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IsabelBehnckeIzquierdo_2011U-_从倭黑猩猩类人猿到人类，天赋进化的礼物是玩乐_
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| I just came back from a community that holds the secret to human survival . |
我刚从一个社群回来 它们掌握着人类生存的秘密。 |
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community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
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| It's a place where women run the show, have sex to say hello, and play rules the day -- where fun is serious business. |
在这个社群,女性主导一切, 要做爱就打声招呼, 玩乐是全天的法宝-- 快乐玩耍是个正经严肃的事。 |
| And no, this isn't Burning Man or San Francisco. |
不是的,这不是指欲火焚烧的男人 也不是指旧金山（意指多元文化）。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Ladies and gentlemen, meet your cousins. |
女士们,先生们,见见你的近亲。 |
| This is the world of wild bonobos in the jungles of Congo. |
这就是野生倭黑猩猩的世界 座落于刚果的丛林中。 |
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bonobos:n.倭黑猩猩(bonobo的变形);
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| Bonobos are, together with chimpanzees , your living closest relative . |
倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩是 我们大家生活里最密切相关的近亲。 |
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chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数); relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
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| That means we all share a common ancestor, an evolutionary grandmother, who lived around six million years ago. |
这意味我们都享有一个共同的祖先, 一个进化了的祖母, 她生活在大约6百万年前。 |
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evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
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| Now, chimpanzees are well-known for their aggression . |
现在,黑猩猩因 他们的好战而闻名于世。 |
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well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; aggression:n.侵略;侵犯;攻击性;好斗情绪;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| But unfortunately , we have made too much of an emphasis of this aspect in our narratives of human evolution. |
但不幸的是, 我们已经过分强调 这方面 在人类进化的历史中所起的作用。 |
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unfortunately:adv.不幸地; emphasis:n.强调;重视;重要性;(对某个词或短语的)强调; aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数);
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| But bonobos show us the other side of the coin . |
但是倭黑猩猩显示给我们的是 这硬币的另一面。 |
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the other side of the coin:事情的另一面;硬币的另一面;事情的另一方面;
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| While chimpanzees are dominated by big, scary guys, bonobo society is run by empowered females. |
当黑猩猩 被又大又吓人的雄黑猩猩统领时, 倭黑猩猩社群 是由雌倭黑猩猩所领导。 |
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dominated:v.支配;控制;左右;影响;(dominate的过去式和过去分词) empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式)
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| These guys have really worked something out, since this leads to a highly tolerant society where fatal violence has not been observed yet. |
这些倭黑猩猩能相安无事地生活在一起, 由此形成了一个高度包容性的社会 在这社群,致命的暴力行为 还没有被观察到。 |
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highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; tolerant:adj.宽容的;容忍的;有耐药力的; fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
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| But unfortunately, bonobos are the least understood of the great apes . |
但不幸的是, 倭黑猩猩是类人猿里最难被了解的 一种。 |
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apes:n.[脊椎]猿;猩猩;类人猿(ape的复数);v.模仿;仿效(ape的三单形式);
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| They live in the depths of the Congolese jungle , and it has been very difficult to study them. |
它们生活在刚果丛林的深处, 所以对它们的研究就是非常困难。 |
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jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带;
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| The Congo is a paradox -- a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty, but also the heart of darkness itself -- the scene of a violent conflict that has raged for decades and claimed nearly as many lives as the First World War . |
刚果是个似是而非的矛盾体-- 她是一块孕育非凡的生物多样性和美丽的土地, 但她自身也是黑暗之心-- 暴力冲突的场景 已经持续了几十年 这夺走了许多生命 就如第一次世界大战一样。 |
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paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事; extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; biodiversity:n.生物多样性; violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; raged:v.发怒;狂暴;狂欢(rage的过去分词); claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式) First World War:n.第一次世界大战(1914至1918年间,主战场在欧洲);
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| Not surprisingly , this destruction also endangers bonobo survival. |
不足为奇的是, 这种破坏也危及倭黑猩猩的生存。 |
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surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; endangers:vt.危及;使遭到危险;
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| Bushmeat trades and forest loss means we couldn't fill a small stadium with all the bonobos that are left in the world -- and we're not even sure of that to be honest. |
猎寻兽肉的买卖和丛林消失 意味着我们不能 给在世界上仅存的倭黑猩猩们提供一个小小的栖息地-- 实话,我们甚至都不能确定是否会有一个小的栖息地。 |
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stadium:n.[体]露天大型体育场;[病]病期;[生]生长期;龄期;
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| Yet, in this land of violence and chaos , you can hear hidden laughter swaying the trees. |
然而,在这个充斥暴力和混乱的土地上 你能听到隐隐约约的笑声 摇曳在树木中。 |
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chaos:n.混沌,混乱; swaying:v.使摇动;支配;偏向一边(sway的ing形式);
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| Who are these cousins? |
这些近亲是些什么动物啊？ |
| We know them as the "make love, not war" apes since they have frequent , promiscuous and bisexual sex to manage conflict and solve social issues . |
我们知道它们是“做爱,不要战争”的类人猿, 因此它们有频繁的,很随便的性生活 和双性性交 来处理冲突 和解决社会问题。 |
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frequent:adj.频繁的;经常发生的;v.常到(某处); promiscuous:adj.混杂的;杂乱的;adv.偶然地;胡乱地; bisexual:adj.两性的;雌雄同体的; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Now, I'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity's problems -- since there's more to bonobo life than the Kama Sutra . |
我现在不是说这就是解决 人类所有问题的方法-- 因为玩乐对于倭黑猩猩来说 比起欲经意味更多。 |
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solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; Sutra:n.佛经(等于sutta);箴言;
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| Bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their entire lives. |
倭黑猩猩就像人类, 在它们的整个一生都爱玩乐。 |
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throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
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| Play is not just child's games. |
玩乐不仅仅是孩子的游戏。 |
| For us and them, play is foundational for bonding relationships and fostering tolerance . |
对于我们人类和倭黑猩猩, 玩乐是建立亲密关系 和培养容忍性的基础。 |
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foundational:adj.基础的;基本的; fostering:v.促进;助长;培养;鼓励;抚育;(foster的现在分词) tolerance:n.公差;耐量;宽容;容忍;
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| It's where we learn to trust and where we learn about the rules of the game. |
它也让我们学会信任 和游戏的规则 |
| Play increases creativity and resilience , and it's all about the generation of diversity -- diversity of interactions , diversity of behaviors, diversity of connections. |
玩乐增进了创造力 和适应力, 它都是有关多样性的产生-- 多样性的相互作用, 多样性的行为, 和多样性的联系。 |
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resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
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| And when you watch bonobo play, you're seeing the very evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance and ritual . |
当你看倭黑猩猩玩乐时, 你会看到非常进化的根源 有关人类的笑声,跳舞 和仪式。 |
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ritual:n.仪式;惯例;礼制;adj.仪式的;例行的;礼节性的;
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| Play is the glue that binds us together. |
玩乐就是粘结剂 使得我们相互联系在一起。 |
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glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴; binds:v.约束;捆绑;系;装订;n.窘境;(binds是bind的第三人称单数)
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| Now, I don't know how you play, but I want to show you a couple of unique clips fresh from the wild. |
现在我虽不知你是怎么玩乐的, 但我想给你们看两段 刚从野外拍摄到的特别剪辑。 |
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unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; clips:n.夹子; v.夹住;
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| First, it's a ball game bonobo-style -- and I do not mean football. |
首先,这是一个倭黑猩猩式的球类游戏-- 我不是指足球。 |
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ball game:n.球类运动;棒球比赛;
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| So here, we have a young female and a male engaged in a chase game. |
在这儿, 两只年轻的一雌一雄倭黑猩猩 在玩追逐游戏。 |
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female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; engaged in:从事于;忙于;
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| Have a look what she's doing. |
看看她在做什么。 |
| It might be the evolutionary origin of the phrase, "she's got him by the balls." |
这可能就是短语 “她在玩弄他的蛋蛋。”的进化起源。 |
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origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Only I think that he's rather loving it here, right? |
我只想到他相当喜欢这样的方式,对吧。 |
| Yeah. |
是的。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| So sex play is common in both bonobos and humans. |
所以性游戏 在倭黑猩猩和人类两者身上都是司空见惯的。 |
| And this video is really interesting because it shows -- this video's really interesting because it shows the inventiveness of bringing unusual elements into play -- such as testicles -- and also how play both requires trust and fosters trust -- while at the same time being tremendous fun. |
这个视频真的很有趣 因为它证明-- 这个视频真的很有趣 因为它证明了 把不寻常的因素带进游戏里所产生的创造性-- 例如睾丸-- 游戏如何能寻求信任 和培养信任-- 与此同时又乐趣无穷。 |
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inventiveness:n.创造性;发明的才能; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) testicles:n.[解剖]睾丸;(testicle的复数) fosters:v.培养;促进(foster的第三人称单数); at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
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| But play's a shapeshifter. |
但玩乐是一个变形的过程。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Play's a shapeshifter, and it can take many forms, some of which are more quiet, imaginative , curious -- maybe where wonder is discovered anew . |
玩乐是一个变形的过程, 它可以变成许多玩乐游戏, 一些游戏是较安静的, 富有想象力的,探于求索的-- 或许这玩乐的奇妙是发现新鲜事。 |
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imaginative:adj.虚构的;富于想象的;有创造力的; curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的; anew:重新,再
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| And I want you to see, this is Fuku, a young female, and she is quietly playing with water. |
我想让大家看看, 这是福酷,一个年轻雌倭黑猩猩, 她正在悄然地玩耍水。 |
| I think, like her, we sometimes play alone, and we explore the boundaries of our inner and our outer worlds. |
我认为,就像她, 我们有时独自玩耍, 我们探索着 我们内心和我们外部世界的界限。 |
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explore:v.探索:探测:探险: boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数) inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的; outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中;
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| And it's that playful curiosity that drives us to explore, drives us to interact, and then the unexpected connections we form are the real hotbed for creativity. |
正是玩乐的新奇感 驱使我们去探索,驱使我们去互动联系。 然后我们所形成的这种意想不到的联系 是真正孕育创造力的温床。 |
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playful:adj.开玩笑的;幽默的;爱嬉戏的; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; hotbed:n.滋长地,温床;
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| So these are just small tasters into the insights that bonobo give us to our past and present. |
因此这些仅是浅尝而已 由倭黑猩猩带给我们这种深刻的洞察力 来探索我们的过去和现在。 |
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tasters:n.尝味道者;审阅人; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数);
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| But they also hold a secret for our future, a future where we need to adapt to an increasingly challenging world through greater creativity and greater cooperation . |
但它们也对我们的未来保有一个秘密, 在未来我们需要适应 一个日益充满挑战性的世界 通过史无前例的创造性 和更多的合作来做到。 |
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adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应; increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; cooperation:n.合作;配合;
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| The secret is that play is the key to these capacities . |
这秘密是玩乐是 具备这些能力的关键。 |
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capacities:n.能力;容量;性能;生产量(capacity的复数);
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| In other words, play is our adaptive wildcard . |
换言之, 玩乐是我们适应未来的万能牌。 |
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adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的; wildcard:n.通配符;
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| In order to adapt successfully to a changing world, we need to play. |
为了成功地适应 一个变化中的世界, 我们需要玩乐。 |
| But will we make the most of our playfulness ? |
但我们要尽可能地嬉戏玩乐吗？ |
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make the most of:尽量利用;十分重视; playfulness:n.玩笑;嬉闹;
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| Play is not frivolous . |
玩乐不是无足轻重的; |
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frivolous:adj.无聊的;轻佻的;琐碎的;
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| Play's essential . |
玩乐是至关重要的。 |
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essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
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| For bonobos and humans alike, life is not just red in tooth and claw . |
对于倭黑猩猩和人类一样, 生活不仅仅是血红的牙齿和利爪。 |
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claw:n.爪;螯,钳;爪形器具;v.用爪抓(或挖);
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| In times when it seems least appropriate to play, it might be the times when it is most urgent . |
好似最不适宜去玩乐的时候, 但它可能是最迫切需要玩乐的时候。 |
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appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的;
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| And so, my fellow primates , let us embrace this gift from evolution and play together, as we rediscover creativity, fellowship and wonder. |
那么,我的灵长类的同胞们, 让我们拥护这天赋进化的礼物 让我们一起嬉戏玩乐, 由此我们重新发现创造力, 情同手足的关系和奇迹。 |
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primates:n.灵长类; embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括; rediscover:vt.重新发现;再发现; fellowship:n.友谊;奖学金;研究员职位;
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| Thank you. |
谢谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |