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JamesSurowiecki_2005-_社会媒体的转折点_
This was in an area called Wellawatta, a prime residential area in Colombo. 这个叫做Wellawatta的地方,是科伦坡的高级住宅区。
prime:adj.主要的; v.极好地; n.初期; v.使准备好; residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的;
We stood on the railroad tracks that ran between my friend's house and the beach. 我们站在铁轨上 它从我朋友的房子和海滩之间穿过。
tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数)
The tracks are elevated about eight feet from the waterline normally , but at that point the water had receded to a level three or four feet below normal. 一般情况下铁轨会高于水位8英尺, 但是在那时候水已经退到 正常水位的3或者4英尺之下的位置了。
elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式) waterline:n.吃水线(海陆边界);水印横线; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; receded:vi.后退;减弱;vt.归还;
I'd never seen the reef here before. 我以前从来没有在那看到过珊瑚。
reef:礁,礁脉
There were fish caught in rock pools left behind by the receding water. 潮水退后,那儿会有一些鱼被困在石头围成的小池子里。
receding:v.逐渐远离;逐渐减弱;(头顶前部)头发停止生长;(recede的现在分词)
Some children jumped down and ran to the rock pools with bags. 一些孩子们拿着口袋跳下去,跑向那些小池子。
They were trying to catch fish. 他们想抓鱼。
No one realized that this was a very bad idea. 没有人意识到这是个非常糟糕的主意。
The people on the tracks just continued to watch them. 站在铁轨上的人只是看着这些孩子们。
I turned around to check on my friend's house. 我回过头去看我朋友的房子。
Then someone on the tracks screamed. 然后站在铁轨上的一些人开始尖叫。
Before I could turn around, everyone on the tracks was screaming and running. 我还没有回过头来,在铁轨上的每个人都开始尖叫,奔跑。
The water had started coming back. It was foaming over the reef. 水已经回来了。在珊瑚上泛起水沫。
foaming:n.发泡,泡沫形成;v.起泡沫(foam的ing形式);
The children managed to run back onto the tracks. 孩子们跑回了铁轨上。
No one was lost there. But the water continued to climb. 没有人落下。但是水一直在涨。
In about two minutes, it had reached the level of the railroad tracks and was coming over it. We had run about 100 meters by this time. 在两分钟之内,水已经漫到铁轨之上 即将把铁轨淹没。到那时我们跑了100多米远。
I continued to rise. 我继续踮起了脚看。
I saw an old man standing at his gate, knee-deep in water, refusing to move. 我看到一个老人站在他家门前齐膝深的水中,不愿离开。
knee-deep:adj.深到膝盖的;没膝程度的;
He said he'd lived his whole life there by the beach, and that he would rather die there than run. 他说他在海滩边已经住了一辈子, 他宁愿死也不会逃跑。
would rather:宁愿,宁可;
A boy broke away from his mother to run back into his house to get his dog, who was apparently afraid. 一个小男孩挣脱了妈妈,跑回了他的房间去找他的狗。 显然,狗狗也很害怕。
run back into:跑回到; apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上;
An old lady, crying, was carried out of her house and up the road by her son. 一个老妇人,一边哭一边被她儿子抱出了房子带到了公路上。
The slum built on the railroad reservation between the sea and the railroad tracks was completely swept away. 建在海和铁路之间的铁路保留区上的贫民窝棚 已经完全被冲走。
slum:vi.(为猎奇或救济等)去贫民窟;n.贫民窟;陋巷;脏乱的地方; reservation:n.预约,预订;保留; swept:v.扫除(sweep的过去式和过去分词);adj.扫频的;
Since this was a high-risk location , the police had warned the residents , and no-one was there when the water rose. 由于这是一个高危区域,警察曾警告过那些居民 所以水位上升的时候没人在那。
high-risk:adj.高危险度的; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数)
But they had not had any time to evacuate any belongings . 但是他们没有时间去抢救财物。
evacuate:v.疏散,撤退;排泄;vi.疏散;撤退;排泄; belongings:n.[经]财产,所有物;亲戚;
For hours afterwards, the sea was strewn with bits of wood for miles around -- all of this was from the houses in the slum. 几个小时之后,数英里的海面上布满了木头的碎片 这些都来自于贫民窝棚。
strewn:v.撒;散播(strew的过去分词);adj.撒满的;散播的;
When the waters subsided , it was as if it had never existed. 当潮水平息之后,一切似乎从来没有发生过。
subsided:vi.平息;减弱;沉淀;坐下;
This may seem hard to believe, unless you've been reading lots and lots of news reports but in many places, after the tsunami , villagers were still terrified. 这可能听起来难以置信, 除非你已经读过了许许多多这样的新闻报道 但是在很多地方,海啸之后,村民们仍然感觉恐惧。
tsunami:n.海啸;
When what was a tranquil sea swallows up people, homes and long-tail boats mercilessly without warning, and no one can tell you anything reliable about whether another one is coming, 当曾经平静的海面开始无情并毫无警告的吞没人们,家园 和那些长尾船时, 对于下一个海啸是不是会来,没有人能够给你可靠的消息,
tranquil:adj.安静的,平静的;安宁的;稳定的; swallows:n.燕子;咽喉(swallow的复数);v.吞下;吞没;忍受(swallow的三单形式); mercilessly:adv.残忍地;毫无慈悲地; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的;
I'm not sure you'd want to calm down either. 我不确定你想要冷静下来。
One of the scariest things about the tsunami that I've not seen mentioned is the complete lack of information. 海啸最令人害怕的东西之一 是信息的极度缺乏。
This may seem minor , but it is terrifying to hear rumor after rumor after rumor that another tidal wave, bigger than the last, will be coming at exactly 1 p.m., or perhaps tonight, or perhaps ... 这似乎是小事,但听到一个接着一个的谣言,让人感到极度恐惧, 这些谣言说下一次海啸会比上一次更大, 会在下午1点来,或者是今晚,或者是。。。
minor:adj.未成年的; n.未成年人; vi.副修; terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词) rumor:n.谣言;传闻;v.谣传;传说; tidal:adj.潮汐的;潮的,有关潮水的;定时涨落的;
you don't even know if it is safe to go back down to the water, to catch a boat to the hospital. 你根本不知道回到水里搭船去医院 是不是安全。
We think that Phi Phi hospital was destroyed. 我们认为Phi Phi医院已经被毁了。
We think this boat is going to Phuket hospital, but if it's too dangerous to land at its pier , then perhaps it will go to Krabi instead, which is more protected. 我们认为这艘船将要去的是普吉医院, 但是如果在码头靠岸太危险的话, 也许就会去Krabi医院,一个更安全的地方。
pier:n.码头,直码头;桥墩;窗间壁;
We don't think another wave is coming right away . 我们并不认为下一次波浪马上就会来。
right away:立刻;
At the Phi Phi Hill Resort , 在Phi Phi山度假村,
Resort:n.度假胜地;诉诸;采取;旅游胜地;v.去;凭藉;
I was tucked into a corner furthest away from the television, but I strained to listen for information. 我被挤到了离电视机最远的角落里, 但是我一直在强迫自己听这些消息。
tucked:v.塞进,折叠,卷起;把…藏入;收藏;(tuck的过去分词和过去式) furthest:v.最远地; adj.最远的; strained:adj.紧张的; v.使紧张(动词strain的过去式和过去分词); listen for:倾听;
They reported that there was an 8.5 magnitude earthquake in Sumatra , which triggered the massive tsunami. 他们报道说在苏门答腊发生了8.5级的地震, 触发了这次大海啸。
magnitude:n.大小;量级;[地震]震级;重要;光度; Sumatra:n.[气象]苏门答腊岛(印尼西部的大岛); triggered:v.发动;引起;触发;开动;起动;(trigger的过去分词和过去式) massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
Having this news was comforting in some small way to understand what had just happened to us. 听到这则消息稍稍有点安慰, 至少明白了刚才究竟发生了什么。
However, the report focused on what had already occurred and offered no information on what to expect now. 然而,报道更多关注的是那些已经发生的 并没有提供任何有关于还会发生什么的信息。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
In general , everything was merely hearsay and rumor, and not a single person I spoke to for over 36 hours knew anything with any certainty . 大体上说,所有的都仅仅是道听途说或是谣言, 在过去的36个小时中,我说过话的人中,没有一个人 确定的知道些什么。
In general:总之,通常;一般而言; merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; hearsay:n.传闻,谣言;adj.传闻的,风闻的; certainty:n.必然;确实;确实的事情;
Those were two accounts of the Asian tsunami from two Internet blogs that essentially sprang up after it occurred. 这是两篇从互络博客中选出的有关亚洲海啸的的博文 而这些博客也是在海啸发生之后如雨后春笋般冒出来。
blogs:n.网志;博客;v.写网志;写博客;(blog的第三人称单数和复数) essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
I'm now going to show you two video segments from the tsunami that also were shown on blogs. 我将要给你们看了两个有关海啸的视频片段 而他们也是来自于博客。
segments:n.片段; v.把…分割成段;
I should warn you, they're pretty powerful. 我必须提醒你们,这些视频很有冲击力。
One from Thailand and the second one from Phuket, as well. 一个来自于泰国,第二个来自于普吉,
Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名);
(Screaming) （尖叫声）
Voice 1: It's coming in. It's coming again. 声音1:它进来了。它又回来了。
Voice 2: It's coming again? 声音2:它又回来了？
Voice 1: Yeah. It's coming again. 声音1:是的。它又回来了。
Voice 2: [unclear] 声音2:[不明]
Voice 1: It's coming again. New wave. 声音1:它又回来了。新潮水。
It's coming again. 它又回来了。
[unclear] [不明]
(Screaming) （尖叫声）
They called me out here. 他们叫我从这出去。
James Surowiecki: Phew . Those were both on this site : Waveofdestruction.org. （叹气）这些视频都来自于这个网址:Waveofdestruction.org。
Phew:int.唷(表示不快,惊讶的声音);vi.咂舌头; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
In the world of blogs, there's going to be before the tsunami and after the tsunami, because one of the things that happened in the wake of the tsunami was that, 在博客世界里,这些将在海啸之前以及海啸之后发生, 因为在海啸刚刚发生之时,有一个事情是这样的,
in the wake of:紧紧跟随;随着…而来;作为…的结果;仿效;
although initially -- that is, in that first day -- there was actually a kind of dearth of live reporting, there was a dearth of live video -- and some people complained about this. 虽然是最开始 - 或者说,就在第一天 - 现场报道实际上在某种程度上说是十分缺乏的,现场视频也是十分缺乏的 - 并且一些人还因此抱怨。
initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; dearth:n.缺乏;饥馑;粮食不足; complained:v.抱怨;埋怨;发牢骚;(complain的过去分词和过去式)
They said, sort of, you know, the blogsters let us down . 他们说,博客作者让我们失望了。
let us down:让我们继续吧;让我们失望;
What became very clear was that within a few days the outpouring of information was immense , and we got a complete and powerful picture of what had happened in a way that we never had been able to get before. 很清楚的是, 过了几天,输出的信息量是巨大的, 而且我们获得了一个完整并且冲击力十足的,有关于所发生事件的全景画面 以一种我们以往不可能获得的方式表达出来。
outpouring:n.(感情的)迸发,倾泻;涌现;喷涌; immense:adj.巨大的,广大的;无边无际的;非常好的;
And what you had was a group of essentially unorganized , unconnected writers, video bloggers , et cetera , who were able to come up with a collective portrait of a disaster that gave us a much better sense of what it was like to actually be there than the mainstream media could give us. 一群根本上无组织,无联系 的作者,视频博主,以及其他人 对海啸灾难进行了全面的描述,他们让我们得到了比主流媒体 更多的信息,让我们得到了亲历现场的感受。
unorganized:adj.无组织的,无条理的;未加入工会的; unconnected:adj.不连接的;无关联的; bloggers:n.写博客的人;博客使用者; et cetera:na.以及其他; come up with:提出;想出;赶上; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; portrait:n.肖像;描写;半身雕塑像; disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸; mainstream:n.主流; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
And so in some ways the tsunami can be seen as a sort of seminal moment, a moment in which the blogosphere came to a certain degree of age. 从一些方面来看,这次海啸能够看成一次创新性的时刻, 一个博客世界达到某种境界的时刻。
seminal:adj.种子的;精液的;生殖的; blogosphere:n.博客圈(网络上博客的总称);博客世界;
Now, I'm sort of going to move now from this kind of -- the sublime in the traditional sense of the word -- that is to say awe-inspiring , terrifying -- to the somewhat more mundane . 现在,我们将移开现在这种 传统语义下的高尚 - 也就是说非常好,激动人心 - 来到世俗世界。
sublime:adj.庄严的; n.崇高; vt.使…纯化; vi.升华; traditional:传统的,惯例的, that is to say:就是;即;换言之; awe-inspiring:adj.使人敬畏的;令人惊叹的; somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; mundane:adj.世俗的,平凡的;世界的,宇宙的;
Because when we think about blogs, 我们在思考博客的时候,
I think for most of us who are concerned about them, we're primarily concerned with things like politics , technology , et cetera. 我想对于大多数关心他们的人, 我们主要关注的是政治,科技以及其他,
primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; concerned with:关心;涉及;忙于;与…有关; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And I want to ask three questions in this talk, in the 10 minutes that remain, about the blogosphere. 这样,我想要在剩下的10分钟的演讲里 问3个有关于博客世界的问题。
The first one is, what does it tell us about our ideas, about what motivate people to do things? 第一个问题是,关于我们的观念它究竟告诉了我们些什么, 是什么驱使着人们去做事情？
motivate:v.激励;激发;成为…的动机;是…的原因;
The second is, do blogs genuinely have the possibility of accessing a kind of collective intelligence that has previously remained, for the most part , untapped ? 第二个问题是,博客真正有这样的可能性 能够获取一种之前从未被开发出来的 集体的智慧？
genuinely:adv.真诚地;诚实地; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; previously:adv.先前;以前; for the most part:adv.在极大程度上,多半; untapped:adj.未开发的;未使用的;塞子未开的;
And then the third part is, what are the potential problems, or the sort of dark side of blogs as we know them? 第三部分是,潜在的问题是什么, 或者说博客的黑暗面是什么？
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
OK, the first question: 好,第一个问题:
What do they tell us about why people do things? 对于人们为什么做事情,它们告诉了我们什么？
One of the fascinating things about the blogosphere specifically , and, of course, the Internet more generally -- and it's going to seem like a very obvious point, 博客世界令人着迷的事情中一个 或者说互联网中 - 看起来十分显而易见,
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
but I think it is an important one to think about -- is that the people who are generating this enormous reams of content every day, who are spending enormous amounts of time organizing , 但是我认为这是一个十分重要需要思考的事情 是- 这些创造这些无数内容的人们 每天都在花无数的时间来整理
generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词) enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; reams:n.大量的文字(或写作);v.不公平地对待;欺骗;(ream的第三人称单数和复数) content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词)
linking, commenting on the substance of the Internet, are doing so primarily for free. 链接,评论存在于互联网上的事物, 并且绝大部分都是免费在做这个事情。
substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品;
They are not getting paid for it in any way other than in the attention and, to some extent , the reputational capital that they gain from doing a good job. 他们不会获得报酬,除了受到关注, 还有自己做得出色所得到的名声资本。
extent:n.程度;范围;长度; reputational:信誉的;声誉的;
And this is, at least to a traditional economist, somewhat remarkable , because sort of the traditional account of economic man would say that, you know, basically , you do things for a concrete reward , primarily financial . 对于传统的经济学家来说,这些都是了不起的事情, 因为老派的经济学人会说, 你知道,基本上,你做事情是为了获得实在的奖励,而绝大部分是金钱奖励。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖 reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
But instead, what we're finding on the Internet -- and one of the great geniuses of it -- is that people have found a way to work together without any money involved at all. 与之对比的是,我们在互联网上发现的 - 并且其中最伟大之处是 - 人们找到了某种方法 完全不为了钱而在一起工作。
geniuses:n.天才;天资;才能,本领;(genius的复数) involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
They have come up with, in a sense , a sort of different method for organizing activity. 他们找到了一种,不同的活动组织办法。
in a sense:在某种意义上;
The Yale law professor Yochai Benkler, in an essay called "Coase's Penguin ," 来自于耶鲁法学院的Yochai Benkler教授在一篇论文中称这个为“科斯的企鹅,”
Penguin:n.企鹅;
talks about this, sort of open-source model, which we're familiar with from Linux , as being potentially applicable in a whole host of situations. 关于这个的讲话,一种我们从Linux上熟悉的开源模型, 在各种情况下都有被应用的可能。
open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统); potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; applicable:adj.可适用的;可应用的;合适的;
And, you know, if you think about this with the tsunami, what you have is essentially a kind of army of local journalists who are sort of producing enormous amounts of material for no reason other than to tell their stories. 并且,你知道,如果你仔细想想这一次海啸, 你所拥有基本上是无数的“基层记者” 他们制作着巨量的材料 为的是讲述他们的故事而不是为了钱
journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数);
That's a very powerful idea, and it's a very powerful reality. 那是一个非常棒的主意,并且它有很强的现实操作性。
And it's one that offers really interesting possibilities for organizing a whole host of activities sort of down the road . 并且它是一个能够创造很多有趣的可能性的方法 在未来来组织很多活动。
down the road:只要沿着这条路;将来;在路上;
So, I think the first thing that the blogosphere tells us is that we need to expand our idea of what counts as rational , and we need to expand our simple equation of value equals money, or, you have to pay for it to be good, 所以,我认为博客世界告诉我们的第一件事就是 我们需要扩展我们所认为的理性世界, 并且我们需要扩展我们简单的将价值等同于金钱的等式, 或者说,你需要付钱才能得到好的这样的想法,
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式;
but that in fact you can end up with collectively really brilliant products without any money at all changing hands. 但是,实际上你能获得非常棒的集体创造的产品 而不需要付任何的钱。
collectively:adv.共同地,全体地;
There are a few bloggers -- somewhere maybe around 20, now -- who do, in fact, make some kind of money, and a few who are actually trying to make a full-time living out of it, 当然有少数博客作者 - 可能大约20, 到目前为止 - 实际上,他们能够赚一些钱,非常有限 有一些人实际上想要通过这一方式来谋生,
full-time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的;
but the vast majority of them are doing it because they love it or they love the attention, or whatever it is. 但是绝大部分人之所以做这件事情仅仅是因为他们热爱它 或者说他们喜欢得到关注,或者其他。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
So, you know, Howard Rheingold has written a lot about this, and I think is writing about this more, but this notion of voluntary cooperation is an incredibly powerful one, and one worth thinking about. 所以,霍华德 宁柯德曾写过很多有关这个的东西, 并且我认为写这个会更多, 但是这一种自愿性合作的理念 有种无可比拟的力量,它值得每个人为之思考。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; voluntary:adj.自愿的;志愿的;自发的;故意的;n.志愿者;自愿行动; cooperation:n.合作;配合; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
The second question is, what does the blogosphere actually do for us, in terms of accessing collective intelligence? 第二个问题是,从获取集体性智慧这一方面来说, 博客世界究竟为我们做了什么？
You know, as Chris mentioned, I wrote a book called "The Wisdom of Crowds." 你们可能知道,克里斯也曾提到的,我写过一本叫做“人群的智慧”书。
Wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
And the premise of "The Wisdom of Crowds" is that, under the right conditions, groups can be remarkably intelligent . 而“人群的智慧”的前提是, 在正确的情形下,团体能够充分发挥聪明才智。
premise:n.前提;假定;v.假定;预述(条件等);引导(论述等);; remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地 intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
And they can actually often be smarter than even the smartest person within them. 并且实际上大多数时候他们比 他们之中最聪明的人更加聪明。
The simplest example of this is that if you ask a group of people to do something like, guess how many jelly beans are in a jar. 这个最简单的例子就是如果你叫一群人 去做些事,比如,猜瓶子里有多少粒软糖。
jelly:n.果冻;胶状物;vi.成胶状;vt.使结冻;
You know, if I had a jar of jelly beans, and I asked you to guess how many jelly beans were in that jar, your average guess would be remarkably good. 如果我有一罐软糖, 并且我要你猜罐子里有多少颗糖, 你一般的猜测都会非常不错。
It would be somewhere probably within three and five percent of the number of beans in the jar, and it would be better than 90 to 95 percent of you. 一般来说它只到 在罐子里糖的数量的3%到5%, 而这一答案会比你们中90%到95%人的答案准确。
There may be one or two of you who are brilliant jelly bean guessers, but for the most part the group's guess would be better than just about all of you. 你们中可能有一两个出色的软糖猜谜人, 但是绝大部分团体的猜测 都会比所有的个人的猜测准确。
jelly bean:n.软心豆粒糖;
And what's fascinating is that you can see this phenomenon at work in many more complicated situations. 这个现象最令人着迷的是,你能在很多复杂情况 的工作中看到这一现象。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
So, for instance , if you look at the odds on horses at a racetrack , they predict almost perfectly how likely a horse is to win. 所以,比如说,如果你看看猜跑道上赛马的赔率, 他们能够几乎完美的预测出一匹马赢的概率。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别; racetrack:n.跑道;赛马场; predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
In a sense, the group of betters at the racetrack is forecasting the future, in probabilistic terms. 在一定程度上,赛马行业的一群精英 以概率的方式,预测着未来。
forecasting:n.预测;v.预言;作预告(forecast的ing形式); probabilistic:adj.概率性的;或然说的,盖然论的;
You know, if you think about something like Google , which essentially is relying on the collective intelligence of the Web to seek out those sites that have the most valuable information. 你知道,如果我考虑某些比如像Google一样的东西, 这些主要依靠集体智慧的网站 来寻找所拥有的宝贵的信息的网站。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; relying:v.依赖;信任;指望(rely的现在分词); seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
We know that Google does an exceptionally good job of doing that, and it does that because, collectively, this disorganized thing we call the World Wide Web actually has a remarkable order, or a remarkable intelligence, in it. 我们都知道对于那样的工作,Google能够出色的完成, 它之所以能够做到,是因为这一杂乱无序,我们叫做世界互联网的东西 实际上在整体上有着很清楚的次序, 或者可以说着惊人的智慧。
exceptionally:adv.异常地;特殊地;例外地; disorganized::v.瓦解;打乱;(disorganize的过去式和过去分词形式) World Wide Web:n.万维网;
And this, I think, is one of the real promises of the blogosphere. 这,我认为,正是博客世界的真正希望之一。
Dan Gillmor, whose book "We the Media" -- which is included in the gift pack -- has talked about it as saying that as a writer he's recognized that his readers know more than he does. Dan Gillmor写了一本书叫做“我们媒体”-- 我们在礼物包中有提供-- 谈到了他作为一个作家 发现他的读者比他知道得更多。
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
And this is a very challenging idea. It's a very challenging idea to mainstream media. It's a very challenging idea to anyone who has invested an enormous amount of time and expertise and who has a lot of energy invested in the notion that he or she knows better than everyone else. 而这是一个十分有挑战性的观点。非常非常有挑战性 特别是对主流媒体来说。这也是一个对于任何花费了无数时间,拥有专业技能的人 十分有挑战性的观点 同样也是对那些花费了很多精力形成一个观点, 认为自己比其他人知道的更多的人的一种挑战。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
But what the blogosphere offers is the possibility of getting at the kind of collective, distributive intelligence that is out there, and that we know is available to us if we can just figure out a way of accessing it. 但是博客世界提供的是一种 能够获得存在于世间集体的,分散性智慧的可能性, 我们知道,它能够为我所用 如果我们能够找到获得它的途径。
distributive:adj.分配的;分布的;分发的;n.[语]分配词;
Each blog post, each blog commentary , may not in and of itself be exactly what we're looking for, but collectively the judgment of those people posting, those people linking, 每一条博客主题,每一则博客评论, 可能并不是跟我们所需要的东西一模一样, 但是这些人所张贴主题中所反射出的集体判断力,这些人链接,
commentary:n.评论;注释;评注;说明; judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力;
more often than not is going to give you a very interesting and enormously valuable picture of what's going on. 更有可能给你一个对于所发生事情 十分有趣的并且相当有价值的视野。
more often than not:通常;多半; enormously:adv.巨大地,庞大地;非常地,在极大程度上;
So, that's the positive side of it. 所以,这是它积极的一面。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
That's the positive side of what is sometimes called participatory journalism or citizen journalism, et cetera, that, in fact, we are sort of giving people 而这一积极的一面经常被称为 参与式新闻或者公民新闻,等等, 实际上,我们都是那一类人
participatory:adj.供人分享的;吸引参与的; journalism:n.新闻业,新闻工作;报章杂志;
who have never been able to talk before a kind of voice, and we're able to access information that has always been there but has essentially gone untapped. 在同一种声音前无法发声, 并且我们能够获取那些始终存在 但是基本上从未被涉及到的信息。
But there is a dark side to this, and that's what I want to spend the last part of my talk on. 但是它同样也有黑暗的一面, 而这正是我最后一部分演讲将要涉及的地方。
One of the things that happens if you spend a lot of time on the Internet and you spend a lot of time thinking about the Internet is that it is very easy to fall in love with the Internet. 如果你花很多时间在互联网上,或者花很多时间思考互联网 有一种事情将会发生 你将会爱上互联网。
fall in love with:爱上......;与......相爱;
It is very easy to fall in love with the decentralized , bottom-up structure of the Internet. 非常容易你将会爱上去中心化, 从下到上建构的互联网。
decentralized:adj.分散的; vt.使分散; bottom-up:adj.[计]自底向上的;从细节到总体的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
It is very easy to think that networks are necessarily good things, that being linked from one place to another, that being tightly linked in a group, is a very good thing. 同样你也能够很容易想到互联网一定就是好的, 它们从一个地方链接到另外地方, 与集体紧密相连,是非常好的一件事。
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地;
And much of the time it is. 在大多数情况都是这样。
But there's also a downside to this -- a kind of dark side, in fact -- and that is that the more tightly linked we come to each other, the harder it is for each of us to remain independent . 但是这同样也有不好的一面 - 实际上,黑暗的一面 - 当我们更加紧密的连接在一起的时候, 我们要保持各自的独立性就更难。
downside:n.下降趋势;底侧;adj.底侧的; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等);
One of the fundamental characteristics of a network is that once you are linked in the network, the network starts to shape your views and starts to shape your interactions with everybody else. 网络最基本的一个特征是 只要你连上了网络 网络就会开始塑造你的观点 并且同时开始塑造你与他人的互动。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
That's one of the things that defines what a network is. 而这正是定义什么是网络的因素之一。
defines:v.阐明;明确;界定;画出…的线条;描出…的外形(define的第三人称单数)
A network is not just the product of its component parts. 网络并不是简单的是组成它的部分的集合。
component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的;
It is something more than that. 更多时候它会比这更多。
It is, as Steven Johnson has talked about, an emergent phenomenon. 正如Stieve Johnson谈过的一样,这是一个很新鲜的现象。
emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的;
Now, this has all these benefits: it's very beneficial in terms of the efficiency of communicating information; it gives you access to a whole host of people; it allows people to coordinate their activities in very good ways. 现在,它有这么一些优点: 对于有效的信息沟通,它是十分有益的; 它能使你接触到各种各样的人; 它能够让人们以一种好的方式协调他们的活动。
beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的;
But the problem is that groups are only smart when the people in them are as independent as possible. 但是问题是,集体,只有在人们 尽可能独立的情况下才能显现出智慧。
This is, sort of the paradox of the wisdom of crowds, or the paradox of collective intelligence, that what it requires is actually a form of independent thinking. 只是一种群众智慧的矛盾, 或者说是集体智慧的矛盾, 它所真正需要的是一种独立的思想。
paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事;
And networks make it harder for people to do that, because they drive attention to the things that the network values. 而网络使人们更难做到那一点, 因为他们使更多的注意力转到了网络所重视的地方。
So, one of the phenomenons that's very clear in the blogosphere is that once a meme , once an idea, gets going, it is very easy for people to just sort of pile on, because other people have, say, a link. 所以,在博客世界中一个非常清楚的现象是 一旦一个文化基因,一个想法,开始发展 人们非常容易继续发展它, 因为其他人都拥有,比如说,相互连接。
phenomenons:n.现象;非凡的人(phenomenon的复数,等于phenomena); meme:n.大脑模仿病毒;文化基因;弥母; pile:n.桩;堆;摞;桩柱;v.堆放;摞起;叠放;放置;
People have linked to it, and so other people in turn link to it, et cetera, et cetera. 一些人开始与之有连接,然后其他人开始轮流与之有连接,然后又是其他人。。。
And that phenomenon, that phenomenon of kind of piling on the existing links is one that is characteristic of the blogosphere, particularly of the political blogosphere, and it is one that essentially sort of throws off 这是一种 在已经存在的连接上继续延伸的现象 而它真是博客世界的特征, 特别是政治博客世界的特征, 而这从根本上来说是一种抛弃
piling:n.打桩;桩材;打桩工程; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
this kind of beautiful decentralized bottom-up intelligence that blogs can manifest in the right conditions. 一种对去中心化,自下而上美丽智慧的抛弃 而这一智慧真是博客在正常情况下必然能够展现的。
manifest:v.表明;显现;使人注意到;adj.明显的;显而易见的;n.旅客名单;
The metaphor that I like to use is the metaphor of the circular mill . 我在这想用转圆圈来打比方。
metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法; circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告); mill:n.磨坊;工厂;磨粉机;面粉厂;v.磨成粉;
A lot of people talk about ants. 很多人会说到蚂蚁。
You know, this is a conference inspired by nature. 我们都知道,这是一个被自然启发而生的会议。
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
When we talk about bottom-up, decentralized phenomenons, the sort of ant colony is the classic metaphor, because, you know, no individual ant knows what it's doing, but collectively ants are able to reach incredibly intelligent decisions. 当我们讨论这些自下而上,去中心化的现象时, 蚁巢就是这一类的经典比喻,因为我们知道, 每一个单独的蚂蚁并不知道它们在做什么, 但是通过集体,蚂蚁们能够做出惊人的智慧决策。
colony:n.殖民地;移民队; classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
They're able to guide their traffic with remarkable speed. 它们能够以惊人的高速引导他们的交通。
So, the ant colony is a great model -- you have all these little parts that collectively add up to a great thing. 所以,蚁巢是一个非常好的模型 - 我们所有的这些小部件最终能够组成一个伟大的东西。
But we know that occasionally ants go astray , and what happens is that, if army ants are sort of wandering around and they get lost, they start to follow a simple rule -- just do what the ant in front of you does. 但是我们也知道蚂蚁偶尔也会迷路, 这样的情况是,如果兵蚁在绕圈并且失去了方向感, 他们将会遵循一条简单原则 - 他们将做它们前面蚂蚁做的同样事情。
occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然; astray:adv.误入歧途地;迷途地;迷路;adj.迷路的;离开正道的;不对头的;
And what happens is that the ants eventually end up in a circle. 所以最终蚂蚁将会走出一个圆圈。
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
And there's this famous example of one that was 1,200 feet long and lasted for two days, and the ants just kept marching around and around in a circle until they died. 这其中最著名的一个例子走出了一千二百英尺长的距离 持续了两天,这些蚂蚁不停的绕圈前进 一直绕圈直到他们死掉。
And that, I think, is a sort of thing to watch out for . 我认为,那是一种我们必须要警惕的事情。
watch out for:戒备;密切注意;留意;注意;
That's the thing we have to fear, is that we're just going to keep marching around and around until we die. 如果我们一直绕圈直到我们死去 这将是一种我们必须要畏惧的事情。
Now, I want to connect this back, though, to the tsunami, because one of the great things about the tsunami -- in terms of the blogosphere's coverage , not in terms of the tsunami itself -- is that it really did represent a genuine bottom-up phenomenon. 现在,我想要将这个例子往回延伸,到我们的海啸上, 因为关于海啸有件很好的事, 在博客世界报道海啸方面, 不是海啸本身, 就是它确实代表了一种真实的自下而上的现象。
coverage:n.覆盖,覆盖范围; represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送;
You saw sites that had never existed before getting huge amounts of traffic. 你会发现很多以前从未存在的网站会得到巨大访问量。
You saw people being able to offer uptheir independent points of view in a way that they hadn't before. 你会发现人们能够提供他们独立的见解和视角 以他们从未有过的方式提供。
And there you really did see the intelligence of the Web manifest itself. 并且我们能够真正从中看到网络展现了它的智慧。
So, that's the upside. The circular mill is the downside. 所以,那正是积极的一面。而循环的绕圈则是它消极的一面。
And I think that the former is what we really need to strive for . 并且我认为前一种情况正是我们需要不断努力来不断获得的。
strive for:争取,奋斗;
Thank you very much. 谢谢。