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JacquesAbramowicz_Ultrasound_2020E-_超音波的原理是什么？_-
In a pitch-black cave, bats can’t see much. 在一片漆黑的洞穴里, 蝙蝠能看见的不多。
But even with their eyes shut, they can navigate rocky topography at incredible speeds. 但就算闭着眼睛, 牠们也能在崎岖的地形快速飞行。
This is because a bat’s flight isn’t just guided by its eyes, but rather, by its ears. 那是因为蝙蝠 不只是用眼睛来引导飞行, 牠们还要靠耳朵。
pitch-black:adj.漆黑的;墨黑的;极黑的; navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空; rocky:adj.岩石的;多岩石的;困难的;难以维持的; topography:n.地势;地形学;地志; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
It may seem impossible to see with sound, but bats, naval officers, and doctors do it all the time, using the unique properties of ultrasound . 靠声音来「看」似乎是不可能的, 但蝙蝠、海军军官, 以及医生都经常这么做, 靠的就是超音波的特性。
All sound is created when molecules in the air, water, or any other medium vibrate in a pulsing wave. 声音的产生是因为空气、水, 或其他介质中的分子在波中振动。
The distance between each peak determines the wave’s frequency , measured as cycles per second, or hertz . 波峰之间的距离决定了波的频率, 测量单位是每秒完成的周期数,
naval:adj.海军的;军舰的; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; ultrasound:n.超声;超音波; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; vibrate:vi.振动;颤动;摇摆;踌躇;vt.使振动;使颤动; pulsing:adj.脉冲的;n.脉动;v.使跳动;搏动(pulse的ing形式); peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的; determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数) frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) hertz:n.[物]赫兹(频率单位);
This means that over the same amount of time, a high frequency wave will complete more cycles than a low frequency one. 意思就是,在同样的时间中, 高频率的波能完成的周期数 会比低频率的波更多。
This is especially true of ultrasound, which includes any sound wave exceeding 20,000 cycles per second. 对超音波更是如此, 频率超过每秒两万个周期的声波 都算是超音波。
Humans can't hear or produce sounds with such high frequencies , but our flying friend can. 人类无法听见或发出 这么高频率的声音, 但我们这位会飞的朋友可以。
When it’s too dark to see, he emits an ultrasound wave with tall peaks . 当太黑看不见时,牠就会发出波峰很高的超音波。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; sound wave:n.声波; exceeding:adj.超越的; v.超过(数量); (exceed的现在分词) frequencies:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;(frequency的复数) emits:发出;放射;发行(emit的动词单数第三人称形式); peaks:n.山顶;峰巅(peak的复数);
Since the wave cycles are happening so quickly, wave after wave rapidly bounces off nearby surfaces. 因为波的周期出现得非常快, 所以一个接着一个的波 会快速撞击附近的表面后反弹。
Each wave’s tall peak hits every nook and cranny , producing an echo that carries a lot of information. 每一个波的高波峰 都深入到表面的凹陷和缝隙中, 产生带着许多资讯的回音。
By sensing the nuances in this chain of echoes , our bat can create an internal map of its environment. 蝙蝠能感测到 这一连串回音的细微差异, 因而在脑里画出这个环境的地图。
nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近; every nook and cranny:每个角落都不放过;大街小巷;到处; echo:vt.反射;重复;vi.随声附和;发出回声;n.回音;效仿; nuances:细微差别; echoes:n.回声; v.发出回声; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的;
This is how bats use sound to see, and the process inspired humans to try and do the same. 这就是蝙蝠靠声音来看的方式。 人类从这个方式得到灵感, 而试图做同样的事。
In World War One, French scientists sent ultrasound beams into the ocean to detect nearby enemy submarines . 第一次世界大战时,法国科学家朝海洋发射超音波束, 以侦测邻近的敌人潜艇。
This early form of SONAR was a huge success, in large part because sound waves travel even faster through mediums with more tightly packed molecules, like water. 这种早期的声纳十分成功, 很大一部分的原因是声波的行进速度 在像水这种分子 更紧实的介质中会更快。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) beams:[建]梁; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; submarines:n.潜艇;(submarine的第三人称单数和复数) SONAR:n.声纳;声波定位仪(等于asdic); mediums:n.手段;材料;媒介;环境;女巫(medium的复数形式); tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地;
In the 1950s, medical professionals began to experiment with this technique as a non-invasive way to see inside a patient’s body. 1950 年代,医疗专業人员开始实验这种技术, 用非侵入性的方式 来檢视病人的体内。
Today, ultrasound imaging is used to evaluate organ damage, measure tissue thickness , and detect gallbladder stones, tumors , and blood clots . 现今,超音波造影 可用来评估器官的损伤、 测量组织厚度,并侦测胆结石、肿瘤,以及血栓。
But to explore how this tool works in practice , let’s consider its most well-known use— the fetal ultrasound. 为了探究这项工具实际上怎么运作, 我们就以它最知名的用途来说明——
professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数); technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; non-invasive:adj.非侵入性的;非入侵的; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) evaluate:v.评价;评估;估计; organ:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; thickness:n.厚度;层;浓度;含混不清; gallbladder:n.[解剖]胆囊; tumors:n.肿瘤(tumor的复数); clots:n.血块(clot的复数);v.凝结(clot的第三人称单数形式); explore:v.探索:探测:探险: in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; fetal:adj.胎的,胎儿的;
First, the skin is covered with conductive gel . 首先,皮肤上要涂抹传导性凝胶。
Since sound waves lose speed and clarity when traveling through air, this gooey substance ensures an airtight seal between the body and the wand emitting ultrasound waves. 因为声波穿过空气时 会失去速度和清晰度, 而这种黏答答的物质 能确保身体和发射超音波的魔杖之间能完全无缝相接。
conductive:adj.传导的;传导性的;有传导力的; gel:vi.胶化;n.[物化]凝胶,胶体; clarity:n.清楚,明晰;透明; gooey:adj.胶粘的;感伤的;n.胶粘物;蜜糖; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; ensures:v.保证,确定(原形为ensure); airtight:adj.密闭的,密封的;无懈可击的; wand:n.魔杖; v.用扫描笔在…上扫描条形码; emitting:v.发出,射出,散发(光、热、声音、气等);(emit的现在分词)
Then the machine operator begins sending ultrasound beams into the body. 接着,操作仪器的人便开始 将超音波束送入身体。
The waves pass through liquids like urine , blood, and amniotic fluid without creating any echoes. 超音波会穿过液体, 比如尿液、血液,以及羊水, 而不会产生任何回音。
But when a wave encounters a solid structure , it bounces back. 但当超音波遇到固态的结构时,
operator:n.算子;接线员;操作人员;骗子; pass through:穿过;经历;经验;遭受; urine:n.尿; amniotic fluid:n.羊水; encounters:v.遭遇(encounter的第三人称单数);邂逅;n.遭遇战(encounter的复数);相见; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
This echo is rendered as a dot on the imaging screen. 这回音就会成为 造影萤幕上的一个点。
Objects like bones reflect the most waves, appearing as tightly packed dots forming bright white shapes. 骨头这类物体会反射的波最多, 呈现出来的结果就是密集的点,
Less dense objects appear in fainter shades of gray, slowly creating an image of the fetus’s internal organs . 密度较低的物体 呈现出来则是较模糊的灰影。 慢慢创造出胎儿内部器官的影像。
rendered:v.使成为;给予;提供;回报;递交;(render的过去分词和过去式) reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达; dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; fainter:微弱的;无力的;模糊的(faint的比较级); shades:n.阴凉处; v.给…遮挡(光线); (shade的第三人称单数和复数) organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
To get a complete picture, waves need to reach different depths in the patient’s body, bypassing some tissues while echoing off others. 要得到完整的影像, 波必须要能够触及 病人体内各种不同的深度, 绕过一些组织,
Since longer, low frequency waves actually penetrate deeper than short, high frequency ones, multiple frequencies are often used together and composited into a life-like image. 较低频率的长波能够进入的深度 比高频率的短波更深, 因此通常会同时使用多种频率, 组合出栩栩如生的影像。
bypassing:v.绕过;避开;不顾(规章制度);不请示;(bypass的现在分词) tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) echoing:n.呼应;回音;反照现象;v.回响,呼应(echo的现在分词); penetrate:v.渗透;进入;穿过;看透; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; composited:adj.复合的(原形是composite);混合的; life-like:adj.栩栩如生的,逼真的;
The operator can then zoom in and focus on different areas. 接着,操作机器的人可以针对 不同的区域放大影像。
And since ultrasound machines send and receive cascades of waves in real time , the machine can even visualize movement. 因为超音波机器 甚至可以把动作作视觉化呈现。
over a hundred times higher than human ears can hear. 比人类耳朵能听到的声音 还要高一百倍以上。
These incredibly high frequencies create detailed images that allow doctors to diagnose the smallest developmental deviations in the brain, heart, spine , and more. 这些超高的频率能创造 很细致的影像, 让医生能够诊断出 大脑、心脏、脊椎等等 在发育上极细微的偏差,
cascades:n.[水文]小瀑布;叶棚(cascade的复数);v.瀑布似地落下(cascade的三单形式); real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) diagnose:vt.诊断;断定;vi.诊断;判断; developmental:adj.发展的;启发的; deviations:n.差异,偏差(deviation复数); spine:n.脊柱,脊椎;刺;书脊;
Even outside of pre-natal care, medical ultrasound has huge advantages over similar technologies . 在产前医疗以外的领域, 医疗用超音波也比其他 类似技术更有优势。
Unlike radiation-based imaging or invasive surgical procedures , ultrasound has no known negative side effects when used properly. 不像要用到辐射的造影技术 超音波在使用恰当的情况下 没有任何已知的不良副作用。
At very high levels, the heat caused by ultrasound waves can damage sensitive tissues, but technicians typically use the lowest levels possible. 高强度超音波所产生的热 可能会伤害到敏感的组织, 但技术人员通常会 尽可能用最低的强度。
pre-natal:孕期的;产前的; advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); surgical:adj.外科的;外科手术的; procedures:n.程序;规程(procedure的复数); negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; technicians:n.[劳经]技术员(technician的复数);工作人员; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
And since modern ultrasound machines can be small and portable , doctors can use them in the field— allowing them to see clearly in any medical emergency . 因为现代的超音波机器 可以做得很小、可携带, 医生可以在外头使用—— 让他们在任何医疗紧急状况时 都能看得很清楚。
portable:adj.便携式的;手提的;轻便的;n.便携机;(尤指)手提电脑; emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的;