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JaneGoodall_2007G-_帮助人与动物共存共处_
Good afternoon, good evening, whatever. 下午好,晚上好（,怎么说都行。）
We can go, jambo , guten abend , bonsoir , but we can also -- ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh. 或者我们也可以说,jambo,guten abend,bonsoir, 又或者……
jambo:n.凿岩机车;钻车;int.您好！(东非的招呼语); guten:adj.(德)好; abend:n.异常结束;异常中止; bonsoir:int.(法)晚安;晚上好;
That is the call that chimpanzees make before they go to sleep in the evening. 黑猩猩在晚上睡觉前 就是这么打招呼的
chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数);
You hear it going from one side of the valley to the other, from one group of nests to the next. 你听见这种叫声从山谷这头传到那头 从一群猩猩窝传到另一群猩猩窝
And I want to pick up with my talk this evening from where Zeray left off yesterday. 我今晚的演讲想 从（考古学家）泽雷·阿兰希格昨天留下的话题开始
He was talking about this amazing three-year-old Australopithecene child, Selam. 他谈的是这个令人惊异的灵长类幼仔,叫Selam,三岁大
And we've also been hearing about the history, the family tree , of mankind through DNA genetic profiling . 我们还听了通过测绘DNA基因所得的 人类的历史和族谱
family tree:n.家谱;谱系图; mankind:n.人类;男性; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; profiling:n.资料搜集;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;(profile的现在分词)
And it was a paleontologist , the late Louis Leakey, who actually set me on the path for studying chimpanzees. 已故古生物学家路易斯·李奇 是他把我引上研究黑猩猩之路的
paleontologist:n.古生物学家;古生物学者;
And it was pretty extraordinary way back then. 回顾过去,这条路实在不同寻常
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
It's kind of commonplace now, but his argument was, because he'd been searching for the fossilized remains of early humans in Africa -- and you can tell an awful lot 现在看来比较普通 可他的论据是,因为他曾寻找 在非洲的早期人类化石遗迹—— 这些化石上,从附属肌肉的形状上,
commonplace:n.老生常谈;司空见惯的事;普通的东西;adj.平凡的;陈腐的; fossilized:adj.石化的;僵化的;老化的;v.石化(fossilize的过去式和过去分词);
about what those beings looked like from the fossils , from the shape of the muscle attachments. 对于那些早期人类的模样像什么 都能给研究者很多启示
fossils:n.[古生]化石(fossil复数形式); muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
Something about the way they lived from the various artifacts found with them. 从由他们身边发现的原始工具上 可以看出一些关于他们生活方式的端倪
artifacts:n.史前古器物;人工产品;
But what about how they behaved ? That's what he wanted to know. 但他们的行为表现是什么样的？这是他想知道的
behaved:v.表现;表现得体;有礼貌;(behave的过去分词和过去式)
And of course, behavior doesn't fossilize. 当然,行为没有在化石里体现
He argued -- and its now a fairly common theory -- that if we found behavior patterns similar or the same in our closest living relatives , the great apes , and humans today, 他辨称(这个理论现在看来稀松平常) 如果我们发现当代人类在行为模式上与 和其最相近的物种巨猿相似或者相同
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数) apes:n.[脊椎]猿;猩猩;类人猿(ape的复数);v.模仿;仿效(ape的三单形式);
then maybe those behaviors were present in the ape-like, human-like ancestor some seven million years ago. 那么或许这些行为在大概七百万年前 在似猿似人的祖先身上存在过
And therefore, perhaps we had brought those characteristics with us from that ancient, ancient past. 因此,也许我们身上的那些行为特征 是从远古时代传下来的
characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
Well, if you look in textbooks today that deal with human evolution , you very often find people speculating about how early humans may have behaved, based on the behavior of chimpanzees. 噢,如果你看一下现在讲人类进化的书 就会常常发现,人们是基于黑猩猩的行为表现 来思考早期人类可能的行为方式
evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; speculating:v.推测;猜测;推断;投机;(speculate的现在分词)
They are more like us than any other living creature , and we've heard about that during this TED Conference . 与别的存活动物相比,他们更像我们 这一点我在这次TED会议中听到过
creature:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人; Conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
So it remains for me to comment on the ways in which chimpanzees are so like us in certain aspects of their behavior. 所以我今天要讲的 就是黑猩猩是在其行为方式的与人类的相似点
comment on:对…评论; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
Every chimpanzee has his or her own personality . 每个黑猩猩都有他/她自己的个性
personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色;
Of course, I gave them names. They can live to be 60 years or more, although we think most of them probably don't make it to 60 in the wild. 当然,我给他们起名字。他们能活60岁或者更长 尽管我们觉得他们中的绝大多数在野生环境活不到60岁
Mr. Wurzel . The female has her first baby when she's 11 or 12. 这是Wurzel猩猩。母猩猩在11或12岁时生第一个孩子
Wurzel:n.一种饲牛用的甜菜; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
Thereafter she has one baby only every five or six years, a long period of childhood dependency when the child is nursing, sleeping with the mother at night, and riding on her back. 之后每五年或每六年她只生一仔 这么长的童年期内小猩猩很有依赖性,需要照料 晚上和妈妈一起睡,骑在她背上
Thereafter:adv.其后;从那时以后; childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期 dependency:n.属国;从属;从属物;
And we believe that this long period of childhood is important for chimpanzees, just as it is for us, in relation to learning. 我们认为这么长的童年期 对黑猩猩很重要,这牵涉到学习,就像童年之于我们一样
just as it is:恰好如此;照原样;
As the brain becomes ever more complex during evolution in different forms of animals, so we find that learning plays an ever more important role in an individual's life history . 在各种不同形态动物的进化过程中 由于大脑变得日益复杂 我们发现,在一种个体的生命历程中 学习的作用日益重要
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; life history:n.生平;(生物的)生活史;
And young chimpanzees spend a lot of time watching what their elders do. 年纪小的黑猩猩花很长时间观察它们的长辈做什么
We know now that they're capable of imitating behaviors that they see. 我们现在知道,他们能模仿所见的行为表现
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; imitating:v.模仿;仿效;冒充;(imitate的现在分词)
And we believe that it's in this way that the different tool-using behaviors that have now been seen in all the different chimpanzee populations studied in Africa -- 我们认为正是由此 从那些在非洲研究的所有不同黑猩猩种群身上 看到的使用工具的不同行为——
how these are passed from one generation to the next through observation , imitation and practice, so that we can describe these tool-using behaviors as primitive culture. 这些行为是怎样通过观察、模仿和实践 从一代传到另一代的 所以,我们可以把这些使用工具的行为说成是原始文化
observation:n.观察;观测;监视;(尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的)评论; imitation:n.模仿;仿制品;赝品;效仿; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人;
Chimpanzees don't have a spoken language. We've talked about that. 黑猩猩没有语言,我们以前提到过
They do have a very rich repertoire of postures and gestures , many of which are similar, or even identical to ours and formed in the same context . Greeting chimpanzees embracing . 但他们确实有一整套非常丰富的姿态和动作 其中许多与我们的很像,甚至一模一样 并且具有相同涵义 黑猩猩打招呼时会拥抱
repertoire:n.全部节目;计算机指令系统;(美)某人或机器的全部技能; postures:n.姿势,态度; v.作…姿势(posture的三单形式); gestures:n.手势; v.做手势; (gesture的第三人称单数和复数) identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词)
They also kiss, hold hands, pat one another on the back. 他们也亲吻、牵手、一个拍另一个的背
pat:v.合适; n.拍打; adj.过于简易的; v.(喜爱地)轻拍;
And they swagger and they throw rocks. 他们也虚张声势地恐吓,或者仍石头
swagger:v.大摇大摆;大摇大摆地走;n.大摇大摆;神气十足;adj.漂亮的
In chimpanzee society, we find many, many examples of compassion , precursors to love and true altruism . 在黑猩猩的社会里,我们发现很多很多 怜悯、示爱以及真正利他的例子
compassion:n.同情;怜悯; precursors:n.前体细胞(precursor的复数);先驱者(precursor的复数); altruism:n.利他;利他主义;
Unfortunately they, like us, have a dark side to their nature. 和我们一样,不幸的是,他们也有天性中阴暗的一面
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
They're capable of extreme brutality , even a kind of primitive war. 他们可以极度凶残,甚至像一种原始战争
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; brutality:n.无情;残忍;暴行(需用复数形式);
And these really aggressive behaviors, for the most part , are directed against individuals of the neighboring social group. 多数情况下,这些极具攻击性的行为 是直接针对相邻社群中个体的
aggressive:adj.侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的; for the most part:adv.在极大程度上,多半; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词)
They are very territorially aggressive. 这些攻击大多是为了争夺地盘
territorially:adv.在领土方面;
Chimpanzees, I believe, more than any other living creature, have helped us to understand that after all, there is no sharp line between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. 我觉得,与别的生物相比 黑猩猩更有助于我们认识到,人类和 动物王国里的其他成员终归并无明显界限
sharp:锋利的,尖的
It's a very blurry line, and its getting more blurry all the time as we make even more observations . 这种界限非常模糊,并且随着我们更多的观察 会一直更加模糊下去
blurry:adj.模糊的;污脏的;不清楚的; observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(observation的复数形式);
The study that I began in 1960 is still continuing to this day . 我1960年开始的研究一直持续到现在
to this day:至今;
And these chimpanzees, living their complex social lives in the wild, have helped -- more than anything else -- to make us realize we are part of, and not separated from, the amazing animals with whom we share the planet. 这些黑猩猩在野生环境过着复杂的社会生活 最重要的是,他们帮助 我们认识到,我们与形形色色的动物在地球上共处,我们是其中一部分 不能与这些动物分割开来
So it's pretty sad to find that chimpanzees, like so many other creatures around the world, are losing their habitats . 所以,发现黑猩猩和 世界上其他众多生物一样失去聚居地,是很让人难过的
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式);
This is just one photograph from the air, and it shows you the forested highlands of Gombe. 这只是一张从空中拍的照片 你可以看到森林覆盖的Gombe高地
highlands:n.高原地区;山岳地带;(highland的复数)
And it was when I flew over the whole area about 16 years ago, and realized that outside the park, this forest, which in 1960 had stretched almost unbroken along the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, 16年前,我走遍整个地区 意识到在公园之外,这片森林 在1960年时沿着Tanganyika湖东岸 绵延不绝
stretched:v.拉长;撑大;有弹性(或弹力);拉紧;(stretch的过去式和过去分词) unbroken:adj.未破损的,完整的;继续的;未被阻断的; eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒;
which is where the tiny, 30-square-mile Gombe National Park lies, that a question came to my mind -- "How can we even try to save these famous chimpanzees when the people living around the National Park are struggling to survive?" 小巧的、面积只有30平方英里的Gombe国家公园就坐落在这里 那时一个问题进入我脑海—— “我们怎么能进而去试图拯救这些出了名的黑猩猩, 而住在国家公园周围的人却在为生存而挣扎？”
National Park:n.国家公园;
More people are living there than the land could possibly support. 那里人口众多,非单薄的土地所能承受
The numbers increased by refugees pouring in from Burundi and over the lake from Congo. 随着来自布隆迪的难民涌入 来自刚果的人跨湖过来,住在那里的人数增加着
refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) pouring:v.倾倒;倾泻;连续流出;倒出;喷发;(pour的现在分词)
And very poor people -- they couldn't afford to buy food from elsewhere . 那些人非常穷——无力从别的地方买吃的
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
This led to a program, which we call Take Care. 一个计划由此产生,我们称之为“关爱”(Take Care)
It's a very holistic way of improving the lives of the people living in the villages around the park. 它用整体化的方式来改善 住在湖周围村子里的人的生活
holistic:adj.整体的;全盘的; improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
It started small with 12 villages. It's now in 24. 刚开始是小规模的,有12个村子。现在是24个
There isn't time to go into it, but it's including things like tree nurseries , methods of farming most suitable to this now very degraded , almost desert-like land up in these mountains. 这里没有时间去深入介绍,不过该计划包括象林木苗圃等事情, 以及适于在山上这片目前严重剥蚀 几近沙漠的土地上耕种的方法
nurseries:n.托儿所(nursery的复数); suitable:adj.合适的;适宜的;适当的;适用的; degraded:adj.退化的; v.分解; (degrade的过去分词和过去式)
Ways of controlling, preventing soil erosion . 控制、防止土地侵蚀的方法
erosion:n.侵蚀,腐蚀;
Ways of reclaiming overused farmland so that within two years they can again be productive . 收回过度使用的农田的方法 以便两年内这些农田可以重新有收成
reclaiming:v.取回;拿回;要求归还;开垦,利用;荒漠化;(reclaim的现在分词) overused:adj.过度使用的;v.过度使用(overuse的过去分词); farmland:n.农田; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
Working to help the villagers obtain fresh water from wells. 帮助村民从井里取得淡水
obtain:vi.获得;流行;vt.获得;
Perhaps build some schoolrooms . 或许建一些校舍
schoolrooms:n.教室;(schoolroom的复数)
Most important of all, I believe, is working with small groups of women, providing them with opportunities for micro-credit loans. 我认为最重要的 是与小规模群体妇女合作 给她们提供微型信用贷款的机会
micro-credit:n.小额贷款;
And we've got, as is the case around the world, about 95 percent of all loans returned. 全世界的情况一样,在所有贷款中我们 收回了大约95%
Empowering women working with education, providing scholarships for girls so they can finish secondary school , in the clear understanding that all around the world as women's education improves , family size drops. 使妇女能够受教育后工作 给女孩子提供奖学金,以便让她们完成中学学业 很清楚,世界各地 妇女的教育程度提高了,家庭人口数目就会下降
Empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词) scholarships:n.奖学金;学问;学术;学术研究;(scholarship的复数) secondary school:中等学校; improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数)
We provide information about family planning and about HIV/AIDS. 我们提供计划生育和艾滋病及其病毒(HIV/AIDS)方面的信息
family planning:n.计划生育;家庭计划;
And as a result of this program, something's happening for conservation . 这项计划实施之后 自然保护方面发生了一些事情
as a result:结果; conservation:n.保存,保持;保护;
What's happening for conservation is that the farmers living in these 24 villages, instead of looking on us as a bunch of white people coming to study a whole bunch of monkeys -- 自然保护方面发生的事情是,住在这24个村子里的农民 并没有把我们看成是 跑来研究整个一伙儿猴子的一伙儿白人
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
and by the way , many of the staff are now Tanzanian, but when we began the Take Care program, it was a Tanzanian team going into the villages. 顺便说一下,现在很多工作人员是坦桑尼亚人 而当我们开始“关爱”计划时 进入村子的是一个坦桑尼亚小组
by the way:顺便说一下;
It was a Tanzanian team talking to the villagers, asking what they were interested in. 和村民交谈的是一个坦桑尼亚小组 询问村民对什么感兴趣
Were they interested in conservation? Absolutely not . 他们对自然保护感兴趣吗？一点也不
Absolutely not:绝对不会;绝对不是;绝对不行;
They were interested in health, they were interested in education. 他们对健康感兴趣,他们对教育感兴趣
And as time went on, and as their situation began to improve, they began to understand ever more about the need for conservation. 随着时间推移,随着他们境况开始改善 他们开始不断理解更多有关自然保护的必要性
They began to understand that as the upper levels of the hills were denuded of trees, so you've got this terrible soil erosion and mudslides . 他们开始理解 当山上较高位置的数被砍光以后 可怕的土地侵蚀和泥流就来了
upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; denuded:adj.剥蚀的;v.使裸露;剥夺(denude的过去式); mudslides:泥石流;
Today, we are developing what we call the Greater Gombe Ecosystem . 现在,我们正在开发所说的大Gombe生态系统
Ecosystem:n.生态系统;
This is an area way outside the National Park, stretching out into all these various degraded lands. 这是一片国家公园以外的地区 绵延包括了所有这些各种各样剥蚀了的土地
stretching:v.拉长;撑大;有弹性;拉紧;拉直;(stretch的现在分词)
And as these villages have a better standard of life, they are actually agreeing to put between 10 percent and 20 percent of their land in the highlands aside, so that once again, as the trees grow back the chimpanzees will have leafy corridors through which they can travel to interact -- as they must for genetic viability -- with other remnant groups outside the National Park. 由于这些村子生活标准高一些 他们实际上同意 把他们土地的10-20%放到高地一侧 以便当树长回来时 黑猩猩会再次拥有绿色走廊 它们可以借此穿行以便—— 这是他们基因繁殖所必需的—— 与国家公园外其它残余群体互动
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; leafy:adj.多叶的;叶状的;叶茂盛的; corridors:n.廊道,[建]走廊(corridor的复数形式); interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; viability:n.生存能力,发育能力;可行性; remnant:n.剩余;adj.剩余的;
So Take Care is a success. 所以“关爱”计划成功了
We're replicating it in other parts of Africa, around other wilderness areas which are faced with extreme population pressure. 我们在非洲其它地区复制这项计划 在其它面临 极端人口压力的荒野之地
replicating:n.八音阶间隔的反复音; adj.复制的; v.复制(replicate的ing形式); wilderness:n.荒野;(草木丛生的)荒地;荒芜的地方;杂草丛生处;
The problems in Africa, however, as we've been discussing for the whole of these first couple of days of TED, are major problems. 但是,就像我们在TED开始的所有这几天一直讨论的 非洲的问题 是主要问题
There is a great deal of poverty . 那里非常贫穷
a great deal of:大量; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
And when you get large numbers of people living in land that is not that fertile , particularly when you cut down trees, and you leave the soil open to the wind for erosion, 有大量的人 生活在不那么肥沃的土地上 尤其当你把树砍倒 使得土壤裸露,任风侵蚀
fertile:adj.富饶的,肥沃的;能生育的; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
as desperate populations cut down more and more trees so that they can try and grow food for themselves and their families, what's going to happen? Something's got to give. 同时处于绝望的人砍倒越来越多的树 以便为他们自己和家人努力培育粮食 这样会发生什么？有些东西会开始牺牲让步
desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的;
And there are other problems -- not only in Africa, but the rest of the developing world and indeed, everywhere. 还有别的问题——不仅在非洲 而且是其它所有发展中世界,甚至是地球上所有地方
What are we doing to our planet? 我们在对我们的地球做什么呢？
You know, the famous scientist, E. O. Wilson said that if every person on this planet attains the standard of living of the average European or American, we need three new planets. 著名科学家,E.O. 威尔逊 说过,如果地球上每个人 的生活标准都达到欧美平均水平 我们就再需要三个地球
attains:vt.达到,实现;获得;到达;vi.达到;获得;到达;n.成就; standard of living:n.生活水平;
Today they are saying four. But we don't have them. We've got one. 今天他们说是四个。可我们没那些个,我们只有一个
And what's happened? I mean, the question here is, here we are, arguably the most intelligent being that's ever walked planet Earth, with this extraordinary brain, capable of the kind of technology that is so well illustrated by these TED Conferences . 发生了什么？我是说,这里的问题是,我们在这里 或许可称为地球上有史以来最有智慧的生命 有着非凡的大脑 能够运用这些TED会议上 阐述备至的这些技术
arguably:v.可论证地; intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; illustrated:v.加插图于;给(书等)做图表;说明,解释;(illustrate的过去分词和过去式) Conferences:n.会议(conference的复数形式);
And yet were destroying the only home we have. 但我们却在毁坏着这个惟一的家园
The indigenous people around the world, before they made a major decision, used to sit around and ask themselves, "How does this decision affect our people seven generations ahead?" 全球各地的原住民 在做重要决定前 都会坐到一起,然后问 “这决定如何影响我们接下来的七代人？”
indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的; sit around:无所事事;
Today, major decisions -- and I'm not particularly talking about Africa here, but the developed world -- major decisions involving millions of dollars, and millions of people, are often based on, "How will this affect the next shareholders meeting?" 今天,重要决定——我这里不特别谈非洲 而是发达世界—— 牵涉几百万美元以及以及几百万人的重要决定 却只是问 “这会如何影响下次股东大会？”
involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词) shareholders:n.[金融]股东,投资者;股民(shareholder的复数);
And these decisions affect Africa. 这些决定却影响非洲
As I began traveling around Africa talking about the problems faced by chimpanzees and their vanishing forests, 当我开始游历非洲 谈论黑猩猩面临的问题及其日益消逝的森林
vanishing:adj.消没的;n.消失;v.消失(vanish的现在分词);
I realized more and more how so many of Africa's problems could be laid at the door of previous colonial exploitation . 我愈来愈意识到如此之多的非洲问题 是如何与以前的殖民开发有关的
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; colonial:n.殖民地居民;adj.殖民地的,殖民的; exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销;
So I began traveling outside Africa, talking in Europe, talking in the United States, going to Asia. 因此我开始在非洲之外旅行,在欧洲演讲 在美国演讲,去亚洲
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And everywhere there were these terrible problems. 每一地都有这些糟糕的问题
And you know the kind I'm talking about. I'm talking about pollution -- 你知道我说的是什么问题,这包括污染问题
The air that we breathe that often poisons us. 我们呼吸的空气经常毒害我们
The earth is poisoning our foods. 泥土毒害我们的食物
The water -- water is perhaps one of the most crucial issues that were going to face in this century. 水——水也许是本世纪我们要面对的 最要紧问题之一
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
And everywhere water is being polluted by agricultural , industrial and household chemicals that still are being sprayed around the world, seemingly with the inability to profit from past experience. 每一地,水都被农业、工业、家用 化学制品所污染 全世界都还在喷这些制品 似乎没办法从过去的经验获利
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) sprayed:adj.喷雾的;v.喷射;散布(spray的过去式和过去分词); seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; inability:n.无能力;无才能; profit:n.利润;利益;v.获利;有益;
The mangroves are being cut down, the effects of things like the tsunami get worse. 红树被砍倒 海啸等影响日益加重
mangroves:n.[林]红树林(mangrove的复数);红树属植物; tsunami:n.海啸;
We've talked about the soil erosion. 我们谈过土壤侵蚀
We have the reckless burning of fossil fuels along with other greenhouse gasses, so called, leading to climate change. 我们不计后果地烧过化石燃料 连同其它所谓温室气体 导致了气候变化
reckless:adj.鲁莽的,不顾后果的;粗心大意的; greenhouse:n.温室;暖房;
Finally , all around the world people have begun to believe that there is something going on, very wrong with our climate. 终于,全世界的人都开始相信 有什么事发生了,我们的气候不对劲儿了
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
All around the world climates are mixed up. 全球气候互相牵连
And it's the poor people who are affected worse. 最受不利影响的是穷人
It's Africa that already is affected. 已经受影响的是非洲
In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa the droughts are so much worse. 在次撒哈拉非洲的许多地区,干旱非常严重
sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区; droughts:n.[气候]干旱(drought的复数);旱灾灾情;
And when the rain does come, it so often leads to flooding and added distress , and the cycle of poverty and hunger and disease . 雨终于下起来时,又常常导致洪水 及更多的不幸,贫穷、饥饿和疾病周而复始
distress:n.危难,不幸;贫困;悲痛;v.使悲痛;使贫困; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
And the numbers of people living in an area that the land cannot support, who are too poor to buy food, who can't move away because the whole land is degraded. 还有很多人住在土地供养不起的地区 太穷,买不起食物 因为全部土地都剥蚀了,所以也没法离开
And so you get desertification --creeping, creeping , creeping -- as the last of the trees are cut down. 于是有了沙漠化——一点点漫延,漫延,漫延—— 同时最后的树也被砍倒
desertification:n.(土壤)荒漠化;沙漠化(等于desertization); creeping:adj.爬行的; n.爬行; v.爬行; (creep的现在分词);
And this kind of thing is not just in Africa. It's all over the world. 这种事情不光在非洲 遍布全球
So it wasn't surprising to me that as I was traveling around the world 所以我不觉得奇怪 当我在世界各地旅行时
I met so many young people who seemed to have lost hope. 碰到那么多年轻人,他们看上去失去了希望
We seem to have lost wisdom , the wisdom of the indigenous people. 我们似乎已经失去了智慧,那种属于原住民的智慧
wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
I asked a question -- "Why?" 我想问,这是为什么？
Well, do you think there could be some kind of disconnect between this extraordinarily clever brain, the kind of brain that the TED technologies exemplify , and the human heart? Talking about it in the non-scientific term. 你们觉得在这 异常聪明的大脑 TED技术作为例证的那种大脑 和人的心脏之间会有某种隔绝吗？用非科学的术语来谈谈
disconnect:vt.拆开,使分离;vi.断开; extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); exemplify:v.是…的典型(或典范、榜样);举例说明;例证;例示; non-scientific:非科学的;
In terms of love and compassion. Is there some disconnect? 根据爱和同情。有隔绝吗？
And these young people, when I talk to them, basically they were either depressed or apathetic , or bitter and angry. And they said more or less the same thing, 这些年轻人,当我和他们讲话时 基本上他们要么情绪低落,要么无动于衷 或者痛苦、愤怒 他们或多或少说的是同一件事情
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; depressed:adj.沮丧的; v.使抑郁; (depress的过去式和过去分词) apathetic:adj.冷漠的;无动于衷的,缺乏兴趣的; bitter:adj.苦的; n.苦味; v.激烈地; v.使变苦; more or less:或多或少;
'"We feel this way because we feel you've compromised our future and there's nothing we can do about it." “我们这么感觉是因为我们觉得你们损害了我们的未来, 并且我们对此无能为力。”
compromised:v.妥协,折中,让步; (compromise的过去分词和过去式)
We have compromised their future. 我们确实已经毁坏了他们的未来
I've got three little grandchildren, and every time I look at them and I think how we've harmed this beautiful planet since I was their age, 我有三个小孙子,每次看着他们 我就想,从我像他们那么大以来,我们是如何损害这个美丽的地球的
I feel this desperation. 我感觉到这种绝望
And that led to this program we call Roots and Shoots, which began right here in Tanzania and has now spread to 97 countries around the world. 我们由此开展这项我们称之为“根与芽”的计划 恰好始于这里,坦桑尼亚 现在已经传播到世界上97个国家
It's symbolic . Roots make a firm foundation . 项目的名字是具有象征意义的 根造就坚实的基础
symbolic:adj.象征的;符号的;使用符号的; foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
Shoots seemed tiny, to reach the sun they can break a brick wall -- see the brick wall as all these problems we've inflicted on the planet, environmental and social. It's a message of hope. 芽看上去细小,在阳光照耀下却可穿破砖墙—— 砖可以看成是我们给地球造成的环境的 和社会的问题 这是希望的讯息
inflicted:把…强加给;使承受(inflict的过去式和过去分词);
Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can break through and can make this a better world for all living things. 世界各地成千上万的年轻人 可以取得突破,为了所有生物,让这个世界更美好
Hundreds and thousands:n.着色珠子糖(装饰糕点等用); break through:突破;突围;有重要创见;
The most important message of Roots and Shoots -- every single one of us makes a difference, every single day. “根与芽”的最重要讯息—— 每一天,我们每一个人都在改变世界
We have a choice. Every one of us in this room, we have a choice as to what kind of difference we want to make. 我们有一个选择 这屋子里我们每一个人 我们都有一个选择,关于我们想做些什么来改变世界
The very poor have no choice. Its up to us to change things so that the poor have choice as well. 很穷的人没有选择 我们要改变这些事 以便穷人也有选择
The Roots and Shoots groups all choose three projects. “根与芽”小组都选三个方案
It depends on how old they are, and which country, whether they're in a city or rural , as to what kinds of projects. 取决于成员年龄,所在国家 在城市还是乡下,来选不同的方案
rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
But basically, we have programs now from preschool right through university, with more and more adults starting their own Roots and Shoots groups. 基本上,我们现在的计划从学前一直到大学 愈来愈多的成人开始建立他们自己的“根与芽”小组
preschool:adj.未满学龄的;就学前的,入学前的;n.幼儿园,育幼院;
And every group chooses between them three different kinds of project to make this a better world, recognizing that all these different problems are interconnected and impinge on each other. 每个小组在彼此之间选择 三种不同的方案,来创造更加美好的世界 承认所有这些不同问题是互相联系 彼此影响的
recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式); impinge:vi.撞击;侵犯;vt.撞击;
So one of their projects will be to help their own human community . 因此他们的方案之一将会帮助他们自己的人类社区
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
And then, if they're able, they may raise money to help communities in other parts of the world. 然后,如果他们能干,他们可以筹集资金 帮助世界上其它地区的社区
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
One of their projects will be to help animals -- not just wildlife, domestic animals as well. 他们的方案之一将会帮助动物——不光是野生动物 也包括家养动物
domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的;
And one of their projects will be to help the environment that we all share. 他们的方案之一将会帮助我们共处的环境
And woven throughout all of this is a message of learning to live in peace and harmony within ourselves, in our families, in our communities, between nations, between cultures, between religions and between us and the natural world. 交织在所有这些方案中的讯息是 学着与我们自己、家庭、社区 和谐相处,包括国家之间,不同文化之间 不同宗教信仰之间,以及我们和自然世界之间
woven:v.编织;交织(weave的过去分词);编造;adj.织物的;n.机织织物; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; harmony:n.协调;和睦;融洽;调和;
We need the natural world. We cannot go on destroying it at the rate we are. 我们需要自然世界 我们不能继续象现在这样破坏世界了
We not do have more than this one planet. 我们只有一个地球
Just picking one or two of the projects right here in Africa that the Roots and Shoots groups are doing, one or two projects only -- in Tanzania, in Uganda , Kenya, 就在非洲这里,仅仅选出一个或两个 “根与芽”小组正在实施的方案 只要一个或两个方案——在坦桑尼亚、乌干达、肯尼亚、
Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家);
South Africa, Congo, Brazzaville, Sierra Leone , Cameroon and other groups. And as I say, it's in 97 countries around the world. 南非、刚果、布拉扎维、塞拉利昂、喀麦隆 以及别的团体。就象我说的,遍布世界97个国家
Sierra:n.(尤指西班牙和美洲的)锯齿状山脉; Leone:n.利昂(塞拉利昂货币单位); Cameroon:n.喀麦隆(西非国名);
Of course, they're planting trees, they're growing organic vegetables. 当然,他们种树,他们种有机蔬菜
organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体;
They're working in the refugee camps, with chickens and selling the eggs for a little amount of money, or just using them to feed their families, and feeling a sense of pride and empowerment 他们在难民营养小鸡 卖鸡蛋得些微薄收入 或只是把鸡蛋给家人吃 并觉得自豪和获得权力
empowerment:n.许可,授权;
because they're no longer helpless and depending on others with their vegetables and their chickens. 因为他们自己种植蔬菜 养殖小鸡 就不再无助,不再依赖他人
helpless:adj.无助的;无能的;没用的;
It's being used in Uganda to give some psychological help to ex-child soldiers. 这个方案在乌干达实施了 给予前童军一些心理上的帮助
psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的;
Doing projects like this is bringing them out of themselves. 实施这些方案让他们重塑自我
Once again, they're a useful member of society. 再一次,他们成为社会上的有用一员
We have this program in prisons as well. 我们也在监狱实施该计划
So there's no time for more Roots and Shoots now. 所以现在没时间实施更多的“根与芽”计划
But -- oh, they're also working on HIV/AIDS. 哦,他们也致力于艾滋病及其病毒方面的工作
That's a very important component of Roots and Shoots, with older kids talking to younger ones. 那是“根与芽”计划非常重要的组成部分 由大孩子跟小孩子谈话
component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的;
And unwanted pregnancies and things like that, which young people listen to better from other youth, rather than adults. 还有无意怀孕及类似事情 年轻人更愿意听别的孩子的,而不是成人的
unwanted:adj.不需要的;有害的;讨厌的;空闲的; pregnancies:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长;
Hope. That's the question I get asked as I'm going around the world, "Jane, you've seen so many terrible things, you've seen your chimpanzees decrease in number from about one million at the turn of the century to no more than 150,000 now. And the same with so many other animals. 希望。我周游世界被问及的就是这个问题 “珍,你见过这么多可怕的事情, 你看着你的黑猩猩数量在减少, 从世纪之交的大约一百万 到现在的不足15万。那么多其它动物也一样
decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置; no more than:adv.只是;仅仅;
Forests disappearing , deserts where once there was forest. 森林消失,过去是森林的地方变成沙漠
disappearing:v.消失;不复存在;灭绝;丢失(disappear的现在分词)
Do you really have hope?" Well, yes. 你真的有希望？” 嗯,有。
You can't come to a conference like TED and not have hope, can you? 你不可能来参加象TED这样的会议,却不报希望,对吧？
And of course, there's hope. One is this amazing human brain. 当然,有希望。希望之一是这令人称奇的人脑
And I mean, think of the technologies. 我是说,想一想技术
And I've just been so thrilled , finally, to come to people talking about compost latrines . 我最后还是很激动,碰到人们谈论堆肥厕所
thrilled:adj.非常兴奋; v.使非常兴奋; (thrill的过去分词和过去式) compost:n.堆肥;混合物;vt.堆肥;施堆肥; latrines:n.(营地等的)厕所;(尤指)茅坑,便坑;(latrine的复数)
It's one of my hobby horses. 这是我爱讨论的话题之一
We just flush all this water down the lavatory , it's terrible. 我们就把所有这些水冲下马桶,这很可怕
flush:n.激动,洋溢; v.使齐平; adj.大量的; water down:在…中搀水冲淡;稀释; lavatory:n.厕所,盥洗室;
And then talking about renewable energy, desperately important. 然后谈论了可再生能源,非常重要
renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源; desperately:adv.拼命地;绝望地;不顾一切地;极度地;
Do we care about the planet for our children? 我们为孩子关心过地球吗？
How many of us have children or grandchildren, nieces , nephews? 我们多少人有孩子或者孙子、侄子、外甥？
nieces:n.侄女;甥女;(niece的复数)
Do we care about their future? 我们关心他们的未来吗？
And if we care about their future, we as the elite around the world, we can do something about it. We can make choices as to how we live each day. 如果关心他们的未来,作为全球精英 我们可以做些事情。我们可以做决定,每天怎样生活
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物;
What we buy. What we wear. 买什么,穿什么
And choose to make these choices with the question, how will this affect the environment around me? 决定带着问题做这些选择 这会怎样影响我周围的环境？
How will it affect the life of my child when he or she grows up? 我的孩子长大后,这会怎样影响他或她那时的生活？
Or my grandchild, or whatever it is. 或者我的孙子,或别的什么。
So the human brain, coupled with the human heart -- and we join hands around the world. 那么人脑,与人心结合—— 我们全球同心协力
And that's what TED is helping so well with, and Google who help us, and ESRI are helping us with mapping in Gombe National Park. 那是TED所竭力帮助的,是Google帮了我们 ESRI帮我们绘制了Gombe国家公园的地图
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
All of these technologies we can use. 所有这些我们会用的技术
Now let's link them, and its beginning to happen, isn't it? 现在让我们把它们连起来,它即将发生,对吧？
You've heard about it this afternoon. It's beginning to happen. 今天下午你们听过了。它即将发生
This change, this change; to see change that we must have if we care about the future. 这变化,这变化;看到我们一定会有的 变化,如果我们关心未来的话
And the next reason for hope -- nature is amazingly resilient . 报有希望的下一个理由——大自然的复员能力令人称奇
resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
You can take an area that's absolutely destroyed -- with time and perhaps some help it can regenerate . 你可以找一块被全毁了的地区—— 假以时间,可能还有一些帮助,这地区会重新焕发生机
regenerate:vt.使再生;革新;vi.再生;革新;adj.再生的;革新的;
And an example is the Take Care program. 一个例子是“关爱”计划
I told you where a seemingly dead tree stump -- if you stop hacking them for firewood , which you don't need to because you have wood lots, then in five years you can have a 30-foot tree. 我告诉你,在一块看上去死了的树桩—— 如果你停止为了烧柴而进行的砍伐 你不需要砍伐因为你有小林地 那么五年后你会有30英尺的树
stump:n.树桩;残余部分;假肢;v.砍伐;使为难;发表竞选演说;笨重地行走; hacking:v.黑客行为;砍;劈;猛踢;(hack的现在分词) firewood:n.柴火;木柴;
And animals, almost on the brink of extinction , can be given a second chance. That's my next book. 任何动物,几乎濒于灭绝的, 会得到第二次机会。那是我下一本书
on the brink of:即将要;濒于;濒临;在…的边缘; extinction:n.绝种;
It's inspiring . And it brings me to my last category of hope -- and we've heard about this so much in the last two days: this indomitable human spirit. This determination of people, the resilience of the human spirit, 它鼓舞人心。它带我到我最后一类希望—— 过去两天我们听了那么多关于这个的 即不屈的人类精神。人的这种决心, 人类精神的适应力。
inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴; indomitable:adj.不屈不挠的;不服输的;不气馁的; determination:n.测定;确定;决心;计算; resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
So that people who you would think would be battered by poverty, or disease, or whatever, can pull themselves up out of it, sometimes with a helping hand, and take their part in society, and take their part in changing the world. 因此,你觉得会被贫穷、 疾病、或别的什么打垮的那些人,可以让自己走出困境 有时借助于援手,他们可以参与到社会中 参与到变化的世界中
battered:adj.破旧不堪的;受到重创的;v.连续猛击;殴打;(batter的过去分词和过去式)
And just to think of one or two people out of Africa who are just really inspiring. 只要想想真正鼓舞人心的一个或两个人走出非洲
We could make a very long list, but obviously Nelson Mandela emerging from 17 years of hard physical labor, 23 years of imprisonment , with this amazing ability to forgive so that he could lead his nation out the evil regime of apartheid without a bloodbath . 我们可以列一个很长的单子 可很显然,纳尔逊 曼德拉走出17年的 重体力劳动,23年的监禁 带着这种令人称奇的能力去宽恕,以便他能领导他的国家 走出种族隔离的邪恶体制而不用大屠杀
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; imprisonment:n.监禁,关押;坐牢;下狱; forgive:v.原谅;免除(债务,义务等); evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制; apartheid:n.种族隔离; bloodbath:n.大屠杀;
Ken Saro-Wiwa, in Nigeria, who took on the giant oil companies. Ken Saro-Wiwa,在尼日利亚,与石油巨头对抗
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的
And although people around the world tried their best, was executed . 尽管世界各地的人竭尽全力,他还是被处决了
executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式)
People like this are so inspirational . 像这样的人是多么激动人心
inspirational:adj.鼓舞人心的;带有灵感的,给予灵感的;
People like this are the role models we need for young Africans. 这样的人是我们所需要的对非洲年轻人的榜样
And we need some environmental role models as well, and I've been hearing some of them today. 我们也需要一些环境方面的榜样 今天我听了一些关于他们的事情
So I'm really grateful for this opportunity to share this message again, with everyone at TED. 所以我由衷感谢有这次机会来再次分享这些讯息 和TED的每一个人
And I hope that some of us can get together and talk about some of these things, especially the Roots and Shoots program. 我希望我们中的一部分人能聚在一起讨论一下这些事情 尤其是“根与芽”计划
get together:聚会 especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
And just a last word on that -- the young woman who's running this entire conference center, 关于这一点再说最后一句—— 那个管整个会议中心的年轻姑娘
I met her today. 我今天碰到她了
She came up so excited, with her certificate . She was in Roots and Shoots. 她很兴奋地走上前来,拿着她的证书。她参与了“根与芽”
certificate:n.证明;证明书;合格证书;文凭;v.发给结业证书;(尤指)发给职业培训证书;
She was in the leadership in Dar Es Salaam . 她在达累斯萨拉姆的领导层里
Salaam:n.问安;额手礼;vt.向…行额手礼;向…问候;vi.行额手礼;问候;
She said it's helped her to do what she's doing. 她说它使她得以做现在的工作
And it was very, very exciting for me to meet her and see just one example of how young people, when they are empowered , given the opportunity to take action, to make the world a better place, truly are our hope for tomorrow. 见到她我真是非常非常兴奋 见到的这个还仅仅是一个例子:当年轻人 被赋予权力,给予机会去采取行动 去让世界变得更加美好的时候 他们实实在在的是我们明天的希望
empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式)
Thank you. 谢谢大家
(Applause) (全场鼓掌)