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JanetIwasa_2014U-_动画如何协助科学家研究假设_
Take a look at this drawing. 请大家看这张图
Take a look at:看一看;检查;
Can you tell what it is? 你知道这是什么吗？
I'm a molecular biologist by training, and I've seen a lot of these kinds of drawings. 我是一个分子生物学家 我看过很多这种图
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; biologist:n.生物学家;
They're usually referred to as a model figure, a drawing that shows how we think a cellular or molecular process occurs . 通常是分子模型图 用来说明 细胞或分子的分裂过程
referred:v.提到;引用;认为;指示;涉及;(refer的过去式和过去分词) cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
This particular drawing is of a process called clathrin-mediated endocytosis . 这张图是在说明 一个由网格蛋白介导的胞吞作用的过程
endocytosis:n.[细胞]内吞作用;
It's a process by which a molecule can get from the outside of the cell to the inside by getting captured in a bubble or a vesicle that then gets internalized by the cell. 透过这个过程 一个分子可以从细胞外进入细胞内 它先被一个泡囊包覆 然后再被吞入细胞内
molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒; captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) bubble:n.泡;气泡;肥皂泡;一点感情;v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情); vesicle:n.泡,囊;[医]水疱; internalized:v.内在化(internalize的过去分词);
There's a problem with this drawing, though, and it's mainly in what it doesn't show. 但是 这张图有一个问题 而且从图中看不出来
mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地;
From lots of experiments, from lots of different scientists, we know a lot about what these molecules look like, how they move around in the cell, and that this is all taking place in an incredibly dynamic environment. 从许多实验 以及科学家的研究中 我们知道这些分子长什么样子 知道它们如何在细胞内移动 而且这都发生在 令人难以置信的动态环境中
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); move around:v.走来走去;绕着…来回转; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的;
So in collaboration with a clathrin expert Tomas Kirchhausen, we decided to create a new kind of model figure that showed all of that. 因此 我们和网格蛋白专家Tomas Kirchhausen合作 要创造一种新的分子模型图 来说明一切
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
So we start outside of the cell. 我们从细胞外开始
Now we're looking inside. 现在我们来看细胞内
Clathrin are these three-legged molecules that can self-assemble into soccer-ball-like shapes. 这些三只脚的分子是网格蛋白 它们可以自我组成像足球的形状
three-legged:adj.三条腿的;三脚的; self-assemble:vi.自组装;
Through connections with a membrane , clathrin is able to deform the membrane and form this sort of a cup that forms this sort of a bubble, or a vesicle, that's now capturing some of the proteins that were outside of the cell. 透过与细胞膜的连结 网格蛋白会使连结膜变形 形成这种杯子状 然后形成这种小泡 并开始吞入 原本在细胞外的蛋白质
membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; deform:vt.使变形;使成畸形;vi.变形;变畸形;adj.畸形的;丑陋的; capturing:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;(capture的现在分词) proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
Proteins are coming in now that basically pinch off this vesicle, making it separate from the rest of the membrane, and now clathrin is basically done with its job, and so proteins are coming in now — we've covered them yellow and orange — that are responsible for taking apart this clathrin cage. 被吞入的蛋白质 将小泡与膜分离 此时网格蛋白的任务基本上已完成 蛋白质已进入细胞内 我们用黄色和橘色表示 它们负责将网格蛋白分解
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; pinch:v.拧;捏;掐;捏住;夹紧;偷摸;逮捕;n.捏;掐;拧;一撮; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
And so all of these proteins can get basically recycled and used all over again. 基本上所有这些蛋白质 可以回收再利用
recycled:n.再生纸;回收站;adj.[环境]回收利用的;可循环再造的;
These processes are too small to be seen directly , even with the best microscopes , so animations like this provide a really powerful way of visualizing a hypothesis . 这些过程太小以致于无法直接观察 即使用最好的显微镜也看不到 因此 这样的动画提供了一个好方法 使科学假设可视化
processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; microscopes:n.[光]显微镜(microscope的复数); animations:n.[电影]动画片(animation的复数); visualizing:v.使形象化;想象;构思;设想;(visualize的现在分词) hypothesis:n.假设;
Here's another illustration , and this is a drawing of how a researcher might think that the HIV virus gets into and out of cells. 这里还有一张图 这张图说明了研究人员 是如何想像HIV病毒进出细胞内外的
illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
And again, this is a vast oversimplification and doesn't begin to show what we actually know about these processes. 但这是个过于简单的说明 并没有表达出 我们实际上对这些过程的了解
oversimplification:n.过度单纯化;过分简单化;
You might be surprised to know that these simple drawings are the only way that most biologists visualize their molecular hypotheses . 你可能觉得讶异 这些简单的图竟是 大部分生物学家画出分子假设的唯一方法
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现; hypotheses:n.假定;臆测(hypothesis的复数);
Why? 为什么？
Because creating movies of processes as we think they actually occur is really hard. 因为 依照我们认为的实际过程 来设计这些移动是非常困难的
I spent months in Hollywood learning 3D animation software, and I spend months on each animation, and that's just time that most researchers can't afford . 我花了几个月在好莱坞学习3D动画软体 每个动画又各花费了我一段时间 而大部分研究人员 并没有时间去学习
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
The payoffs can be huge, though. 不过 这个报酬是可观的
payoffs:n.[会计]支付,偿付;报酬(payoff复数形式);
Molecular animations are unparalleled in their ability to convey a great deal of information to broad audiences with extreme accuracy . 分子动画无与伦比 它可以向大众传达丰富的资讯 并且准确无误
unparalleled:adj.无比的;无双的;空前未有的; convey:vt.传达;运输;让与; a great deal of:大量; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性;
And I'm working on a new project now called The Science of HIV where I'll be animating the entire life cycle of the HIV virus as accurately as possible and all in molecular detail. 我正在进行一个新的计画 叫做HIV的科学 我会以动画尽可能准确地呈现出 HIV病毒的完整生命循环 以及详细的分子资讯
animating:adj.活泼的;v.使具活力;把…制作成动画片;(animate的现在分词) life cycle:n.生命周期;寿命(产品等从开发到使用完毕的一段时间); accurately:adv.精确地,准确地;
The animation will feature data from thousands of researchers collected over decades, data on what this virus looks like, how it's able to infect cells in our body, and how therapeutics are helping to combat infection . 这个动画将呈现出 众多研究人员数十年来搜集到的资料 包括病毒长什么样子 它如何感染我们体内的细胞 以及医学治疗如何幫助我们对付感染
therapeutics:n.疗法,治疗学; combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
Over the years, I found that animations aren't just useful for communicating an idea, but they're also really useful for exploring a hypothesis. 多年来 我发现 动画不仅可协助沟通 更有助于 探讨假设
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
Biologists for the most part are still using a paper and pencil to visualize the processes they study, and with the data we have now, that's just not good enough anymore. 生物学家大多仍在使用纸笔 画出他们所研究的过程 但以我们现在拥有的资料来说这种方式不再足够
for the most part:adv.在极大程度上,多半;
The process of creating an animation can act as a catalyst that allows researchers to crystalize and refine their own ideas. 设计动画的过程 可以促进研究人员 将自己的想法具体化 并进一步精炼
catalyst:n.[物化]催化剂;刺激因素; crystalize:vt.使结晶;使成形;使具体化;vi.结晶;成形;具体化; refine:v.精炼;改进;改善;提纯;
One researcher I worked with who works on the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases came up with experiments that were related directly to the animation that she and I worked on together, and in this way, animation can feed back into the research process. 有一名我合作过的研究人员 她的研究是 神经退化性疾病的分子机制 她想出一些实验 跟我们共同创作的动画相关 这使得动画可以回馈在研究过程上
mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; neurodegenerative:adj.神经变性的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
I believe that animation can change biology . 我相信动画可以改变生物学
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
It can change the way that we communicate with one another, how we explore our data and how we teach our students. 它可以改变我们的沟通方式 研究数据的方式 以及教育学生的方式
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
But for that change to happen, we need more researchers creating animations, and toward that end, I brought together a team of biologists, animators and programmers to create a new, free, open-source software — we call it Molecular Flipbook — that's created just for biologists just to create molecular animations. 但是要让这样的改变发生 我们需要更多的研究人员去设计动画 因此 我发起组成了一个团队 包括生物学家 动画人员以及程式人员 设计一个新的 免费的 开放原始码的软体 我们称为分子的Flipbook 专门让生物学家使用 用于设计分子动画
animators:n.动画家;赋予生气者(animator的复数); open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码;
From our testing, we've found that it only takes 15 minutes for a biologist who has never touched animation software before to create her first molecular animation of her own hypothesis. 从测试中 我们发现只需要15分钟 就可以使从未接触过动画软体的生物学家 设计出她的第一个分子动画 来说明她的研究假设
We're also building an online database where anyone can view, download and contribute their own animations. 我们也在建置线上资料庫 任何人都可以浏览 下载 以及分享他们自己的动画
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
We're really excited to announce that the beta version of the molecular animation software toolkit will be available for download today. 我们很兴奋地要告诉大家 这个分子动画软体工具包的试用版 在今天就可以下载使用
beta version:n.(计算机软件等新产品上市前的)β版; toolkit:n.工具包,工具箱;
We are really excited to see what biologists will create with it and what new insights they're able to gain from finally being able to animate their own model figures. 我们很期待生物学家的创作 以及他们可以获得什么样的新启发 而这个启发来自于 得以将自己的分子模型以动画来呈现
insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; animate:vt.使有生气;使活泼;鼓舞;推动;adj.有生命的;
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）