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JayBradner_2011X-_开发源码式癌症研究_
I moved to Boston 10 years ago, from Chicago, with an interest in cancer and in chemistry. 我在十年前从芝加哥搬到波士顿 有心研究癌症和化学
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
You might know that chemistry is the science of making molecules -- or to my taste, new drugs for cancer. 你们可能知道化学是门研究分子形成的科学 但对我是门研究癌症药物的学问
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
And you might also know that, for science and medicine, 你们也可能知道对科学和医药来说
Boston is a bit of a candy store. 波士顿有点像糖果店
You can't roll a stop sign in Cambridge without hitting a graduate student. 在波士顿剑桥区的每一个十字路口 你都会碰到至少一名研究生
Cambridge:n.剑桥(英国城市);坎布里奇(美国马萨诸塞州城市);
The bar is called the Miracle of Science. 在那里有叫科学奇迹的酒吧
Miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例;
The billboards say "Lab Space Available." 有叫“出租实验室”的广告牌
billboards:n.(大幅)广告牌;v.宣传;(billboard的第三人称单数和复数)
And it's fair to say that in these 10 years, we've witnessed absolutely the start of a scientific revolution -- that of genome medicine. 可以说这是近十年较常见的 其实这仅仅是我们所看到的 一个科学进化的结果,遗传基因科学的开始
witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; genome:n.基因组;染色体组;
We know more about the patients that enter our clinic now than ever before. 我们现在对来我们实验室的患者 要比以前知道得多
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
And we're able, finally , to answer the question that's been so pressing for so many years: why do I have cancer? 我们终于可以回答 这个困扰我们多年的问题 那就是,我为什么得癌症？
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
This information is also pretty staggering . 这个问题的答案比较复杂
staggering:adj.惊人的; v.蹒跚; (stagger的现在分词)
You might know that, so far in just the dawn of this revolution, we know that there are perhaps 40,000 unique mutations affecting more than 10,000 genes , and that there are 500 of these genes that are bona-fide drivers, causes of cancer. 你们也许已经知道 至此在这科学革命之黎明 我们知道大约有四万种基因变异 影响大约一万个基因 这一万个基因中大约有五百个基因 是可恶变的 致癌的
dawn:n.黎明;开端;vt.破晓;出现;被领悟; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式); genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) bona-fide:adj.善意的;真实的;
Yet comparatively , we have about a dozen targeted medications . 相比之下 我们只有大约十几个有针对性的治疗方法
comparatively:adv.比较地;相当地; medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数)
And this inadequacy of cancer medicine really hit home when my father was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. 我对这种癌症治疗不足性的认识 深有体会是在我父亲被诊断为 胰腺癌
inadequacy:n.不适当,不充分;不完全;不十分; diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) pancreatic:adj.胰的;胰腺的;
We didn't fly him to Boston. 当时我们没有让他飞到波士顿
We didn't sequence his genome. 我们没有测试他的基因顺序
sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列;
It's been known for decades what causes this malignancy . 因为多年来人类已知 基因变异原因
malignancy:n.恶性(肿瘤等);恶意;
It's three proteins -- 是三种蛋白质
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
Ras, MIC and P53. Ras, MIC 和 P53
This is old information we've known since about the 80s, yet there's no medicine I can prescribe to a patient with this or any of the numerous solid tumors caused by these three horsemen of the apocalypse that is cancer. 这是我们从八十年代就已经知道的老信息了, 但至今我仍然没有药方 可以开给患者 不论是什么大肿瘤 由以上三种蛋白质引起的 癌症
prescribe:v.给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方);命令; numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; tumors:n.肿瘤(tumor的复数); horsemen:n.骑兵;骑士(horseman的复数); apocalypse:n.启示;天启;
There's no Ras, no MIC, no P53 drug. 没有针对Ras, MIC或P53的药物
And you might fairly ask: why is that? 那么你可能要问:为什么会这样？
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
And the very unsatisfying , yet scientific, answer is it's too hard. 一个不令人满意的但科学的回答是 它太难了
unsatisfying:adj.无法令人满足的;v.不满意;不安心(unsatisfy的ing形式);
That for whatever reason, these three proteins have entered a space in the language of our field that's called the undruggable genome -- which is like calling a computer unsurfable or the Moon unwalkable. 也就是说,不管什么原因 这三种蛋白质被这个领域称为 无药可治的基因－－ 就像一台不能上网的电脑 或者是无法行走的月球
It's a horrible term of trade. 这是行业里很可怕的词汇
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
But what it means is that we fail to identify a greasy pocket in these proteins, into which we, like molecular locksmiths , can fashion an active, small, organic molecule or drug substance . 但它意味着 我们是否无法辨别有害蛋白质 就像在锁定分子 可以演变成小段活动有机分子一样 或者是药物替代品
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: greasy:adj.油腻的;含脂肪多的;谄媚的; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; locksmiths:n.锁匠(locksmith的复数); organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品;
Now as I was training in clinical medicine and hematology and oncology and stem cell transplantation , what we had instead, cascading through the regulatory network at the FDA, were these substances -- arsenic , thalidomide and this chemical derivative of nitrogen mustard gas . 现在我受训于临床医学, 血液学,肿瘤学 及干细胞移植 我们有的是 从美国食品和药物管理局批下来的 这些药物,包括 砷, 莎利宝迈 及化学引发物来自 氮糜爛性的芥氣
clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; hematology:n.[基医]血液学; oncology:n.[肿瘤]肿瘤学; stem cell:干细胞; transplantation:n.移植;迁移;移民; cascading:v.倾泻;流注;大量落下;(cascade的现在分词) regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; substances:n.[物]物质;基本内容;物品药物(substance的复数); arsenic:n.砷;砒霜;三氧化二砷;adj.砷的;含砷的; thalidomide:n.萨力多胺(一种安眠药,镇静剂); chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; derivative:n.[化学]衍生物,派生物;导数;adj.派生的;引出的; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; mustard gas:n.芥子气(损害皮肤,用于化学武器);
And this is the 21st century. 我们已经是处在21世纪了
And so, I guess you'd say, dissatisfied with the performance and quality of these medicines, 我想你们应该不满于 今天的医学表现和质量
dissatisfied:adj.不满意的; v.使不满(dissatisfy的过去式和过去分词); performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
I went back to school in chemistry with the idea that perhaps by learning the trade of discovery chemistry and approaching it in the context of this brave new world of the open-source , the crowd-source, 我因此回到了化学学院 想到 也许通过化学发现 进入这个新的领域 以开发源码式, 群体合作式,
approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词) context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码;
the collaborative network that we have access to within academia , that we might more quickly bring powerful and targeted therapies to our patients. 通过一个学术研发合作网络 我们也许可以更快地 把有效的和有目标的治疗方法 带给我们的患者
collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的; academia:n.学术界;学术生涯; therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式);
And so please consider this a work in progress, but I'd like to tell you today a story about a very rare cancer called midline carcinoma , about the protein target, 请对这个正在运行的工作给予考虑 我今天给你们讲一个故事 这是有关一种非常罕见的癌症 它叫中线癌 相关蛋白质目标,
midline:n.中线;中间线; carcinoma:n.[肿瘤]癌;
the undruggable protein target that causes this cancer, called BRD4, and about a molecule developed at my lab at Dana Farber Cancer Institute called JQ1, which we affectionately named for Jun Qi, the chemist that made this molecule. 是一种不可治愈的蛋白质目标引起这种癌症 它叫BRD4 及相关分子 是由我在妲妠珐波尔癌症学院的实验室开放出来的 叫JQ1,我们昵称它军齐(Jun Qi), 与做出这个分子的化学家同名
Dana:n.美国德纳(美国汽车公司); Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; affectionately:adv.亲切地;挚爱地; chemist:n.化学家;药剂师;药房;化学师;
Now BRD4 is an interesting protein. BRD4是一种有趣的蛋白质
You might ask yourself, with all the things cancer's trying to do to kill our patient, how does it remember it's cancer? 你可能要问自己, 癌症在用各种方法试图杀害我们的患者, 它怎么会记得它是癌症呢？
When it winds up its genome, divides into two cells and unwinds again, why does it not turn into an eye, into a liver , as it has all the genes necessary to do this? 当它把它的遗传物质卷起来, 分成两个细胞,再展开 为什么它不变成一只眼睛,一个肝脏 充分使用它所有的基因呢？
unwinds:vt.放松;解开;[计]展开;vi.放松;解开;松开; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝;
It remembers that it's cancer. 它记得它是癌症
And the reason is that cancer, like every cell in the body, places little molecular bookmarks , little Post-it notes, that remind the cell "I'm cancer; I should keep growing." 原因是它是癌症,就像人体内的每个细胞上 放有细小的分子标记, 就像便利贴 提醒细胞“我是癌症,我应当不停的长大
bookmarks:n.书签;(bookmark的复数) Post-it:报事贴(3M公司注册商标); remind:v.提醒;使想起;
And those Post-it notes involve this and other proteins of its class -- so-called bromodomains. 而那些便利贴 引进这个蛋白质和它同级的别种蛋白质 这些别种蛋白质叫做Bromodomains.
involve:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的;
So we developed an idea, a rationale , that perhaps, if we made a molecule that prevented the posted note from sticking by entering into the little pocket at the base of this spinning protein, then maybe we could convince cancer cells, certainly those addicted to his BRD4 protein, that they're not cancer. 以此我们推理 或许,如果我们造出一个分子 避免让便利贴粘到它 让便利贴进入小口袋 口袋位置在这旋转的蛋白质基底上 那么,也许我们能够让癌细胞相信 尽管染上BRD4蛋白质 但它们不是癌细胞
rationale:n.基本原理;原理的阐述; spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词) convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷;
And so we started to work on this problem. 于是我们开始着手解决这个问题
We developed libraries of compounds and eventually arrived at this and similar substances called JQ1. 我们开发了合成物储藏馆 我们逐渐得到今天的结果及类似的物质 它叫JQ1.
compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式); eventually:adv.最后,终于;
Now not being a drug company, we could do certain things, we had certain flexibilities , that I respect that a pharmaceutical industry doesn't have. 因为我们不是制药公司, 我们能够做一些事情,有一些灵活度 这些是制药业所没有的
flexibilities:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性; pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物;
We just started mailing it to our friends. 我们刚刚开始把它寄给我们的朋友
I have a small lab. 我有个小实验室
We thought we'd just send it to people and see how the molecule behaves . 我们想我们就把它寄给别人,看这分子如何表现
behaves:v.表现;表现得体;有礼貌;(behave的第三人称单数)
And we sent it to Oxford, England where a group of talented crystallographers provided this picture, which helped us understand exactly how this molecule is so potent for this protein target. 于是我们把它寄给了英国牛津 那里的结晶师给了我们这个照片 它帮助我们了解到 这个分子是如何对这种蛋白质目标准确地施力
provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) potent:adj.有效的;强有力的,有权势的;有说服力的;
It's what we call a perfect fit of shape complimentarity, or hand in glove . 它就是我们所说的完美对象 拥有相配的外体,就像戴着手套的手
hand in glove:合作;勾结着;亲密地;
Now this is a very rare cancer, this BRD4-addicted cancer. 这是一种罕见的癌症 一种BRD4附体的癌症。
And so we worked with samples of material that were collected by young pathologists at Brigham Women's Hospital. 我们使用的样本材料 来自布利格姆妇女医院的年轻病理学家
pathologists:[病理]病理学家;
And as we treated these cells with this molecule, we observed something really striking. 我们用我们的这种分子了治疗这些样本细胞 我们观察到非常惊人的结果
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
The cancer cells, small, round and rapidly dividing, grew these arms and extensions . 这些癌细胞 又小又圆,快速分裂 长出胳膊和延长部分
extensions:n.扩大;延伸;扩建部分;增建部分;(extension的复数)
They were changing shape. 它们还变形
In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell. 实际上,癌细胞 正在忘记它是癌细胞 而且在转变成正常细胞
This got us very excited. 这个观察让我们很兴奋
The next step would be to put this molecule into mice. 下一步是把这分子注入的老鼠身上
The only problem was there's no mouse model of this rare cancer. 我们唯一的问题是没有患有这种罕见癌症的老鼠
And so at the time that we were doing this research, 就在这个研究过程中
I was caring for a 29 year-old firefighter from Connecticut who was very much at the end of life with this incurable cancer. 我在康州治疗一位29岁的消防员 他已接近他的生命终点了 就是因为这种不可治愈的癌症
firefighter:n.消防队员; incurable:adj.不能治愈的;无可救药的;n.患不治之症者,不能治愈的人;
This BRD4-addicted cancer was growing throughout his left lung, and he had a chest tube in that was draining little bits of debris . 这种BRD4附体的癌症 正在他的左肺里扩散 他靠左胸上插的一细管来排除废物
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; draining:v.排空;(使)流光;放干;喝光;喝干;(drain的现在分词) debris:n.碎片,残骸;
And every nursing shift we would throw this material out. 每个护士轮班期间 都要把细管内废物清掉
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
And so we approached this patient and asked if he would collaborate with us. 因此我们找到这位患者 问他是否愿意与我们合作
approached:v.走近;临近;探讨;建议;(approach的过去分词和过去式) collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌;
Could we take this precious and rare cancerous material from this chest tube and drive it across town and put it into mice and try to do a clinical trial and stage it with a prototype drug? 我们是否可以把他稀有的,拥有癌症的排泄物 从细管里拿出来 送到城的另一边,注入到老鼠身上 通过临床试验 做成药物初本？
precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的; cancerous:adj.癌的;生癌的;像癌的; prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态;
Well that would be impossible and, rightly , illegal to do in humans. 但是,这不可能,人体试验不道德,不合法
rightly:adv.正确地;恰当地;公正地;合适地; illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
And he obliged us. 而且他已为我们尽了义务
obliged:adj.感激的;感谢的;v.强迫,迫使;帮忙,效劳;(oblige的过去分词和过去式)
At the Lurie Family Center for Animal Imaging , my colleague , Andrew Kung, grew this cancer successfully in mice without ever touching plastic. 在卢瑞家庭动物图像中心 我的同事安德鲁?康成功地把这癌症转到了老鼠身上 他在这过程中连塑料都没有碰
Imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) colleague:n.同事,同僚;
And you can see this PET scan of a mouse -- what we call a pet PET. 你可以看看这老鼠的PET扫描,我们叫它老鼠PET
The cancer is growing as this red, huge mass in the hind limb of this animal. 这癌症在扩散 也就是这老鼠后肢上的大块红色组织
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; hind:adj.后部的;n.雌鹿; limb:n.肢,臂;分支;枝干;v.切断…的手足;从…上截下树枝;
And as we treat it with our compound, this addiction to sugar, this rapid growth, faded . 我们用我们的合成物对老鼠进行治疗 加上糖分 癌细胞不扩散了
addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷; faded:adj.已褪色的;已凋谢的;
And on the animal on the right, you see that the cancer was responding . 在这动物的右侧 你可以看到癌症在反应
responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词)
We've completed now clinical trials in four mouse models of this disease . 我们现在已完成动物实验 用了4个动物模本
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
And every time, we see the same thing. 每一次我们都看到同样的结果
The mice with this cancer that get the drug live, and the ones that don't rapidly perish . 患有癌症的老鼠用药后活了下来 而那些没有用药的就很快死掉了
perish:v.死亡;暴死;丧失;毁灭;老化;
So we started to wonder, what would a drug company do at this point? 于是我们开始思考 此时制药公司会做什么？
Well they probably would keep this a secret until they turn a prototype drug into an active pharmaceutical substance. 也许他们会把秘密保留下来 直到他们把药物雏形 变成一种活跃的药物实体
And so we did just the opposite. 而我们恰恰会做相反的事
We published a paper that described this finding at the earliest prototype stage. 我们发表了一篇文章 描述了我们的发现 尽管是早期雏形
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
We gave the world the chemical identity of this molecule, typically a secret in our discipline . 我们向世界提供了这种分子的化学身份 这是违反我们业内常规
identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; discipline:n.纪律;训练;自制力;风纪;v.训练;管教;惩罚;处罚;
We told people exactly how to make it. 我们准确告诉了所有人如何制作这种分子
We gave them our email address, suggesting that, if they write us, we'll send them a free molecule. 我们提供了我们的电子信箱地址 向人们提议如果他们写信给我们 我们会为他们提供免费分子
We basically tried to create the most competitive environment for our lab as possible. 我们基本上是试图创造 我们自己的实验室所能面对的最具竞争力的环境
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的;
And this was, unfortunately , successful. 不幸的是, 很成功
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Because now when we've shared this molecule, just since December of last year, with 40 laboratories in the United States and 30 more in Europe -- many of them pharmaceutical companies seeking now to enter this space, to target this rare cancer that, thankfully right now, is quite desirable to study in that industry. 因为我们现在与众分享我们的分子 就从去年12月 和美国的40家实验室, 欧洲30多家实验室, 其中很多是来自制药公司 开始进入这个领域 目标是这个罕见的癌症 有幸的是,现在这是 我们行业里比较合乎需求的
laboratories:n.实验室;(laboratory的复数) United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词) thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地; desirable:adj.令人满意的;值得要的;n.合意的人或事物;
But the science that's coming back from all of these laboratories about the use of this molecule has provided us insights that we might not have had on our own. 来自这些实验室的 对这分子的研究 已经为我们提供 我们自己不可能得到的洞悉
insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数);
Leukemia cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells. 用这种合成物治疗过的白血病细胞 会转变成正常白血球
Leukemia:n.[内科][肿瘤]白血病;
Mice with multiple myeloma , an incurable malignancy of the bone marrow , respond dramatically to the treatment with this drug. 患有骨髓瘤的老鼠 在骨髓里带有不可治愈的癌症, 会明显的接受 这种药物治疗
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; myeloma:n.[肿瘤]骨髓瘤; bone marrow:n.骨髓; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
You might know that fat has memory. 你可能知道脂肪带有记忆
Nice to be able to demonstrate that for you. 能够向你们演示这个真的很好
demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威;
And in fact, this molecule prevents this adipocyte , this fat stem cell, from remembering how to make fat such that mice on a high fat diet, like the folks in my hometown of Chicago, fail to develop fatty liver, which is a major medical problem. 事实上,这种分子 避免这种含脂肪细胞,这种肥胖干细胞 记忆发胖 比如说高脂肪饮食的老鼠 就像我芝加哥故乡人 不会得脂肪肝, 一个重大医学问题
adipocyte:n.脂肪细胞; fatty:adj.脂肪的;肥胖的;多脂肪的;脂肪过多的;n.胖子;
What this research taught us -- not just my lab, but our institute, and Harvard Medical School more generally -- is that we have unique resources in academia for drug discovery -- that our center 这个研究教给我们 - 不止我的实验室,而且我们学院 及哈佛医学院,更广泛的讲 - 我们拥有学术界独有的资源 有助于药物发现 - 也就是说,我们中心
Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
that has tested perhaps more cancer molecules in a scientific way than any other, never made one of its own. 尽管我们以科学方式测试过很多癌症分子, 远多于其他中心, 但我们从来没有制作过任何癌症分子
For all the reasons you see listed here, we think there's a great opportunity for academic centers to participate in this earliest, conceptually-tricky and creative discipline of prototype drug discovery. 从那些你们能够看到的理由 我们认为学术研究中心有很好的机会 参与早期,概念化, 和有创意的领域 去发现药物雏形
academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; participate:v.参加;参与; creative:adj.创造性的;
So what next? 那么,下一步是什么？
We have this molecule, but it's not a pill yet. 我们有了这个分子,但它还不是药片
pill:n.[医]药丸;药品;
It's not orally available. 它还不可口服。
orally:adv.口头上地;口述地;
We need to fix it, so that we can deliver it to our patients. 我们需要改变它,以便可以送给我们的患者。
And everyone in the lab, especially following the interaction with these patients, feels quite compelled to deliver a drug substance based on this molecule. 每一位在实验室工作的人, 特别是那些与患者直接打交道的人, 深刻体会 把这分子变成药物的紧迫性。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; compelled:v.强迫;迫使;使必须;引起(反应);(compel的过去分词和过去式)
It's here where I have to say that we could use your help and your insights, your collaborative participation . 我在这里要说的是 我们可以使用你们的帮助,你们的洞悉, 你们的合作参与。
participation:n.参与;分享;参股;
Unlike a drug company, we don't have a pipeline that we can deposit these molecules into. 不像制药公司, 我们不需要有储放这些分子的管道。
deposit:n.订金; v.放下;
We don't have a team of salespeople and marketeers that can tell us how to position this drug against the other. 我们不一定要有一批销售人员和市场开发人员, 不需要有这些人告诉我们如何给这药定位。
salespeople:n.推销员;[贸易]售货员;店员; marketeers:n.市场商人;
What we do have is the flexibility of an academic center to work with competent , motivated , enthusiastic , hopefully well-funded people to carry these molecules forward into the clinic while preserving our ability to share the prototype drug worldwide . 我们拥有的是学术中心的灵活度 以便集中合作与有能力,有动力, 有激情,又最好有资助的人 来把这些分子推入临床 同时保留我们有 与世界分享药物雏形的能力。
flexibility:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性; competent:adj.胜任的;有能力的;能干的;足够的; motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机; enthusiastic:adj.热情的;热心的;狂热的; preserving:n.保留,保存; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
This molecule will soon leave our benches and go into a small startup company called Tensha Therapeutics . 这种分子将很快离开我们 走向一家小的创业公司 它叫Tensha Therapeutics。
Therapeutics:n.疗法,治疗学;
And really this is the fourth of these molecules to kind of graduate from our little pipeline of drug discovery, two of which -- a topical drug for lymphoma of the skin, 这真的是第四种分子 从我们小小的药物发现管道里毕业 其它两种 - 一种是常用药 用于治疗皮肤癌,
topical:adj.局部的;论题的;时事问题的;局部地区的; lymphoma:n.[肿瘤]淋巴瘤;
an oral substance for the treatment of multiple myeloma -- will actually come to the bedside for first clinical trial in July of this year. 另一种是治疗几种骨髓癌的口服药 - 将很快来到床边 今年7月进入初期临床试验。
bedside:n.床边,床旁;adj.床旁的,枕边的;
For us, a major and exciting milestone . 对我们来说,这是一个重大及令人兴奋的里程碑
milestone:n.里程碑,划时代的事件;
I want to leave you with just two ideas. 我想要给你们留下两个主意。
The first is if anything is unique about this research, it's less the science than the strategy -- that this for us was a social experiment, an experiment in what would happen if we were as open and honest 第一个是 如果我们这个研究有什么特别的话, 那是较少的科学更多的战略 给了我们一个社会试验 它向我们显示了什么是可能发生的, 如果我们开放和诚实
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
at the earliest phase of discovery chemistry research as we could be. 在发现化学研究最早期 尽我们所及之力。
phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做;
This string of letters and numbers and symbols and parentheses that can be texted, I suppose , or Twittered worldwide, is the chemical identity of our pro compound. 这一串字母和数字 标码和括弧 我想是可以通过短信发出 或者是微博到全世界 是我们这个合成物的化学身份。
string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的; symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数); parentheses:n.parenthesis的复数形式; suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: Twittered:n.微博客,鸟叫声;vt.吱吱叫;嘁嘁喳喳地讲;
It's the information that we most need from pharmaceutical companies, the information on how these early prototype drugs might work. 我们最需要的信息 来自制药公司, 这信息 是有关早期药物雏形如何工作。
Yet this information is largely a secret. 至今,这样的信息大多数是行业秘密。
largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地;
And so we seek really to download from the amazing successes of the computer science industry two principles : that of opensource and that of crowdsourcing to quickly, responsibly accelerate the delivery of targeted therapeutics to patients with cancer. 所以我们正在寻求的 是下载惊人的成功, 两个原则,来自计算机学行业: 那就是开放源码和群体源码 尽快地,负责地, 把目标治疗法送给 癌症患者
computer science:n.计算机科学; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) crowdsourcing:众包;群众外包;众包模式; responsibly:adv.负责地,可信赖地; accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生; delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送;
Now the business model involves all of you. 这个商业模式需要我们都参与
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数)
This research is funded by the public. 这个研究借助于公共资源
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式);
It's funded by foundations . 它是由基金会资助的
foundations:n.基础;地基;基金会;粉底;(foundations是foundation的复数)
And one thing I've learned in Boston is that you people will do anything for cancer -- and I love that. 另外,我在波士顿学到一样东西 那就是,你们所有人将都会为癌症治疗做事 - 我很喜欢。
You bike across the state. You walk up and down the river. 有人骑单车跨州,有人走路过河
(Laughter) （笑声）
I've never seen really anywhere this unique support for cancer research. 我在哪里都没有见过 如此独特地 支持癌症研究。
And so I want to thank you for your participation, your collaboration and most of all for your confidence in our ideas. 我还要感谢你们 感谢你们的参与,你们的合作 更多的是你们对我们的信心。
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
(Applause) （鼓掌）