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JMarshallShepherd_2018X-_塑造你的世界观的三种偏见_
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I'm a meteorologist by degree, |
我是一名气象学家, |
meteorologist:n.气象学者;
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I have a bachelor's, master's and PhD in physical meteorology , so I'm a meteorologist, card carrying. |
我有物理气象学的学士、 硕士和博士学位, 所以我是个气象学家,有证的。 |
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; meteorology:n.气象状态,气象学;
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And so with that comes four questions, always. |
然而总有4个问题等着我, |
This is one prediction I will always get right. |
在这件事儿上我的预测总是对的。 |
prediction:n.预报;预言;
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(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
And those questions are, "Marshall, what channel are you on?" |
这些问题是, “马修,你在哪个频道呢?” |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
'"Dr. Shepherd , what's the weather going to be tomorrow?" |
“谢博德博士,明天天气怎么样?” |
Shepherd:vt.牧羊;带领;指导;看管;n.牧羊人;牧师;指导者;
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(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
And oh, I love this one: "My daughter is getting married next September, it's an outdoor wedding. |
啊,我喜欢这个: “我女儿明年九月结婚, 是个户外婚礼。 |
outdoor:adj.户外的;露天的;
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Is it going to rain?" |
到时会下雨吗?” |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
Not kidding, I get those, and I don't know the answer to that, the science isn't there. |
没开玩笑,我总被问这些问题, 然而我并不知道答案, 科学在这儿不管用。 |
But the one I get a lot these days is, "Dr. Shepherd, do you believe in climate change?" |
但我这些天经常被问的是, “谢博德博士,你相信气候变化吗?” |
'"Do you believe in global warming ?" |
“你相信全球变暖吗?” |
global warming:n.全球(气候)变暖;地球大气层变暖;
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Now, I have to gather myself every time I get that question. |
如今每次被问到这些问题时, 我都得打起精神。 |
Because it's an ill-posed question -- science isn't a belief system. |
因为这是个不恰当的问题—— 科学可不是一个信仰体系。 |
My son, he's 10 -- he believes in the tooth fairy . |
我10岁的儿子相信牙仙的存在。 |
tooth fairy:n.牙仙子(传说会取去幼儿脱落并放于床边的乳齿,在原处留下一枚钱币);
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And he needs to get over that, because I'm losing dollars, fast. |
他得克服这一点,因为太费钱了。 (传说牙仙会用金币把小孩子掉的牙换走) |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
But he believes in the tooth fairy. |
他的确相信牙仙。 |
But consider this. |
但想一想这个。 |
Bank of America building, there, in Atlanta . |
这是亚特兰大的美国银行大楼。 |
Atlanta:n.亚特兰大(美国城市);
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You never hear anyone say, "Do you believe, if you go to the top of that building and throw a ball off, it's going to fall?" |
你从没听到人说, “你相信吗,如果你到那个楼顶, 抛个球,它就会掉下去?” |
You never hear that, because gravity is a thing. |
你从没听过,因为重力是实际存在的。 |
So why don't we hear the question, "Do you believe in gravity?" |
所以为什么我们不会听到这个问题, “你相信重力吗?” |
But of course, we hear the question, "Do you believe in global warming?" |
但我们肯定听过这个问题, “你相信全球变暖吗?” |
Well, consider these facts. |
考虑到这些事实: |
The American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS, one of the leading organizations in science, queried scientists and the public on different science topics. |
美国科学促进会,简称AAAS, 这是一个在科学领域的主要组织, 曾就不同的科学课题 向科学家和公众提问。 |
Association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往; Advancement:n.前进,进步;提升; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
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Here are some of them: genetically modified food, animal research, human evolution . |
这是其中一些课题: 转基因产品,动物研究,人类进化。 |
genetically modified:adj.(植物等)遗传修饰的; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
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And look at what the scientists say about those, the people that actually study those topics, in red, versus the gray, what the public thinks. |
看看科学家对这些怎么说, 红色代表那些在研究这些课题的人, 灰色,则代表公众的态度。 |
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
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How did we get there? |
这是怎么造成的? |
How did we get there? |
为什么会有这么大的差异? |
That scientists and the public are so far apart on these science issues . |
科学家和公众在这些 科学问题上意见如此相左。 |
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
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Well, I'll come a little bit closer to home for me, climate change. |
好了,我要说个我比较擅长的, 气候变化。 |
Eighty-seven percent of scientists believe that humans are contributing to climate change. |
87%的科学家 认为是人类的行为导致了气候变化, |
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词)
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But only 50 percent of the public? |
但只有50%的公众这样认为。 |
How did we get there? |
为什么会这样? |
So it begs the question, what shapes perceptions about science? |
这就引出了问题, 是什么塑造了我们对科学的认知? |
perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解;
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It's an interesting question and one that I've been thinking about quite a bit. |
这是个有趣的问题, 我也一直在思考这个问题。 |
I think that one thing that shapes perceptions in the public, about science, is belief systems and biases . |
我想有一件事影响了 公众对科学的看法, 就是信仰体系和偏见, |
biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
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Belief systems and biases. |
信仰体系和偏见。 |
Go with me for a moment. |
我来解释一下。 |
Because I want to talk about three elements of that: confirmation bias, Dunning-Kruger effect and cognitive dissonance . |
我想要谈一谈这个问题的三个元素: 确认偏误,达克效应 和认知失调。 |
elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; dissonance:n.不一致;不调和;不和谐音;
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Now, these sound like big, fancy , academic terms, and they are. |
这些听起来都有点像不切实际的 学术术语,它们也确实是这样的。 |
fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象; academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者;
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But when I describe them, you're going to be like, "Oh! |
但当我进一步做出解释时, 你们就会恍然大悟,“哦! |
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
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I recognize that; I even know somebody that does that." |
我听说过这个; 我甚至知道有人就是这样的。” |
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
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Confirmation bias. |
确认偏误。 |
Finding evidence that supports what we already believe. |
寻找证据来支持我们已经相信的事。 |
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
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Now, we're probably all a little bit guilty of that at times. |
我们对此可能多少都难辞其咎。 |
guilty:adj.有罪的;内疚的;
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Take a look at this. |
看看这个。 |
Take a look at:看一看;检查;
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I'm on Twitter. |
我有自己的Twitter账户。 |
And often, when it snows, |
通常,遇到下雪的时候, |
I'll get this tweet back to me. |
我会收到这样的转发。 |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
'"Hey, Dr. Shepherd, I have 20 inches of global warming in my yard, what are you guys talking about, climate change?" |
“嘿,谢博德博士,我院子里 有20英寸的全球变暖(指雪), 你们这些家伙在说啥,气候变化?” |
I get that tweet a lot, actually. |
我其实收到了很多那样的推特。 |
It's a cute tweet, it makes me chuckle as well. |
这条推特挺逗的,也让我忍俊不禁。 |
chuckle:v.咯咯笑;低声轻笑;n.轻笑声
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But it's oh, so fundamentally scientifically flawed . |
但它在科学上是站不住脚的。 |
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 scientifically:adv.系统地;合乎科学地;学问上; flawed:adj.有缺陷的;有瑕疵的;有裂纹的;
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Because it illustrates that the person tweeting doesn't understand the difference between weather and climate. |
因为它说明了 发推特的人并不理解 天气和气候的差异。 |
illustrates:v.阐明;举例说明(illustrate的三单形式);给…加插图; tweeting:吱吱地叫(小鸟鸣叫);在社交网站Twitter上发微博(tweet的现在分词);
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I often say, weather is your mood and climate is your personality . |
我常说,天气是你的情绪, 而气候是你的个性。 |
mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色;
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Think about that. |
想想看。 |
Weather is your mood, climate is your personality. |
天气是你的情绪,气候是你的个性。 |
Your mood today doesn't necessarily tell me anything about your personality, nor does a cold day tell me anything about climate change, or a hot day, for that matter. |
你今天的情绪不一定 能代表你的个性, 所以即使有一天特别冷, 也不能说明气候变化了, 有一天特别热,也一样不能代表什么。 |
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
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Dunning-Kruger. |
达克效应。 (高估自己的能力) |
Two scholars from Cornell came up with the Dunning-Kruger effect. |
康奈尔大学的两位学者 提出了达克效应。 |
scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数);
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If you go look up the peer-reviewed paper for this, you will see all kinds of fancy terminology : it's an illusory superiority complex , thinking we know things. |
如果你去查阅同行评议的论文, 你会看到各种很炫的术语: 这是一种虚幻的优越感, 以为我们什么都知道。 |
peer-reviewed:n.同行评议;同行审阅; terminology:n.术语,术语学;用辞; illusory:adj.错觉的;幻影的;虚假的;产生幻觉的; superiority complex:n.自大情结;
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In other words, people think they know more than they do. |
换句话说,人们高估了 自己所掌握的知识。 |
Or they underestimate what they don't know. |
或者说,他们低估了他们的无知。 |
underestimate:v.低估;看轻;n.低估;
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And then, there's cognitive dissonance. |
然后是认知失调。 (新信息冲击现有认知) |
Cognitive dissonance is interesting. |
认知失调很有趣。 |
We just recently had Groundhog Day , right? |
我们刚刚过了土拨鼠节,是吧? (北美传统节日,用土拨鼠预测时令) |
recently:adv.最近;新近; Groundhog Day:n.[节]圣烛节;土拨鼠日;重现;[影视]偷天情缘;
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Now, there's no better definition of cognitive dissonance than intelligent people asking me if a rodent's forecast is accurate . |
对认知失调最好的解释就好比是, 一个聪明人问我 啮齿动物的预测是否准确。 |
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 accurate:adj.精确的;
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(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
But I get that, all of the time. |
但我一直都能理解。 |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
But I also hear about the Farmer's Almanac . |
我也听说过黄历。 |
Almanac:n.年鉴;历书;年历;
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We grew up on the Farmer's Almanac, people are familiar with it. |
我们靠着黄历长大,人们很熟悉它。 |
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
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The problem is, it's only about 37 percent accurate, according to studies at Penn State University . |
但问题在于,根据 宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究, 它的准确性只有37%。 |
according to:根据,据说; State University:n.(美国)州立大学;
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But we're in an era of science where we actually can forecast the weather. |
但我们身在科学的时代, 我们确实可以预测天气。 |
era:n.新时期;纪元;年代;新时代;
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And believe it or not, and I know some of you are like, "Yeah, right," |
不管信不信,我知道你们有些人 会说:“好吧好吧,你说的都对”, |
we're about 90 percent accurate, or more, with weather forecast . |
我们对天气预测的 准确率有90%或者更高。 |
weather forecast:n.天气预报;
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You just tend to remember the occasional miss, you do. |
但你们只会记得偶尔几次的 失误,可别不承认。 |
occasional:adj.偶然的;临时的;特殊场合的;
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(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
So confirmation bias, Dunning-Kruger and cognitive dissonance. |
所以确认偏误,达克效应和认知失调。 |
I think those shape biases and perceptions that people have about science. |
我认为是这些形成了 人们对科学的偏见和看法。 |
But then, there's literacy and misinformation that keep us boxed in, as well. |
但是,文化素养和错误信息 也会让我们陷入困境。 |
literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学; misinformation:n.误报;错误的消息;
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During the hurricane season of 2017, media outlets had to actually assign reporters to dismiss fake information about the weather forecast. |
在2017年的飓风季, 媒体机构不得不指派记者, 驳斥有关天气预报的虚假信息。 |
hurricane:n.飓风,暴风; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; outlets:n.出路;销售点;排水口;批发商点(outlet的复数形式); assign:v.指定;指派;转让;分派;n.[法]受让人; dismiss:v.不予考虑;摒弃;消除;解雇; fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
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That's the era that we're in. |
这就是我们所在的时代。 |
I deal with this all the time in social media. |
我一直在社交媒体上应对这些问题。 |
Someone will tweet a forecast -- that's a forecast for Hurricane Irma, but here's the problem: it didn't come from the Hurricane Center. |
有人会在推特上发布预报—— 这是飓风厄玛的预报,但问题是: 它不是官方飓风中心发布的。 |
But people were tweeting and sharing this; it went viral . |
但人们在推特上分享这个, 消息就扩散开了。 |
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的;
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It didn't come from the National Hurricane Center at all. |
它根本就不是国家飓风中心发布的。 |
So I spent 12 years of my career at NASA before coming to the University of Georgia, and I chair their Earth Science Advisory Committee , |
在来到乔治亚大学之前, 我在NASA工作了12年, 我是地球科学咨询委员会的主席, |
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; Earth Science:n.地学(包括地理学和地质学); Advisory:adj.咨询的;顾问的;劝告的;n.报告;公告; Committee:n.委员会;
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I was just up there last week in DC. |
我上周刚刚去过华盛顿。 |
And I saw some really interesting things. |
我看到了一些很有趣的事情。 |
Here's a NASA model and science data from satellite showing the 2017 hurricane season. |
这是NASA的模型和 来自卫星的科学数据 显示了2017年飓风季的情况。 |
You see Hurricane Harvey there? |
你们看到那边的哈维飓风没? |
Look at all the dust coming off of Africa. |
看看这些从非洲飘来的尘土。 |
Look at the wildfires up in northwest US and in western Canada. |
看看美国西北部和加拿大西部的野火。 |
wildfires:n.野火(wildfire复数);大火灾;鬼火;古时攻打敌船所用的燃料剂; northwest:adj.西北的;来自西北的;n.西北;adv.在西北;来自西北;
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There comes Hurricane Irma. |
飓风厄玛来了。 |
This is fascinating to me. |
这对我很有吸引力。 |
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
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But admittedly , I'm a weather geek . |
无可否认,我是个气象迷。 |
admittedly:adv.公认地;无可否认地;明白地; geek:n.做低级滑稽表演的人,反常的人; n.(俚)极客,即智力超群,善于钻研但不懂与人交往的怪才;
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But more importantly, it illustrates that we have the technology to not only observe the weather and climate system, but predict it. |
但更重要的是,它展示了我们拥有的科技 不仅可以观察天气和气候系统, 而且可以预测它。 |
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
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There's scientific understanding, so there's no need for some of those perceptions and biases that we've been talking about. |
这就是科学理念, 所以我们刚才说的那些观念和偏见 是真的毫无用处。 |
We have knowledge. |
我们拥有知识。 |
But think about this ... |
但是想想这个… |
This is Houston , Texas, after Hurricane Harvey. |
这是飓风哈维过后的 德克萨斯州休斯顿。 |
Houston:n.休斯顿(美国得克萨斯州港市);
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Now, I write a contribution for " Forbes " magazine periodically , and I wrote an article a week before Hurricane Harvey made landfall , saying, "There's probably going to be 40 to 50 inches of rainfall ." |
现在,我定期为《福布斯》杂志撰稿, 在飓风哈维登陆前一周, 我写了一篇文章说, “可能会有40到50英寸的降雨量。” |
contribution:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;稿件; Forbes:n.福布斯(美国著名财经杂志);福布斯(美国出版及媒体集团);福布斯(姓氏); periodically:adv.定期地;周期性地;偶尔;间歇; landfall:n.着陆;[水运]初见陆地;到达陆地; rainfall:n.降雨;降雨量;
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I wrote that a week before it happened. |
我在它发生的前一周写了这个文章。 |
But yet, when you talk to people in Houston, people are saying, "We had no idea it was going to be this bad." |
但是,当你和休斯敦的人交谈时, 人们会说,“我没想到会这么糟糕。” |
I'm just... |
我只能… |
(Sigh) |
(叹息) |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
A week before. |
整整提前了一周。 |
But -- |
但是—— |
I know, it's amusing , but the reality is, we all struggle with perceiving something outside of our experience level. |
我知道这有点可笑,但现实是, 让我们理解经验水平之外的 东西真的很困难。 |
amusing:adj.有趣的;逗人笑的;v.逗乐;(提供)消遣;(使)娱乐;(amuse的现在分词) perceiving:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为;(perceive的现在分词)
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People in Houston get rain all of the time, they flood all of the time. |
休斯顿的人总在经历下雨, 雨水泛滥很平常。 |
But they've never experienced that. |
但他们从没有遭受过那样的情况。 |
Houston gets about 34 inches of rainfall for the entire year. |
休斯顿全年降雨量约为34英寸。 |
They got 50 inches in three days. |
而那段时间,他们 在3天内遭受了50英寸。 |
That's an anomaly event, that's outside of the normal. |
这是异常事件,超出了正常范围。 |
anomaly:n.异常;不规则;反常事物;
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So belief systems and biases, literacy and misinformation. |
所以信仰体系和偏见, 文化素养和错误信息。 |
How do we step out of the boxes that are cornering our perceptions? |
我们如何走出左右我们认知的框框? |
Well we don't even have to go to Houston, we can come very close to home . |
我们甚至不需要去休斯顿, 在家附近就可以观察到。 |
close to home:触及痛处;
|
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
Remember "Snowpocalypse?" |
还记得“末日暴雪”吗? |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
Snowmageddon? |
雪魔? |
Snowzilla? |
雪巨人? |
Whatever you want to call it. |
不管你怎么称呼她, |
All two inches of it. |
都只有两英寸的雪。 |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
Two inches of snow shut the city of Atlanta down. |
两英寸厚的雪就使亚特兰大市瘫痪了。 |
(Laughter) |
(笑声) |
But the reality is, we were in a winter storm watch, we went to a winter weather advisory, and a lot of people perceived that as being a downgrade , "Oh, it's not going to be as bad." |
但事实是,我们在严防冬季风暴, 我们去了冬季天气咨询机构, 很多人都认为雪灾会降级, “哦,不会那么糟的。” |
perceived:v.注意到;意识到;将…视为;认为;(perceive的过去式和过去分词) downgrade:n.退步;下坡;adj.下坡的;adv.下坡地;v.使降级;小看;
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When in fact, the perception was that it was not going to be as bad, but it was actually an upgrade . |
事实上,人们的感觉是,不会这么糟糕, 但其实雪灾升级了。 |
upgrade:v.使升级;提升;改良品种;n.升级;上升;上坡;adv.往上;adj.向上的;
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Things were getting worse as the models were coming in. |
随着模型的出现,情况在变得更糟。 |
So that's an example of how we get boxed in by our perceptions. |
这就是我们被自己的 认知束缚的一个例子。 |
So, the question becomes, how do we expand our radius ? |
所以问题就变成了, 我们如何扩大我们的认知半径? |
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; radius:n.半径,半径范围;[解剖]桡骨;辐射光线;有效航程;
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The area of a circle is "pi r squared". |
圆的面积是 π R的平方。 |
We increase the radius, we increase the area. |
我们增加半径,就能增加面积。 |
How do we expand our radius of understanding about science? |
我们如何扩大我们理解科学的半径? |
Here are my thoughts. |
这是我的思考。 |
You take inventory of your own biases. |
你们列出自己的偏见。 |
inventory:n.存货,存货清单;详细目录;财产清册;
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And I'm challenging you all to do that. |
我想让你们所有人都这么做。 |
Take an inventory of your own biases. |
列出你们的偏见。 |
Where do they come from? |
它们来自哪里? |
Your upbringing , your political perspective , your faith -- what shapes your own biases? |
你的教养,你的政治观点,你的信仰—— 你自己的偏见是如何形成的? |
upbringing:n.教养;养育;抚育; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰;
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Then, evaluate your sources -- where do you get your information on science? |
然后,评估你的信息来源—— 你在哪里获取科学信息? |
evaluate:v.评价;评估;估计; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
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What do you read, what do you listen to, to consume your information on science? |
你读什么,你听什么, 什么是你获得科学信息的来源? |
consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁;
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And then, it's important to speak out . |
然后,重要的是说出来。 |
speak out:畅所欲言;大胆地说;大声地说;
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Talk about how you evaluated your biases and evaluated your sources. |
谈谈你如何评估你的偏见和信息来源。 |
evaluated:v.估计;评价;评估;(evaluate的过去分词和过去式)
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I want you to listen to this little 40-second clip from one of the top TV meteorologists in the US, Greg Fishel, in the Raleigh, Durham area. |
我想让你们听听这个40秒的小片段, 来自美国顶尖的电视 气象学家之一,格雷格·费舍尔, 他住在Durham的Raleigh地区。 |
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳; meteorologists:n.气象学家(meteorologist的复数);
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He's revered in that region . |
他在那个地区很受尊敬。 |
revered:v.崇敬,尊崇,敬畏(revere的过去式和过去分词); region:n.地区;范围;部位;
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But he was a climate skeptic . |
但他是个气候怀疑论者。 |
skeptic:n.怀疑论者;怀疑者;无神论者;sceptic(英);
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But listen to what he says about speaking out. |
但是听听他关于发声是怎么说的。 |
Greg Fishel: The mistake I was making and didn't realize until very recently, was that I was only looking for information to support what I already thought, and was not interested in listening to anything contrary . |
格雷格·费舍尔: “我犯过的错误, 并且直到最近我才意识到的是, 我只看那些 能支撑我想法的信息, 从来不对任何相反的信息感兴趣。 |
contrary:adj.相反的;对立的;adv.相反地;n.相反;反面;
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And so I woke up one morning, and there was this question in my mind, "Greg, are you engaging in confirmation bias? |
所以有一天早晨我醒来, 脑海中有个问题, ‘格雷格,你是不是陷入了确认偏误? |
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
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Are you only looking for information to support what you already think?" |
你是不是只看那些支持你想法的信息。’ |
And if I was honest with myself, and I tried to be, |
如果我对自己诚实,也试图对自己诚实, |
I admitted that was going on. |
我得承认是这样的。 |
And so the more I talked to scientists and read peer-reviewed literature and tried to conduct myself the way I'd been taught to conduct myself at Penn State when I was a student, |
所以我和科学家交谈的次数越多, 阅读同行评议的文献越多, 我也努力像我在 宾夕法尼亚州立大学上学时 被教导的那样去要求自己, |
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法;
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it became very difficult for me to make the argument that we weren't at least having some effect. |
对我来说,就越难证明 我们一点也没有被影响。 |
Maybe there was still a doubt as to how much, but to say "nothing" was not a responsible thing for me to do as a scientist or a person. |
也许,到底被影响了多少还是个疑问, 但作为一个科学家或一个人, 说‘一点也没被影响’ 是一件不负责任的事情。” |
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
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JMS: Greg Fishel just talked about expanding his radius of understanding of science. |
JMS:格雷格·费舍尔刚刚在说 扩大他认知科学的半径。 |
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词)
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And when we expand our radius, it's not about making a better future, but it's about preserving life as we know it. |
当我们扩大我们的半径时, 不是为了创造一个更好的未来, 而是为了保留我们所知的生活。 |
preserving:n.保留,保存;
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So as we think about expanding our own radius in understanding science, it's critical for Athens, Georgia, for Atlanta, Georgia, for the state of Georgia, and for the world. |
所以当我们想要扩大 我们对科学的理解范围时, 这对乔治亚州的雅典和亚特兰大, 对乔治亚州和整个世界都很重要。 |
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
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So expand your radius. |
所以,扩大你的半径吧。 |
Thank you. |
谢谢。 |
(Applause) |
(鼓掌) |