论后就变的容易处理了
manageable:adj.易管理的;易控制的;易办的;
The best minds were stumped , really, really smart people. 那时候众多很聪明的学者都被困惑
stumped:v.犯愁;困惑;一筹莫展;(stump的过去式和过去分词);
We're not smarter now than they were then. 我们并不比他们聪明,
It just turns out it's really hard to think of things, but once you've thought of them, it's kind of easy to understand it. 只是想出理论是很困难的, 但一想到了,就很容易明白
My daughters understood these three theories in their basic framework by the time they were in kindergarten . 我的女儿都明白那三个理论 的大概,在幼儿园的时候就明白
kindergarten:n.幼儿园;
And now it's not that hard, you know, here's the apple, here's the orange, you know, the Earth goes around, that kind of stuff . 所以并不是那么困难,像这有一苹果,这一橘子, 地球围着走,等等
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Finally, another thing is the answer was there all along, but we kind of ignored it because of this obvious thing, and that's the thing. 还有,答案早就存在 我们只是忽视了而已
ignored:v.忽视;对…不予理会;佯装未见;不予理睬;(ignore的过去分词和过去式)
It was an intuitive, strong-held belief that was wrong. 第二,有很根深蒂固但错的想法
In the case of the solar system, the idea that the Earth is spinning and the surface of the Earth is going like a thousand miles an hour, and the Earth is going through the solar system about a million miles an hour. 天体运行学的比方,地球在自转 地球表面在以千多英里在移动, 同时地球在太阳系里的轨道以百万多英里运行
spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词)
This is lunacy . We all know the Earth isn't moving. 疯了吧,我们都知道地球不在动
lunacy:n.精神失常;愚蠢的行为;
Do you feel like you're moving a thousand miles an hour? 你感觉到我们在以千多英里移动吗？
Do you feel like:你想…吗？;
Of course not. You know, and someone who said, well, it was spinning around in space and is so huge, they would lock you up, and that's what they did back then. 肯定没有,还有人说 它(地球)在太空里自转而它很大 会把你锁上,他们当时是这样想的
(Laughter) （笑声）
So it was intuitive and obvious. Now what about evolution? 这是显而易见的,我们再看看进化论
Evolution's the same thing. We taught our kids, well, the Bible says, you know, God created all these species , cats are cats, dogs are dogs, people are people, plants are plants, they don't change. 我们教孩子圣经里面说 上帝创造万物,猫是猫,狗是狗 人是人,植物是植物,他们都不会变的
Bible:n.有权威的书; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
Noah put them on the Ark in that order, blah , blah , blah. And, you know, the fact is, if you believe in evolution, we all have a common ancestor, and we all have a common ancestry with the plant in the lobby . 诺亚(Noah) 把他们都放进方舟,等等 事实上,如果你相信进化论,我们都有共同的祖先, 我们跟大厅里的植物也有共同的祖先
Noah:n.诺亚(圣经人物); Ark:n.约柜;方舟;(美)平底船;避难所; blah:n.废话;空话;瞎说;int.废话; ancestry:n.祖先;血统; lobby:n.大堂;门厅;民众接待厅;游说;v.游说(从政者或政府);
This is what evolution tells us. And, it's true. It's kind of unbelievable . 进化论是这样说的,而这是这真的,虽然有点难以置信,
unbelievable:adj.(非正式)难以置信的;不可信的
And the same thing about tectonic plates, you know? 大陆漂移学说也一样,
All the mountains and the continents are kind of floating around on top of the Earth, you know? It's like, it doesn't make any sense. 所有高山和大洲都在浮动 于地球上,听起来好像不合情理
continents:n.[地理]大陆,大洲(continent复数);
So what is the intuitive, but incorrect assumption, that's kept us from understanding brains? 那什么是直觉但错的假设 阻止我们理解大脑呢？
Now I'm going to tell it to you, and it's going to seem obvious that that is correct, and that's the point, right? Then I'm going to have to make an argument why you're incorrect about the other assumption. 我现在就告诉你们,而且很明显是正确的, 那才是重点对吗？然后我会提出论据, 为什么其它的假设是错误的
The intuitive but obvious thing is that somehow intelligence is defined by behavior, that we are intelligent because of the way that we do things and the way we behave intelligently , and I'm going to tell you that's wrong. 直觉告诉我们智慧 界定于行为 我们聪明因为我们做事的方法 和我们行为上表现聪明,我会告诉你们这想法是错的
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; intelligently:adv.聪明地,明智地;
What it is is intelligence is defined by prediction . 智慧应该界定于推测能力
prediction:n.预报;预言;
And I'm going to work you through this in a few slides here, give you an example of what this means. Here's a system. 我会用这几张笔记 给你们看看一例子, 这是一系统,
Engineers like to look at systems like this. Scientists like to look at systems like this. 工程师喜欢看系统,科学家也喜欢,
They say, well, we have a thing in a box, and we have its inputs and its outputs . 我们有一箱子,我们有输入和输出
inputs:n.[自][电子]输入;投入(input的复数); outputs:n.[计]输出; v.生产;
The AI people said, well, the thing in the box is a programmable computer because that's equivalent to a brain, and we'll feed it some inputs and we'll get it to do something, have some behavior. 人工智能专家会说,那箱子里面是可编程计算机 因为它等同大脑,而我们输入数据, 我们会得到输出的行为
programmable:adj.[计]可编程的;可设计的; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
And Alan Turing defined the Turing test, which is essentially saying, we'll know if something's intelligent if it behaves identical to a human. 艾伦.图灵(Alan Turing)的图灵测试说, 如果行为跟人类接近就是有智慧的
Turing:n.图灵机(一种可不受储存容量限制的假想计算机); essentially:adv.本质上;本来; behaves:v.表现;表现得体;有礼貌;(behave的第三人称单数) identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
A behavioral metric of what intelligence is, and this has stuck in our minds for a long period of time. 这是测度智慧的行为指标, 而我们被这想法困住了很长时间
behavioral:adj.行为的; metric:adj.米制的;公制的;按公制制作的;用公制测量的;
Reality though, I call it real intelligence. 实际上,我称这为真正智慧,
Real intelligence is built on something else. 真正智慧是建筑于其它层面上的
We experience the world through a sequence of patterns, and we store them, and we recall them. And when we recall them, we match them up against reality, and we're making predictions all the time. 我们通过一系列的模式来感受世界环境,然后贮存, 再回想,当我们回想时,我们会比较和对应 实际情况,就这样我们不断的推测
sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; recall:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;n.记忆力;记性;回归请求;回收令; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式);
It's an eternal metric. There's an eternal metric about us sort of saying, do we understand the world? Am I making predictions? And so on. 这是永恒的指标,一个测度我们对世界环境了解的指标和 我是否在推测环境,等等
eternal:adj.永恒的;不朽的;
You're all being intelligent right now, but you're not doing anything. 你们都在表现有智慧会的行为中,虽然你们什么对没有做
Maybe you're scratching yourself, or picking your nose, 可能你在搔痒,可能在挖鼻子 ,
scratching:v.划伤;擦伤;刮痕;(scratch的现在分词)
I don't know, but you're not doing anything right now, but you're being intelligent, you're understanding what I'm saying. 但没有在做什么特别的, 但你们还是有理性有智慧的,你们明白我在说什么,
Because you're intelligent and you speak English, you know what word is at the end of this -- (Silence) 因为你们都有智慧,而你们都会英语, 你们都知道我说这句 --
sentence. 子
The word came into you, and you're making these predictions all the time. 你们都猜到那字,因为你们不断的推测,
And then, what I'm saying is, is that the eternal prediction is the output in the neocortex. 而我想说, 新大脑皮层的输出就是不断的推测,
And that somehow, prediction leads to intelligent behavior. 推测导致有理性有智慧的行为
And here's how that happens. Let's start with a non-intelligent brain. 而过程是这样的,我们从大脑里没有智慧的部分开始,
Well I'll argue a non-intelligent brain, we got hold of an old brain, and we're going to say it's like a non-mammal, like a reptile , so I'll say, an alligator , we have an alligator. 我认为我们脑里面有部分是没有智慧的,是古老的, 它甚至不属于哺乳类的,是属于爬行类年代的, 比方说,鳄鱼,
reptile:adj.爬虫类的;卑鄙的;n.爬行动物;卑鄙的人; alligator:n.短吻鳄;钝吻鳄
And the alligator has some very sophisticated senses. 鳄鱼有很复杂强大的感官系统,
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
It's got good eyes and ears and touch senses and so on a mouth and a nose. It has very complex behavior. 有很好的眼睛,耳朵,触觉,等等 还有口和鼻, 也有很复杂的行为,
It can run and hide. It has fears and emotions . It can eat you, you know. 会走会躲,会害怕会有情绪,会吃人,
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
It can attack. It can do all kinds of stuff. 会攻击, 等等
But we don't consider the alligator very intelligent, not like in a human sort of way. 但我们不会视鳄鱼为很有智慧,不像人类的智慧,
But it has all this complex behavior already. 虽然它已拥有很复杂的行为,
Now, in evolution, what happened? 进化论里怎么说的？
First thing that happened in evolution with mammals , we started to develop a thing called the neocortex. 哺乳类的进化, 从开发新大脑皮层开始,
mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数)
And I'm going to represent the neocortex here, by this box that's sticking on top of the old brain. 我们用这个来代表新大脑皮层, 这个在(老)小脑上面的箱子,
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送;
Neocortex means new layer . It is a new layer on top of your brain. 新大脑皮层的解释是大脑上面的新一层,
layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次;
If you don't know it, it's the wrinkly thing on the top of your head that, it's got wrinkly because it got shoved in there and doesn't fit. 它看上去是皱褶着的 因为它被挤进去而没有空间了,
wrinkly:adj.有皱纹的;易生皱纹的;n.老人(俚语); shoved:v.猛推;乱挤;推撞;乱放;(shove的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
No, really, that's what it is. It's about the size of a table napkin . 是真的！它大概是一张台布的大小
table napkin:n.餐巾;
And it doesn't fit, so it gets all wrinkly. Now look at how I've drawn this here. 而放不下,所以就皱褶起来了,现在我们看看我画 的这个,
The old brain is still there. You still have that alligator brain. (旧)小脑还在这里,那鳄鱼的脑袋还在,
You do. It's your emotional brain. 你们都有,是你脑里情绪和感官的部分
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
It's all those things, and all those gut reactions you have. 它负责所有直觉,本能反应,
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数)
And on top of it, we have this memory system called the neocortex. 在它上面,是我们说的新大脑皮层,
And the memory system is sitting over the sensory part of the brain. 它是包围着脑里感官系统的记忆系统,
sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的;
And so as the sensory input comes in and feeds from the old brain, it also goes up into the neocortex. And the neocortex is just memorizing . 感官输入先进小脑, 再走上新大脑皮层,而新大脑皮层只是记忆着,
memorizing:n.记忆;熟记;v.熟记;纪念(memorize的现在分词);
It's sitting there saying, ah, I'm going to memorize all the things that are going on, where I've been, people I've seen, things I've heard, and so on. 它记着所以发生的事情, 像去了哪里,见过的人,听过的事,等等,
memorize:v.记住;记忆;
And in the future, when it sees something similar to that again, so in a similar environment, or the exact same environment, it'll play it back. It'll start playing it back. 在以后见到类似的情况, 类似的环境,或一样的环境, 它会把记忆‘重播’,
Oh, I've been here before. And when you've been here before, this happened next. It allows you to predict the future. 就会发现以前来过这地方,而如果你曾经来过这里, 你记得什么会发生,让你可以猜测将来
It allows you to, literally it feeds back the signals into your brain, they'll let you see what's going to happen next, will let you hear the word sentence before I said it. 就好象,外界的信号传入大脑, 让你看到什么将会发生, 就像刚才你们会知道我准备会说的词
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
And it's this feeding back into the old brain that'll allow you to make very more intelligent decisions. 正是这个信号的传递回小脑 让你们去作出很理性的决定
This is the most important slide of my talk, so I'll dwell on it a little bit. 这是我演说里最重要的一点,
dwell:v.居住;栖身;
And so, all the time you say, oh, I can predict the things. 所以,你们不断的在猜测食物,
And if you're a rat and you go through a maze , and then you learn the maze , the next time you're in a maze , you have the same behavior, but all of a sudden , you're smarter 如果我们像白老鼠一样在走迷宫,那就学习那个迷宫, 下次再走,行为一样, 但会变聪明了,
maze:n.迷宫;迷惑;糊涂;vt.迷失;使混乱;使困惑; all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地;
because you say, oh, I recognize this maze, I know which way to go, 因为会认得那迷宫,知道怎么走,
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
I've been here before, I can envision the future. And that's what it's doing. 曾经走过,可以预想,
envision:v.想象;预想;
In humans, by the way , this is true for all mammals, it's true for other mammals, and in humans, it got a lot worse. 人类和其他哺乳类动物都会这样, 人类的情况会更极端,
by the way:顺便说一下;
In humans, we actually developed the front part of the neocortex called the anterior part of the neocortex. And nature did a little trick. 我们会发展新大脑皮层的前端, 然后大自然会弄一小把戏
anterior:adj.前面的;先前的;
It copied the posterior part, the back part, which is sensory, and put it in the front part. 将新大脑皮层后端,感官的部分,拷贝 到前端
posterior:adj.其次的;较后的;n.后部;臀部;
And humans uniquely have the same mechanism on the front, but we use it for motor control. 人类大脑前端有独特的构造,跟后端一样 但我们用来控制运动
uniquely:adv.独特地;珍奇地; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
So we are now able to make very sophisticated motor planning, things like that. 所以我们可以进行很复杂的计划运动,
I don't have time to get into all this, but if you want to understand how a brain works, you have to understand how the first part of the mammalian neocortex works, how it is we store patterns and make predictions. 这个我们先不说,要理解大脑怎么运作, 我们先了解第一代哺乳类动物新大脑皮层的运作, 和怎么去贮存资料样式和作出猜测
mammalian:adj.哺乳类动物的;n.哺乳类;
So let me give you a few examples of predictions. 我先列几个猜测的例子
I already said the word sentence. In music, if you've heard a song before, if you heard Jill sing those songs before, when she sings them, the next note pops into your head already -- 我已说过句子了,在音乐中, 如果你听过一首歌,如果你听过吉尔(Jill)唱歌, 当她唱的时候,下一个音符就会在你脑海中了,
you anticipate it as you're going. If it was an album of music, the end of one album, the next song pops into your head. 你会有预感,如果是一张音乐专辑, 听完一首歌,下一首已在你脑海出现,
anticipate:v.预期,期望;占先,抢先;提前使用;
And these things happen the whole time. You're making these predictions. 这情况经常发生,你在不断的猜测,
I have this thing called the altered door thought experiment. 我有一个用门的实验,
altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式)
And the altered door thought experiment says, you have a door at home, and when you're here, I'm changing it, I've got a guy back at your house right now, moving the door around, and they're going to take your doorknob and move it over two inches. 是这样的,你家有一门, 当你在这里的时候,我去把它改了,我们有一个人, 现在在你家,把门改过来, 他会把你的门把手移 2 寸,
doorknob:n.门把手;
And when you go home tonight, you're going to put your hand out there, and you're going to reach for the doorknob and you're going to notice it's in the wrong spot, and you'll go, whoa, something happened. 当你今晚回家,找把手开门, 你会发现把手 在错的位置,你会感觉,有点问题,
It may take a second to figure out what it was, but something happened. 可能等一秒才发现问题,但感觉到不对劲,
Now I could change your doorknob in other ways. 我也可以用别的方法改变门把手,
I can make it larger or smaller, I can change it's brass to silver , 弄大一点或小一点,从铜改为银的,
brass:n.黄铜;黄铜制品;铜管乐器;厚脸皮; silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的;
I could make it a lever . I can change your door, put colors on, 也可以把门改了,改颜色,
lever:n.杠杆;控制杆;v.用杠杆撬动;把…作为杠杆;
I can put windows in. I can change a thousand things about your door, and in the two seconds you take to open your door, you're going to notice that something has changed. 加玻璃,有很多方法去改, 而就在你开门的两秒钟, 你会发现不对劲,
Now, the engineering approach to this, the AI approach to this, is to build a door database. It has all the door attributes. 那传统的工程或人工智能对这问题的方法是, 起一个门的数据库,有所以关于门的参数,
And as you go up to the door, you know, let's check them off one at time. 当你到了门前,便进数据库一个一个比较,
Door, door, door, you know, color, you know what I'm saying. 所以样式的门,不同颜色的,
We don't do that. Your brain doesn't do that. 我们人类肯定不会这样做的,你们的大脑不会这样运作,
What your brain is doing is making constant predictions all the time about what is going to happen in your environment. 你的大脑会不停的作出猜测, 对你附近环境有可能会发生的作出猜测,
As I put my hand on this table, I expect to feel it stop. 当我把手放着桌上,我预料手会停在上面,
When I walk, every step, if I missed it by an eighth of an inch, 当我走路的时候,每一步,如果只是差了八分之一寸,
I'll know something has changed. 我会知道有情况改变,
You're constantly making predictions about your environment. 你们不停的对身边环境作出猜测,
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地;
I'll talk about vision here briefly . This is a picture of a woman. 让我们看看视觉系统,这是一张女人的图片,
briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
And when you look at people, your eyes are caught over at two to three times a second. 当你看人的时候,你的眼神会停留, 大概两到三秒,
You're not aware of this, but your eyes are always moving. 你应该意识不到,但你的眼球不停在动,
And so when you look at someone's face, you'd typically go from eye to eye to eye to nose to mouth. 所以当你看一个人的脸, 你通常会从看着眼到鼻到口,
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
Now, when your eye move from eye to eye, if there was something else there like a nose, you'd see a nose where an eye is supposed to be, and you'd go, oh shit, you know -- 如果你在看眼的位置的时候, 出现像鼻子的东西, 你看见鼻子长在眼睛的地方, 你会吓一跳
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
There's something wrong about this person. 这个人有点问题,
And that's because you're making a prediction. 这都以为你在推测,
It's not like you just look over there and say, what am I seeing now? 不会是因为你在看东西而在想着到底是什么,
A nose, that's okay. No, you have an expectation of what you're going to see. 你不会预料看到一鼻子在眼睛的位置,
expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Every single moment. And finally, let's think about how we test intelligence. 现在我们看看我们怎样测试智慧的,
We test it by prediction. What is the next word in this, you know? 我们用猜测能力来测试的,下一个词是什么？
This is to this as this is to this. What is the next number in this sentence? 这个配这个,那个配那个,下一个数是什么？
Here's three visions of an object. 这是这东西的三个看法,
visions:n.愿景; v.想像;
What's the fourth one? That's how we test it. It's all about prediction. 第四个是什么？我们就是这样测试猜测能力
So what is the recipe for brain theory? 那什么是大脑理论的秘诀？
recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法;
First of all, we have to have the right framework. 第一,我们需要合适的框架,
And the framework is a memory framework, not a computation or behavior framework. It's a memory framework. 一个记忆的框架, 不是计算的或行为的框架,是一个记忆的框架,
computation:n.估计,计算;
How do you store and recall these sequences or patterns? It's spatio-temporal patterns. 你怎么贮存和回忆有关联的样式组合？这是时间空间样式,
sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式);
Then, if in that framework, you take a bunch of theoreticians . 然后,如果在框架里,我们找一群理论研究者,
theoreticians:n.理论家,精通于理论的人;
Now biologists generally are not good theoreticians. 生物学者一般不是好的理论学者,
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
It's not always true, but in general , there's not a good history of theory in biology . 不一定,但历史里没有好的生物理论,
in general:总之,通常;一般而言; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
So I found the best people to work with are physicists , engineers and mathematicians , who tend to think algorithmically . 我觉得物理学者, 工程师和数学家都适合,他们想法都很规则很系统的,
physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数); mathematicians:n.[数]数学家(mathematician的复数形式); algorithmically:[计]在算法上;
Then they have to learn the anatomy, and they've got to learn the physiology. 然后他们要学解剖学和生理学,
You have to make these theories very realistic in anatomical terms. 我们需要让这理论非常的实在,从解剖学角度来看,
realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; anatomical:adj.解剖的;解剖学的;结构上的;
Anyone who gets up and tells you their theory about how the brain works and doesn't tell you exactly how it's working in the brain and how the wiring works in the brain, it is not a theory. 如果有人解释大脑理论时, 而不告诉你大脑里面怎么运作, 和大脑各部分的联系,那就不是真正的理论了
And that's what we're doing at the Redwood Neuroscience Institute. 而我们的研究院正是研究这方面的,
I would love to have more time to tell you we're making fantastic progress in this thing, and I expect to be back up on this stage, maybe this will be some other time in the not too distant future and tell you about it. 我很希望有更多的时间告诉你们最近的研究成果 我以后会再回来 在不久的将来,来告诉大家
fantastic:奇异的,空想的 distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的;
I'm really, really excited. This is not going to take 50 years at all. 我真的很兴奋,这肯定不会花 50 年,
So what will brain theory look like? 那大脑理论像什么呢？
First of all, it's going to be a theory about memory. 首先,它会是一个关于记忆的理论,
Not like computer memory. It's not at all like computer memory. 不是计算机的记忆
not at all:毫无;一点也不;不用谢;
It's very, very different. And it's a memory of these very high-dimensional patterns, like the things that come from your eyes. 很不一样 是多维样式的记忆,就像从你们眼睛输出的,
high-dimensional:高维的;
It's also memory of sequences. 它也会是很多组有关联记忆,
You cannot learn or recall anything outside of a sequence. 你不会学习或回忆没有关联的东西,
A song must be heard in sequence over time, and you must play it back in sequence over time. 就像一首歌在时间上是有先后的记忆 要回忆起来也是一连串的回忆,
And these sequences are auto-associatively recalled , so if I see something, 这些关联记忆组群会在回忆时会自动联系连结,所以当我们看到,
recalled:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;(recall的过去分词和过去式)
I hear something, it reminds me of it, and then it plays back automatically . 听到一些类似的东西,就会把记忆重播,
reminds:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的第三人称单数) automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的;
It's an automatic playback . And prediction of future inputs is the desired output. 是自动的重播,最后输出是未来的猜测,
playback:n.[电视][广播]重放;录音重放装置;
And as I said , the theory must be biologically-accurate, it must be testable , and you must be able to build it. 我们提过,这理论在生物学上合理, 能测试的,可推理出来的
as I said:正如我所说的 testable:adj.可试验的;有资格立遗嘱的;可根据遗嘱处理的;有资格作证人的;
If you don't build it, you don't understand it. So, one more slide here. 如果你不推理出来,你不会明白,还有一张笔记,
What is this going to result in? Are we going to really build intelligent machines? 这研究结果有什么作用呢？我们真的会制造有智慧的机器？
Absolutely . And it's going to be different than people think. 这是肯定的,而会跟我们想像的不一样,
Absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; different than:不同于;
No doubt that it's going to happen, in my mind. 我绝不怀疑,
First of all, it's going to be built up, we're going to build the stuff out of silicon . 首先,我们会用硅来制造,
silicon:n.[化学]硅;硅元素;
The same techniques we use for building silicon computer memories, we can use for here. 制造计算机内存的方法, 我们可以用上,
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
But they're very different types of memories. 但是将会是很不一样的记忆体,
And we're going to attach these memories to sensors , and the sensors will experience real-live, real-world data, and these things are going to learn about their environment. 我们会把感应器和这些记忆体连接上, 感应器会接受真实环境的数据, 而这些机器会学习它们的环境,
attach:v.贴上;重视;把…固定,把…附(在…上);参加;与…有联系; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的;
Now it's very unlikely the first things you're going to see are like robots. 一开始发展出来就像机器人的可能比较低,
unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的;
Not that robots aren't useful and people can build robots. 不是说机器人没有用处或我们制造不出来,
But the robotics part is the hardest part. That's the old brain. That's really hard. 但是机器人硬件是最难制造的,那像旧(小)脑,
robotics:n.机器人学;
The new brain is actually kind of easier than the old brain. (新)大脑比小脑容易,
So the first thing we're going to do are the things that don't require a lot of robotics. 所以刚开始我们会造一些不需要太多机器人硬件的,
So you're not going to see C-3PO. 应该不会见到 C-3PO
You're going to more see things like, you know, intelligent cars that really understand what traffic is and what driving is and have learned that certain types of cars with the blinkers on for half a minute probably aren't going to turn, things like that. 你会见到比较多类似,智能车, 会理解交通情况和驾驶, 和懂得比方说,有些车的转向显示灯亮了半分钟 应该不是真的想转向,
blinkers:n.有色眼镜(blinker的复数); v.给…戴眼罩;
(Laughter) （笑声）
We can also do intelligent security systems. 我们也可以制造智能保安系统
Anywhere where we're basically using our brain, but not doing a lot of mechanics . 任何需要很多大脑分析但不需要很多的机械的领域,
mechanics:n.机械师;机械修理工;技工;力学;机械学;(mechanic的复数)
Those are the things that are going to happen first. 都会是在初期有发展的。
But ultimately , the world's the limit here. 但最终,会发展到各方面,
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
I don't know how this is going to turn out. 我也不知道会发展成怎样,
I know a lot of people who invented the microprocessor and if you talk to them, they knew what they were doing was really significant , but they didn't really know what was going to happen. 我认识很多发明微处理器的专家, 你如果问他们,那时候他们知道正在做很有意义的事, 但也不知道会发展成什么,
microprocessor:n.[计]微处理器; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
They couldn't anticipate cell phones and the Internet and all this kind of stuff. 他们也没有预计手机,互联网等等的发展,
They just knew like, hey, they were going to build calculators and traffic light controllers . But it's going to be big. 他们只知道,会制造计算机, 交通灯的控制器等等,但都感觉到是很重大的,
calculators:n.[计]计算器(calculator的复数); traffic light:交通灯 controllers:n.[自]控制器(controller的复数形式);管理者;控制部件;
In the same way, this is like brain science and these memories are going to be very fundamental technology, and it's going to lead to very unbelievable changes in the next 100 years. 同样地,大脑的研究和记忆体, 将会成为很基本的科技,它将会在未来100年带领着 一些很难想象的发展
And I'm most excited about how we're going to use them in science. 而令我最兴奋的是我们怎样利用这科技,
So I think that's all my time, I'm over it, and I'm going to end my talk right there. 我想我已经超过限时了,我的演讲就在这 结束