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IshanBhabha_2020S-_如何促进具有建设性且负责任的辩论_-
What if you own a hotel, and one of the key principles in your mission statement is a commitment to treat all employees and customers equally, including on the basis of gender and religion? 假设你拥有一家饭店, 你们的企業宗旨之一 是平等对待所有员工、顾客, 不论其性别、宗教。
And then a large group books an event at your space, and when you look at the booking, you realize it's a religious group, and one of their key principles is that women should never leave the home and should have no opportunities for professional development outside of it. 有天,一个大型团体在饭店订了场地, 你查看订单时才发现这是个宗教团体, 而他们的主要教条中说: 「女人绝不可离开家, 也不应谋求家庭以外的职業发展。」
What if:如果…怎么办? principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) mission statement:n.(公司或组织的)宗旨说明; commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; on the basis of:根据;基于…; gender:n.性别; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
What do you do? 你会怎么办？
Do you host the event and get criticized by some, or refuse and get criticized by others? 冒着被某些人批评的风险, 让活动举行？ 还是拒之于门外,被另一群人骂？
In my work, I counsel organizations on how to create rules to navigate ideological disagreement and controversial speech, and I defend my clients , whether in court or from the government, when their actions are challenged. 我的工作就是辅导组织制定规则, 以便在意识型态冲突或出现争议性 言论的情况下找到适当的处理方式。 当我的客户面临挑战, 不管是诉讼案件或政府制裁, 我都会为他们辩护。
criticized:v.批评;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的过去式和过去分词) counsel:n.劝告,忠告,建议;法律顾问;律师;vt.提供专业咨询;建议,劝告(做某事) organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空; ideological:adj.思想的;意识形态的; controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的; clients:n.委托人;当事人;客户机;(client的复数)
The structures I recommend recognize the real harms that can come from certain types of speech, but at the same time , seek to promote dialogue rather than shut it down. 我所推荐的架构 能够辨认何种言论会带来何种伤害, 但同时也促进沟通而非关闭对话,
The reason is that we need disagreement. 原因在于我们需要不同看法,
Creativity and human progress depend on it. 创意和人类的进步由此而生。
While it may be often easier to speak with someone who agrees with everything you say, it's more enlightening and oftentimes more satisfying to speak with someone who doesn't. 虽然跟事事顺着我们的人讲话 通常比较容易, 但与不同意见的人谈话 却往往更具启发性、也更让人满足。
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; enlightening:adj.富有启发性的;v.启发;开导;阐明;(enlighten的现在分词) oftentimes:adv.时常地;
But disagreement and discord can have real and meaningful costs. 可是,意见不合与分歧 也可能会让我们付出实质的代价,
Disagreement, particularly in the form of hateful speech, can lead to deep and lasting wounds and sometimes result in violence . 尤其在争论时使用仇恨的恶意言论, 可能造成深刻且恒久的伤害, 有时还会引发暴力。
And in a world in which polarization and innovation are increasing at seemingly exponential rates, the need to create structures for vigorous but not violent disagreement have never been more important. 在两极化现象与改革行动 不断翻倍成长的现今社会中, 提出架构以应对强烈但非暴力的歧见, 其重要性已提升到前所未有的程度。
discord:n.不和;不调和;嘈杂声;vi.不一致;刺耳; meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; hateful:adj.可憎的;可恨的;可恶的; wounds:n.(身体上的)伤,伤口; v.使(身体)受伤; (wound的第三人称单数和复数) violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; polarization:n.极化;偏振;两极分化; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; exponential:adj.指数的;n.指数; vigorous:adj.有力的;精力充沛的; violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的;
The US Constitution's First Amendment might seem like a good place to start to go to look for answers. 想找答案,从美国宪法第一修正案下手看似可行。
You, like I, may have often heard somebody say that some form of a speech restriction , whether from an employer , a website, or even somebody else, " violates " the First Amendment. 或许你跟我一样,曾听别人说过 某些型式的言论限制,不管限制是来自雇主、网站或某人, 都违反了第一修正案。
First Amendment:n.美国宪法第一修正案(保护言论与信仰自由以及和平集会权); restriction:n.限制;约束;束缚; employer:n.雇主,老板; violates:违反;亵渎;侵犯;
But in fact, the First Amendment usually has little if any relevance at all. 其实,第一修正案几乎与此没有关联。
The First Amendment only applies when the government is seeking to suppress the speech of its citizens. 第一修正案仅适用于 政府试图箝制人民的言论时;
As a result , the First Amendment is by design a blunt instrument . 即,第一修正案的设计 不是为了广泛的应用。
relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯; applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数) seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词) suppress:vt.抑制;镇压;废止; As a result:结果; blunt:adj.钝的,不锋利的;生硬的;直率的;v.使迟钝; instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械;
A narrow category of speech can be banned based on its content . 依照其规范,只有 一小部分的言论可被禁止,
Almost everything else cannot. 其他的几乎都不行。
But the First Amendment has no relevance when what we're talking about is a private entity regulating speech. 但如果我们谈的是 民间团体对于言论的规范, 则与第一修正案毫无关联。
And that's a good thing, because it means private entities have at their disposal a broad and flexible set of tools that don't prohibit speech, but do make speakers aware of the consequences of their words. 这其实是件好事, 因为这表示民间团体 有一套可灵活运用的工具, 可在不限制言论的前提下, 让讲者意识到其言论可能造成的后果。
narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴; banned:v.明令禁止;取缔;禁止(某人)做某事;(ban的过去分词和过去式) content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; entity:n.实体;存在;本质; regulating:vt.调节;校正(regulate的现在分词); entities:n.实体;存在(entity的复数形式);字符实体; disposal:n.处理;清除;去掉;(企业、财产等的)变卖; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的; prohibit:v.阻止;(尤指以法令)禁止;使不可能; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Here are some examples. 这里有几个例子。
When you go to university, it's a time for the free and unrestricted exchange of ideas. 大学是一段可以不受限制地 自由交换想法的时光。
But some ideas and the words used to express them can cause discord, whether it's an intentionally inflammatory event hosted by a student group or the exploration of a controversial issue in class. 但有些想法和表达的言词 可能会导致不合: 可能是学生团体故意举办的 具煽动性的活动, 或者是在课堂中探讨争议话题。
unrestricted:adj.自由的;无限制的;不受束缚的; exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换; express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地; inflammatory:adj.炎症性的;煽动性的;激动的; hosted:v.主办,主持(活动);做东;(host的过去分词和过去式) exploration:n.探索;勘探;探险;[医]探查术; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
In order to protect both intellectual freedom and their most vulnerable students, some universities have formed teams that bring speaker and listener together, free from the possibility of any sanction , to hear each other's viewpoints . 为了保护学术自由, 也为了保护容易受到伤害的学生, 有些大学会召集讲者与听者 组成不受制裁的小组, 以便让双方自由表达见解。
Sometimes students don't want to meet, and that's fine. 有的时候学生不想出席, 那也没关系,
But in other circumstances , mediated exposure to an opposing view can result in acknowledgment , recognition of unintended consequences and a broadening of perspectives . 但在某些情况下, 在这种有中间人调解的场合中 听取反方意见, 认同相反意见 和扩大视角的结果。
intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; sanction:n.制裁,处罚;认可;支持;vt.制裁,处罚;批准;鼓励; viewpoints:观点; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) mediated:vt.仲裁,调停;调解(mediate的过去式及过去分词形式); exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; opposing:adj.对立的; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的现在分词) acknowledgment:n.感谢;承认;承认书; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; unintended:adj.无意识的;非计划中的; broadening:n.扩展;[光]增宽;v.放宽;扩张(broaden的ing形式);adj.加宽的; perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式);
Here's an example. 我举个例子:
On a college campus , a group of students supporting the Israelis and those supporting the Palestinians were constantly reporting each other for disrupting events, tearing down posters and engaging in verbal confrontations . 校园中有一群支持以色列的学生团体, 也有一群支持巴勒斯坦的团体。 他们常常檢举对方干扰活动、 撕毁海报、 发动言词冲突等。
Recognizing that most of what the students were reporting did not violate the university's disciplinary code, the university invited both groups to sit down in a so-called " restorative circle," 在确认双方皆未违反校规的情况下, 校方邀请双方一同参加 所谓「修复圈圈」的活动。
campus:n.(大学)校园;大学,大学生活;校园内的草地; Israelis:以色列人,以色列国民(Israeli的名词复数); constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; disrupting:v.扰乱;使中断;打乱;(disrupt的现在分词) posters:n.海报;巨幅装饰画;发布消息的人;(poster的复数) engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词) verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式; confrontations:[军]对抗; Recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) disciplinary:adj.规律的;训练的;训诫的; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; restorative:n.[药]恢复药,滋补剂;adj.滋补的,有助于复元的;恢复健康的;
where they could hear each other's viewpoints, free from the possibility of sanction. 在这里,他们可以听到彼此的声音, 也不会受任何处罚。
After the meeting, the ideological disagreements between the groups remained as stark as ever, but the rancor between them significantly dissipated . 会面结束后, 双方意识型态的歧见仍然严重, 但对彼此的积怨却大幅下降。
Now, obviously, this doesn't always happen. 显然,并不是每次都会这么顺利。
But by separating reactions to speech from the disciplinary system, institutions of higher education have created a space for productive disagreement and a broadening of perspectives. 但学生对言论的反应 不再以校规来惩戒后, 高等教育机构得以创造出一个 让歧见有建设性、 让视野更开阔的空间。
rancor:n.深仇;怨恨;敌意; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; dissipated:adj.消散的; vt.消散; (dissipate的过去分词和过去式) reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数) institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) higher education:高等教育(指含大学以上的教育); productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
We're all biased . 我们都带有偏见,
I don't mean that in a bad way . 这不见得是坏事;
All of us are influenced , and rightly so, by our family background, our education, our lived experience and a million other things. 于情于理,我们都会被影响, 被家庭背景、教育、生活经验 和其他成千上万的事影响。
biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的; in a bad way:身体状况不好;情况不佳;病情严重;受伤; influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式) rightly:adv.正确地;恰当地;公正地;合适地;
Organizations, too, have influences , most importantly, the beliefs of their members, but also the laws under which they're governed or the marketplace in which they compete . 各种组织也同样有影响力, 尤其是成员的信仰, 以及管辖他们的律法 或他们所厮杀的市场,
These influences can form a critical part of a corporate identity , and they can be vital for attracting and retaining talent. 这些影响力都会成为 公司形象关键的一部份, 对于吸引及留住人才也都至关重要。
But these " biases ," as I'm calling them, can also be a challenge, particularly when what we're talking about is drawing lines for allowing some speech and not allowing others. 但这些我所谓的「偏见」 也可以是一种挑战, 尤其当我们要画一条线区隔 允许甚么言论和限制甚么言论的时候,
influences:n.影响; v.影响; marketplace:n.市场;集市; compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; corporate:adj.公司的;组成公司(或团体)的;法人的;社团的; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; retaining:adj.留住的;定位的;使固定的;v.保留(retain的现在分词); biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
The temptation to find speech harmful or disruptive simply because we disagree with it is real. 我们会不自主地 将不同意的言论视为有害, 但特定表述方式真的会带来伤害。
But equally real is the harm that can come from certain types of expression . 但特定表述方式真的会带来伤害。
In this situation, third parties can help. 在这种情况下,第三方就可以幫上忙。
Remember the hotel, trying to decide whether or not to allow the religious group to host its event? 还记得旅馆是否 要让宗教团体办活动的例子吗？
temptation:n.诱惑;引诱;煽诱人的事物; disruptive:adj.破坏的;分裂性的;制造混乱的; expression:n.表现,表示,表达; whether or not:是否…;
Rather than having to make a complex , on-the-spot decision about that group's identity and message, the hotel could instead rely on a third party, say, for example, the Southern Poverty Law Center, 与其直接针对团体的性质和言论 做出复杂的决定, 旅馆大可仰赖第三方, 比如: 南方贫困法律中心,
which has a list of hate groups in the United States, or indeed even its own outside group of experts brought together from diverse backgrounds. 他们有全美仇恨组织的名单, 甚至也有自己的外部专家团, 各路专家各有专精。
By relying on third parties to draw lines outside the context of a particular event, organizations can make content decisions without being accused of acting in self-interest or bias. 正因为是仰赖非活动相关的 第三方来画界线, 组织得以做出对言论内容的决策, 而无须背负「自利」或「偏见」骂名。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; on-the-spot:adj.现场的; rely:vi.依靠;信赖; Poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; relying:v.依赖;信任;指望(rely的现在分词); context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; accused:v.控告;控诉;谴责;(accuse的过去分词和过去式) self-interest:n.私利;利己主义;
The line between facts and opinions is a hazy one. 事实与看法两者的分界线其实很模糊。
The internet provides the opportunity to publish almost any position on any topic under the sun . 网路让所有议题的各种立场 都得以摊在阳光下。
And in some ways, that's a good thing. 在某些层面来说,这是好事,
It allows for the expression of minority viewpoints and for holding those in power accountable . 它让少数人得以发声、 也让掌权者为自己负责。
hazy:adj.朦胧的;模糊的;有薄雾的; publish:v.出版;发表;公布; under the sun:天下;究竟; minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的; accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
But the ability to self-publish freely means that unverified or even flat-out false statements can quickly gain circulation and currency , and that is very dangerous. 但每个人都能够自由、公开地发表 也代表了未经证实或摆明是虚假的言论 能快速流窜并获得声量, 这是一件非常危险的事。
The decision to take down a post or ban a user is a tough one. 撤除贴文或封锁使用者的决定并不容易,
It certainly can be appropriate at times, but there are other tools available as well to foster productive and yet responsible debate . 有时候这的确是应当的处置, 但还是有其他可行的方法 来促进有建设性且负责任的辩论。
unverified:adj.未经核对的,未经证实的; flat-out:adj.直率的;坦白的;最高的;adv.坦白地;直率地;以最高速; statements:n.说明; v.(英国)对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定; (statement的第三人称单数和复数) circulation:n.流通,传播;循环;发行量; currency:n.货币;通货; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
Twitter has recently started labeling tweets as misleading , deceptive or containing unverified information. 推特最近开始为推文加上标签, 例如:误导、造假或 含有未经证实讯息等。
Rather than block access to those tweets, 比起直接让人无法读取推文,
Twitter instead links to a source that contains more information about the claims made. 推特选择附上连结,引导至更多与该主张相关的讯息。
A good and timely example is its coronavirus page, which has up-to-the-minute information about the spread of the virus and what to do if you contract it. 一个很切时的例子 便是新冠肺炎的页面, 该页面有最即时的病毒传播消息, 和感染后应该怎么做的讯息。
recently:adv.最近;新近; labeling:n.标签;标记;[计]标号;v.贴标签;分类;(label的现在分词) tweets:n.啾啾声,小鸟叫声(tweet的复数形式);v.鸣叫(tweet的三单形式); misleading:adj.误导的;引入歧途的;v.误导;引入歧途;使误信;(mislead的现在分词) deceptive:adj.欺诈的;迷惑的;虚伪的; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数) timely:adj.及时的;适时的;adv.及时地;早; coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; up-to-the-minute:adj.最新的;最近的;直到现在的; contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约;
To me, this approach makes a ton of sense. 对我来说,这个方法很有道理。
Rather than shutting down dialogue, this brings more ideas, facts and context to the forum . 比起彻底关掉对话管道, 这么做可以为论坛 带进更多想法、事实与内容。
And, if you know that your assertions are going to be held up against more authoritative sources , it may create incentives for more responsible speech in the first place . 而且如果你知道你的说法 有可能会被拿来 与具有权威的言论做比较, 你就可能会在一开始 就更加审慎地发言。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; forum:n.论坛,讨论会;法庭;公开讨论的广场; assertions:n.断言(assertion的复数);认定; authoritative:adj.有权威的;命令式的;当局的; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; in the first place:首先;起初;
Let me end with a hard truth: the structures I've described can foster productive debate while isolating truly harmful speech. 让我以一个残酷的真相作结吧: 我前述所形容的架构 能促进有建设性的辩论, 同时隔离本质有害的言论,
But inevitably , some speech is going to fall in a grey area , perhaps deeply offensive but also with the potential to contribute to public debate. 但无可避免地,还是有一些言论 会落入灰色地带, 可能是一些极为冒犯, 却仍然可能对大众辩论 有所贡献的言论。
In this situation, 在这种情况下,
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) isolating:adj.孤立的;绝缘的;v.使隔离;使绝缘(isolate的ing形式); inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; grey area:n.中间区域(界线不明、不易归类、难以界定或处理的领域或形势); offensive:n.进攻;攻势;攻击;侵犯;adj.冒犯的;得罪人的;无礼的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; contribute to:有助于;捐献;
I think as a general matter, the tie should go to allowing more rather than less speech. 我认为一般来说 还是应该鼓励而非抑制言论。
Here's why. 以下是我的理由:
For one, there's always the risk that an innovative or creative idea gets squelched because it seems unfamiliar or dangerous. 一、创新或有创意的想法 总是比较可能被扼杀, 因为人们对它不熟悉或觉得它危险。
Almost by definition , innovative ideas challenge orthodoxies about how things should be. 基本上从定义来看, 「新想法」就是在挑战 「事情应该要怎么样」的正统思维。
So if an idea seems offensive or dangerous, it could be because it is, or it might simply be because we're scared of change. 所以如果当一个想法 看起来冒犯到人或很危险, 有可能它的确如此, 也有可能纯粹只是因为我们害怕改变。
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; creative:adj.创造性的; squelched:vt.消除; vi.嘎吱作响; n.噪声控制; unfamiliar:adj.不熟悉的;不常见的;没有经验的; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; orthodoxies:n.正统;正教;正统说法;
But let me suggest that even if speech has little to no value at all, that deficiency should be shown through open debate rather than suppression . 但我建议,即使言论几乎没有价值, 还是应该透过公开的辩论来显现其缺陷, 而不是直接压制。
To be very clear: false speech can lead to devastating real-world harms, from the burning of women accused of being witches in Europe in the 15th century 我在这里要明确指出: 错误言论可能会带来真实的惨痛伤害, 从 15 世纪欧洲烧死 被指控为女巫的女人,
to the lynching of African Americans in the American South, to the Rwandan Genocide . 到美国南方对非裔美国人动用私刑, 甚或到卢安达种族大屠杀。
deficiency:n.缺陷,缺点;缺乏;不足的数额; suppression:n.抑制;镇压;[植]压抑; devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的; witches:n.女巫(witch的复数);魔女;v.用魔法迷住(witch的第三人称单数); lynching:n.处以私刑;处私刑杀害;v.以私刑处死(lynch的ing形式); Genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀;
The idea that the remedy for false speech is more speech isn't always true. 「对抗错误言论最好的方法 就是更多言论」的观念 并非永远正确,
But I do think more often than not , more speech can help. 但我着实认为更多的言论, 十有八九能幫得上忙。
A famous story from First Amendment case law shows why. 宪法第一修正案有个着名的案例 告诉我们为什么。
In 1977, a group of neo-Nazis wanted to stage a march through the leafy , peaceful suburb of Skokie, Illinois , home to a significant number of Holocaust survivors. 1977 年,一群新纳粹主义者想举办游行, 地点选在绿意盎然、平和的 伊利诺州郊区:斯科基, 那里住着许多大屠杀的生还者。
remedy:vt.补救;治疗;纠正;n.补救;治疗;赔偿; more often than not:通常;多半; case law:n.案例法(以已往的判例为依据的法律) neo-Nazis:n.新纳粹分子(neo-Nazi的复数形式); leafy:adj.多叶的;叶状的;叶茂盛的; suburb:n.郊区;城外; Illinois:n.伊利诺斯州(美国州名); Holocaust:n.大屠杀;毁灭;
The City Council immediately passed ordinances trying to block the Nazis, and the Nazis sued . 该市议会迅速通过法规, 试图阻止新纳粹主义者, 新纳粹主义者还因此告上法院。
The case made it all the way up to the US Supreme Court and back down again. 案子一路打到美国最高法院, 然后又被退回来。
The courts held that the neo-Nazis had the right to march, and that they could display their swastikas and give their salutes while doing so. 法院认为新纳粹有权游行, 也可秀出他们的卍字饰,并行举手礼。
Council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; ordinances:n.[管理]条例;[法]法令(ordinance的复数); sued:v.控告;提起诉讼;提出请求;(sue的过去分词和过去式) Supreme Court:最高法院; display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的; swastikas:n.纳粹党所用的十字记号;古印度吉祥标志; salutes:n.致敬,欢迎;敬礼;vt.行礼致敬,欢迎;vi.致意,打招呼;行礼;
But when the day for the march came, and after all that litigation , just 20 neo-Nazis showed up in front of the Federal Building in Chicago, Illinois, and they were met by 2,000 counter-protesters responding to the Nazis' messages of hate with ones of inclusion . 经过漫长的诉讼, 当游行的那天真的到来, 只有 20 名新纳粹主义者 现身伊利诺州芝加哥联邦大楼, 而 2000 名反抗议民众 以包容性的讯息 回应新纳粹的仇恨言论。
As the Chicago Tribune noted, the Nazi march sputtered to an unspectacular end after 10 minutes. 根据芝加哥论坛报指出, 新纳粹的游行 只勉强撑十分钟便草草结束
The violence in Charlottesville, Virginia , and indeed around the world, shows this isn't always how these stories end. 但维吉尼亚州的夏洛茨维尔 和世界的许多地方 却有不同的故事结局。
litigation:n.诉讼;起诉; Federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词) inclusion:n.包含;内含物; Tribune:n.护民官;讲坛;看台;公民权利保护者; sputtered:v.喷溅;发出噼啪声(sputter的过去分词);气急败坏的说; unspectacular:adj.不引人注意的;普通的; Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的;
But to me, the Skokie story is a good one, one that shows that the fallacy and moral bankruptcy of hateful speech can best be responded to not through suppression but through the righteous power of countervailing good and noble ideas. 在我看来,斯科基是一个很好的例子, 它展示了应对谬误、 道德沦丧的仇恨言论 最好的办法不是压抑它, 而是透过良善、伟大、 正义的想法与之抗衡。
Thank you. 谢谢。
fallacy:n.谬论,谬误; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; bankruptcy:n.破产; responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词) righteous:adj.正义的;正直的;公正的; countervailing:adj.抵消的;对抗性的;v.补偿;抵消(countervail的ing形式);对抗; noble:adj.高尚的;贵族的;惰性的;宏伟的;n.贵族;