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HowardRheingold_2005-_合作开放等于财富_
I'm here to enlist you in helping reshape the story about how humans and other critters get things done. 今天我来这里号召大家 一起来重构人类及其他生物做事的方式。
enlist:vi.支持;从军;应募;赞助;vt.使入伍;征募;谋取…的赞助或帮助; reshape:vt.改造;再成形; critters:n.生物;小动物(critter的复数形式);
Here is the old story. We have already heard a little bit about it. 这里先说说过去的老方式。这个我们已经知道了一些。
Biology is war in which only the fiercest survive. 生物学是一场战争,只有最凶猛的生物可以生存。
Biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; fiercest:(尤指人或动物)凶猛的; (天气或温度)恶劣的(fierce的最高级);
Businesses and nations succeed only by defeating, destroying and dominating competition . 生意场上、国家之间,只有击败、 摧毁对方,占据主导地位才能成功。
dominating:adj.个性强势的; v.支配; (dominate的现在分词) competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
Politics is about your side winning at all costs . 政治就是不计代价为自己一方赢得胜利。
Politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) at all costs:无论如何,不惜任何代价;
But I think we can see the very beginnings of a new story beginning to emerge . 但我觉得我们看得到,一个新故事也渐渐开始上演。
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
It's a narrative spread across a number of different disciplines , in which cooperation , collective action and complex interdependencies play a more important role. 这是个横跨很多不同领域的故事, 在这中间合作开放、协作行为及复杂的相互依存关系, 扮演着更加重要的角色。
narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的; disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导; cooperation:n.合作;配合; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
And the central, but not all-important role of competition and survival of the fittest, shrinks just a little bit to make room. 它的中心部分,不再是完全由绝对重要的竞争和适者生存占据 它萎缩了一些,留出了一部分空间。
all-important:adj.非常重要的;首要的; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; shrinks:v.缩水,收缩,缩小;n.精神病学家;心理学家;(shrink的第三人称单数和复数)
I started thinking about the relationship between communication, media and collective action when I wrote Smart Mobs , and I found that when I finished the book I kept thinking about it. 当我开始写《聪明行动族》这本书时, 我开始思考沟通、媒体和集体行为三者间的关系。 我发现在写完书之后,我还是忍不住不停地去想。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; Mobs:n.人群; v.(鸟群或兽群)围攻; (mob的第三人称单数和复数)
In fact, if you look back, human communication media and the ways in which we organize socially have been co-evolving for quite a long time. 事实上,当你回顾过去,人类沟通媒体 及我们的社会组织方式,都是共同演进了相当长一段时间的。
human communication:人际交往; organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理; co-evolving:共同演化;
Humans have lived for much, much longer than the approximately 10,000 years of settled agricultural civilization . 人类活在地球上的时间, 比起约一万年的定居农业文明要长得多。
approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; settled:adj.稳定的; v.结束; (settle的过去分词和过去式) agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
In small family groups, nomadic hunters bring down rabbits, gathering food. 以小家庭为组织的游牧猎人,射杀兔子,采集食物。
nomadic:adj.游牧的;流浪的;游动的; bring down:降低;打倒,打死;击落;
The form of wealth in those days was enough food to stay alive. 当时财富的形式是有足够的食物可以生存。
wealth:n.财富;大量;富有;
But at some point they banded together to hunt bigger game. 但在某个阶段这些家庭组织在一起,去捕捉更大的猎物。
banded:adj.有带子的;v.绑扎(band的过去式);
And we don't know exactly how they did this. 我们不确定他们当时是如何做到的。
Although they must have solved some collective action problems. 不过他们一定解决了某些集体行动上的问题。
It only makes sense that you can't hunt mastodons while you're fighting with the other groups. 当你猎杀乳齿象时, 不能和其他组织争斗,这样才说的通。
mastodons:n.[古生]乳齿象;庞然大物;adj.巨大的;庞大的;
And again, we have no way of knowing, but it's clear that a new form of wealth must have emerged . 不过,我们也无从得知, 但很显然,当时一定有某种新的财富模式产生了。
emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式)
More protein than a hunter's family could eat before it rotted. 猎人家庭拥有了更多的蛋白质,等不到吃完就腐烂掉了。
protein:n.蛋白质;
So that raised a social question that I believe must have driven new social forms. 这样就产生了一个社会问题, 而我相信这个问题推动了新的社会模式的产生。
Did the people who ate that mastodon meat owe something to the hunters and their families? 那些吃乳齿象肉的人是否欠了 猎人和他们的家庭某些东西呢？
owe:v.归功于;欠(债);欠(账);欠(情)
And if so, how did they make arrangements ? 如果是这样,他们又是如何达成协议的呢？
arrangements:n.安排;筹备;布置;商定;(arrangement的复数)
Again, we can't know, but we can be pretty sure that some form of symbolic communication must have been involved . 同样的,我们无法得知,但我们可以确信, 其中一定包含某种象征性的沟通。
symbolic:adj.象征的;符号的;使用符号的; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
Of course, with agriculture came the first big civilizations , the first cities built of mud and brick, the first empires. 当然,随着农业的发展,人类第一次迈向文明 出现了第一批泥土和砖块盖起来的城市以及第一个帝国。
civilizations:n.文明(civilization的复数形式);
And it was the administers of these empires who begin hiring people to keep track of the wheat and sheep and wine that was owed . 正是这些帝国的掌权人, 开始雇佣人力,来记录别人欠下的麦子、羊以及葡萄酒。
administers:v.管理;治理(国家);施行;执行;提供;(administer的第三人称单数) keep track of:记录;与…保持联系; owed:v.欠债;欠情;归功于;起源于;(owe的过去分词和过去式)
And the taxes that was owed on them by making marks, marks on clay at that time. 还有他人欠的税款等。 当时他们通过在粘土上做记号来记录这些。
clay:n.黏土;陶土;
Not too much longer after that, the alphabet was invented. 在那之后不久,人们就发明了字母表。
And this powerful tool was really reserved , for thousands of years, for the elite administrators who kept track of accounts for the empires. 这个强有力的工具从此被保存了好几千年, 专门给那些帮帝国记账的精英管理者所使用。
reserved:adj.内向的; v.预订,预约; (reserve的过去分词和过去式) elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; administrators:n.[管理]管理员;完全程序(administrator的复数形式);
And then, another communication technology enabled new media. 然后,另一个新的沟通科技创造了新的媒体。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式)
The printing press came along, and within decades, millions of people became literate . 印刷厂出现了,在几十年内, 就有数以百万计的人懂得了读写。
printing press:n.印刷机; literate:adj.受过教育的;精通文学的;n.学者;
And from literate populations, new forms of collective action emerged in the spheres of knowledge, religion and politics. 而这些会读书写字的人们, 在知识、宗教、政治的领域里, 开创了新的集体行动的模式。
spheres:n.[数]球体(sphere的复数); v.把…放在球体内(sphere的第三人称单数形式);
We saw scientific revolutions , the Protestant Reformation , constitutional democracies possible where they had not been possible before. 我们看见了科学革命,新教改革, 以及宪政民主等这些以前不可能的事物成为了可能。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; revolutions:n.革命,转数(revolution的复数形式); Protestant:adj.抗议的;持异议的;n.抗议者;持异议者; Reformation:n.革新;改善; constitutional:adj.宪法的;本质的;体质上的;保健的;n.保健散步;保健运动; democracies:民主;
Not created by the printing press, but enabled by the collective action that emerges from literacy . 这些不是由印刷媒体创造的, 而是文化所带动的集体行动中造就的。
emerges:vi.浮现;摆脱;暴露; literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学;
And again, new forms of wealth emerged. 此外,各种新的财富模式也兴起了。
Now, commerce is ancient. Markets are as old as the crossroads . 现如今开来,经济是古老的,市场跟十字路口一样老。
commerce:n.商业;(尤指国际间的)贸易;商务; crossroads:n.十字路口;交叉路口;聚会的中心地点(crossroad的复数形式);
But capitalism , as we know it, is only a few hundred years old, enabled by cooperative arrangements and technologies , such as the joint stock ownership company, shared liability insurance , double-entry book keeping. 但就如我们所知,资本主义只有短短几百年而已, 它因合作和科技而得以实现, 例如合资股份公司, 共有责任保险及复式记账等。
capitalism:n.资本主义; cooperative:adj.合作的;协作的;同心协力的;协助的;n.合作企业;合作社组织; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); joint:n.关节; adj.共同的; v.连接,贴合; stock:n.股票; v.库存; adj.老一套的; liability:n.责任;债务;倾向;可能性;不利因素; insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的; double-entry:n.复式记账;两侧进汽;复式记录;
Now, of course, the enabling technologies are based on the Internet. 当然,现在的科技都以网络为基础。
enabling:adj.授权的;v.使能够;授权给(enable的现在分词);
And in the many-to-many era, every desktop is now a printing press, a broadcasting station, a community or a marketplace . 在多对多沟通的时代,每个桌面电脑现在都成了印刷厂、 广播电台、社区或者市场。
desktop:n.桌面;桌面(显示使用程序图标的计算机屏幕); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; marketplace:n.市场;集市;
Evolution is speeding up. 革命还在加速进行。
More recently , that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops . 近来,这种革命已经不再围绕台式机打转转了。
recently:adv.最近;新近; leaping:adj.跳跃的,跳跃而行的;n.跳跃;v.跳跃(leap的ing形式); desktops:n.桌面;网络释义:虚拟桌面;台式机;台式电脑;(desktops是desktop的复数)
And very, very quickly we are going to see a significant proportion , if not the majority , human race walking around holding, carrying or wearing supercomputers linked at speeds greater than what we consider to be broadband today. 很快,我们将会看到一个占显著比例的一部分人,即使不是大多数, 将会拿着、揣着或戴着超级电脑走来走去, 这些电脑互相连接,而其连接速度 会比我们今天所知道的宽频还要快的多。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; proportion:n.比例;部分;份额;均衡;v.摊派;使相称; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: human race:n.人类; supercomputers:n.[计]巨型计算机,超级计算机; broadband:n.宽频;宽波段;adj.宽频带的;宽波段的;宽频通讯的;
Now, when I started looking into collective action, the considerable literature on it is based on what sociologists call "social dilemmas ." 当我开始研究集体行动时, 那可观的相关文献是基于被社会学家称为“社会困境”之上的。
considerable:adj.相当大的;重要的,值得考虑的; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; sociologists:n.社会学家; dilemmas:n.困境(dilemma的复数);
And there are a couple of mythic narratives of social dilemmas. 关于社会困境有些虚构的描述。
mythic:adj.神话的;虚构的; narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数);
I'm going to talk about two of them: the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons. 我将简要地说明其中两项, 即囚犯困境以及共有财产的悲哀。
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;
Now, when I talked about this with Kevin Kelly, he assured me that everybody in this audience pretty much knows the details of the prisoner's dilemma. 当我跟凯文·凯利聊起这些事时, 他向我保证在座的每位大概都知道 囚犯困境是怎么回事。
assured:adj.确定的;自信的;n.被保险人;v.保证;确实;(assure的过去分词和过去式);
So I'm just going to go over that very, very quickly. 所以,我将很快速地重复一下。
to go over:复习;
If you have more questions about it, ask Kevin Kelly later. (Laughter). 如果你有更多的疑问,可以去问凯文·凯利,不过要等下。（笑）
The prisoner's dilemma is actually a story that's overlaid on a mathematical matrix that came out of the game theory in the early years of thinking about nuclear war: two players who couldn't trust each other. 囚犯困境实际上是一个 叠加在数学矩阵之上的故事, 这个故事来源于早期对于核战争思考的游戏理论: 两个玩家无法信任彼此。
overlaid:v.覆盖(overlay的过去分词); mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石; game theory:n.博弈论;对策论; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的;
Let me just say that every unsecured transaction is a good example of the prisoner's dilemma. 我们可以说,每个无担保的交易, 都是囚犯困境的好例子。
unsecured:adj.无担保的;未固定的; transaction:n.处理;业务;办理;
Person with the goods, person with the money, because they can't trust each other, are not going to exchange . 有商品的人和有钱的人, 因为无法信任彼此而无法进行交易。
exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
Neither one wants to be the first one, or they're going to get the sucker's payoff . 没有人想迈出第一步, 因为这样他们就会吃亏。
payoff:n.报酬;结果;发工资;结算;adj.支付的;决定性的;产生结果的;
But both lose, of course, because they don't get what they want. 当然,他们都会输,因为他们都得不到想要的东西,
If they could only agree, if they could only turn a prisoner's dilemma into a different payoff matrix, called an assurance game, they could proceed . 只有当他们同意将囚犯困境 变成信任赛局的报酬矩阵时,他们才能进行下一步。
assurance:n.保证,担保;(人寿)保险;确信;断言;厚脸皮,无耻; proceed:n.收入;卖得金额;收益;v.继续;接着做;行进;前往;
20 years ago, Robert Axelrod used the prisoner's dilemma as the probe of the biological question: 二十年前,罗伯特阿克塞罗德利用囚犯困境, 进行对生物问题的探索。
probe:n.探针;调查;vi.调查;探测;vt.探查;用探针探测; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
If we are here because our ancestors were such fierce competitors, how does cooperation exist at all? 如果我们活在此地是因为我们的祖先都是强悍的竞争者, 那么合作又怎么可能存在呢？
He started a computer tournament for people to submit prisoner's dilemma strategies and discovered, much to his surprise, that a very, very simple strategy won. 阿克塞罗德开始了一个电脑竞赛 让人们针对囚犯困境,提交各自策略, 然后他意外的发现,其中最最简单的策略竟然赢了。
tournament:n.锦标赛,联赛;比赛; submit:vt.使服从;主张;呈递;vi.提交;服从; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
It won the first tournament, and even after everyone knew it won, it won the second tournament. That's known as tit-for-tat . 这个策略赢了第一场比赛,甚至在大家都知道这件事之后, 还赢了第二场竞赛。这个策略就是以牙还牙。
tit-for-tat:针锋相对;
Another economic game that may not be as well known as the prisoner's dilemma, is the ultimatum game. 另一个经济游戏可能不像囚犯困境那样广为人知, 这就是最后通牒游戏
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; well known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; ultimatum:n.最后通牒;
And it's also a very interesting probe of our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions . 这也是个关于人们 如何进行经济交易的有趣探索。
assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数) transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数);
Here's how the game is played. There are two players. 游戏是这样玩的。 有两个玩家,
They've never played the game before. 双方都不没有玩过这游戏,
They will not play the game again. They don't know each other. 他们也不会再玩这个游戏。他们知道彼此是谁。
play the game:玩游戏;行动光明正大;遵守比赛规则;
And they are, in fact, in separate rooms. 实际上,他们在不同的房间里。
First player is offered a hundred dollars and is asked to propose a split : 50/50, 90/10. 给第一个玩家一百美元, 然后要求他做出分配:50/50,90/10。
propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算; split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的;
Whatever that player wants to propose. The second player either accepts the split, both players are paid and the game is over. 随意怎么做都行。第二个玩家可以接受第一个玩家所提出的分配, 然后双方都获得金钱,游戏结束。
Or rejects the split. Neither player is paid and the game is over. 第二个玩家也可以拒绝这个分配,双方都拿不到钱,然后游戏结束。
rejects:n.不良品; v.拒绝;
Now, the fundamental basis of neoclassical economics would tell you it's irrational to reject a dollar because someone you don't know, in another room, is going to get 99. 新古典派经济的基础会告诉你, 拒绝任何一美元都是不明智的, 因为某个陌生人在另一个房间里将得到99美元。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; neoclassical:adj.新古典主义的; irrational:adj.不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的;n.[数]无理数;
Yet in thousands of trials with American and European and Japanese students, a significant percentage would reject any offer that's not close to 50/50. 可是,在成千上万美国、欧洲以及日本学生的测试中, 有显著的比例的人会拒绝任何少于50/50的分配。
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成;
And although they were screened, and didn't know about the game, and had never played the game before, proposers seemed to innately know this because the average proposal was surprisingly close to 50/50. 尽管玩家被隔离而且从来不知道这个游戏, 而且从前也从没玩过这个游戏, 提议的人似乎天生就知道这个结果, 因为提议的平均值令人意外的接近50/50。
proposers:n.申请者; innately:adv.天赋地;与生俱来的; proposal:n.提议,建议;求婚; surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
Now, the interesting part comes in more recently when anthropologists began taking this game to other cultures and discovered, to their surprise, that slash-and-burn agriculturalists in the Amazon , 有趣的部分是最近才知道的, 当人类学者将这些游戏带到其他文化去时, 他们惊讶的发现, 亚马逊的刀耕火种法的农耕民族,
anthropologists:[人类]人类学家; slash-and-burn:adj.刀耕火种的; agriculturalists:n.农学家(等于agriculturist); Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士;
or nomadic pasturalists in Central Asia, or a dozen different cultures -- each had radically different ideas of what is fair. 或者是中亚的游牧民族,以及其他许多不同的文化—— 每个人对于公平都有极端不同的看法。
radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
Which suggests that instead of there being an innate sense of fairness, that somehow the basis of our economic transactions can be influenced by our social institutions -- whether we know that or not. 由此可见,与其说人类天生有对公平的共同观感, 倒不如说我们的经济交易基础 会被我们的社会制度所影响—— 无论我们是否意识到这点。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式) institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
The other major narrative of social dilemmas is the tragedy of the commons. 另一个主要的社会困境就是共有财产的悲哀。
Garrett Hardin used it to talk about overpopulation in the late 1960s. 60年代末,加勒特·哈丁利用它来说明人口过剩的问题。
overpopulation:n.人口过剩;
He used the example of a common grazing area in which each person, by simply maximizing their own flock , led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource . 他例举某个共用畜牧的土地为例,在那里, 每个人只是简单的将他们畜牧的牛羊增加到最大值, 就会导致过度畜牧,资源耗尽。
maximizing:n.最大化;达到极大值;v.使…最大化;取…最大值(maximize的ing形式); flock:v.聚集;群集;蜂拥;n.(羊或鸟)群;(尤指同类人的)一大群; overgrazing:v.过度放牧(overgraze的现在分词); depletion:n.消耗;损耗;放血; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
He had the rather gloomy conclusion that humans will inevitably despoil any common pool resource in which people cannot be restrained from using it. 他得出了令人沮丧的结论, 人类将无可避免的掠夺任何公有的资源, 因为人们无法克制不去使用它们。
gloomy:adj.黑暗的;沮丧的;阴郁的; conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; despoil:vt.掠夺,剥夺;夺取; restrained:adj.克制的,受限制的;拘谨的;v.抑制;约束;(restrain的过去分词和过去式)
Now, Eleanor Ostrom, a political scientist , in 1990 asked the interesting question that any good scientist should ask, which is, is it really true that humans will always despoil commons? 奥斯特姆,政治科学家, 在1990年问了一个任何好的科学家都该问的有趣问题, 那就是,人类是否真的总会破坏公共资源呢？
political scientist:n.政治学家;
So she went out and looked at what data she could find. 于是她就想看下能找到什么样的数据。
She looked at thousands of cases of humans sharing watersheds , forestry resources , fisheries , and discovered that, yes, in case after case, humans destroyed the commons that they depended on. 她查看了几千个关于人们共用 水源、森林和渔业的个案,然后果然发现,各个案例都显示 人类真的会破坏他们所依赖的公有资源。
watersheds:n.[水文]流域,水域(watershed的复数形式);[地理]分水岭; forestry:n.林业;森林地;林学; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); fisheries:n.渔业;渔场(fishery的复数);捕鱼术;渔业公司;
But she also found many instances in which people escaped the prisoner's dilemma. 但是,她也发现,在许多情况下,人们逃出了囚犯困境。
instances:n.相依物体,例子; v.举例说明(instance的第三人称单数形式);
In fact, the tragedy of the commons is a multi-player prisoner's dilemma. 事实上,共有财产的悲哀是一个多数玩家的囚犯困境。
And she said that people are only prisoners if they consider themselves to be. 她说,只有当人们觉得自己就是囚犯时,他们才会是囚犯。
They escape by creating institutions for collective action. 人们通过制造集体行动的机制逃离困境。
And she discovered, I think most interestingly , that among those institutions that worked, there were a number of common design principles . And those principles seem to be missing from those institutions that don't work. 我觉得最有趣的, 是她发现在所有可行的机制当中, 有几个通用的设计原则, 而这些原则看起来 在不可行的机制中是没有的。
interestingly:adv.有趣地; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
I'm moving very quickly over a number of disciplines. In biology, the notions of symbiosis , group selection , evolutionary psychology are contested, to be sure . 我将快速的谈谈几个领域。 在生物学中,共生的概念,群组选择, 以及演化心理学颇都是非常具有争议性的。
notions:n.观念(notion的复数);小商品; symbiosis:n.[生态]共生;合作关系;共栖; selection:n.选择;选拔;挑选;被挑选的人(或物); evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的; psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; to be sure:诚然;的确;哎呀(表惊奇);
But there is really no longer any major debate over the fact that cooperative arrangements have moved from a peripheral role to a central role in biology, from the level of the cell to the level of the ecology. 但是,关于生物学中 合作机制已经日渐重要这个事实,再不会有任何大的辩论, 从细胞到整个生态系统都是如此。
debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; peripheral:adj.外围的;次要的;(神经)末梢区域的;n.外部设备;
And again, our notions of individuals as economic beings have been overturned . 此外,这也颠覆了我们视个人为经济体 的概念。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); overturned:v.推翻;倾覆;撤销;(overturn的过去分词和过去式)
Rational self-interest is not always the dominating factor . 理性的个人利益,并不总是占优势的因素。
self-interest:n.私利;利己主义; factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入;
In fact, people will act to punish cheaters, even at a cost to themselves. 实际上,人们会为了惩罚欺骗者而做出行动,哪怕会输掉他们自己的利益。
And most recently, neurophysiological measures have shown that people who punish cheaters in economic games show activity in the reward centers of their brain. 最近,神经生物学的测量显示 在经济游戏中惩罚欺骗者的人 脑部的酬劳中枢处于活跃状态。
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
Which led one scientist to declare that altruistic punishment may be the glue that holds societies together. 这项发现让某位科学家宣称,利他的惩罚 也许是使社会连接在一起的粘合剂。
altruistic:adj.利他的;无私心的; punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待; glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴;
Now, I've been talking about how new forms of communication and new media in the past have helped create new economic forms. 我一直说新的沟通模式和新的媒体 在过去如何帮助塑造新的经济模式。
Commerce is ancient. Markets are very old. Capitalism is fairly recent. 商业是古老的,市场是历史悠久的,资本主义是近代的。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
Socialism emerged as a reaction to that. 而社会主义的崛起,则是对资本主义的回应。
Socialism:n.社会主义; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
And yet we see very little talk about how the next form may be emerging . 但我们很少看到有人讲到下个模式将如何崛起。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
Jim Surowiecki briefly mentioned Yochai Benkler's paper about open source, pointing to a new form of production: peer-to-peer production. 詹姆斯·索诺维尔基简要的提到了约柴·本科勒教授关于开放源代码的论文, 论文中提出了一种新的生产模式——点对点的生产。
briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地; peer-to-peer:n.对等;对等网络;
I simply want you to keep in mind that if, in the past, new forms of cooperation enabled by new technologies create new forms of wealth, we may be moving into yet another economic form that is significantly different from previous ones. 我只想要你们记住,如果在过去是新的科技促进了新的合作模式, 继而制造出新的财富形式, 我们也许正向另一个新的经济模式演进, 它与过去的模式相比有着显著的不同。
keep in mind:记住; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
Very briefly, let's look at some businesses. IBM, as you know, HP, Sun -- some of them most fierce competitors in the IT world are open-sourcing their software, are providing portfolios of patents for the commons. 让我们很简要的看看几个企业,你们知道IBM、惠普以及SUN。 在IT产业中,他们最强的竞争者正将软件开源, 为公共经济提供专利的支持。
portfolios:n.档案;文件夹(portfolio的复数);证券投资组合; patents:n.[专利]专利(patent的复数形式);专利权;
Eli Lilly -- in again, the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical world -- has created a market for solutions for pharmaceutical problems. 美国礼来公司在竞争激烈的药品世界里 创造了一个解决药品问题的市场。
fiercely:adv.猛烈地;厉害地; competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的; pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物;
Toyota, instead of treating its suppliers as a marketplace, treats them as a network and trains them to produce better, even though they are also training them to produce better for their competitors. 丰田不再象对待市场一样对待供应商, 而是视他们为网络的一环并训练加强他们生产力, 尽管丰田知道这样一来竞争者也将因此获得更好的产品。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) treats:v.以…态度对待; n.乐事;
Now, none of these companies are doing this out of altruism . 这些公司都不是为了利他主义而行动的。
altruism:n.利他;利他主义;
They're doing it because they're learning that a certain kind of sharing is in their self-interest. 他们做这些事都是因为 了解到在自我利益中含有某种程度的分享。
Open-sourced production has shown us that world-class software, like Linux and Mozilla, can be created with neither the bureaucratic structure of the firm, nor the incentives of the marketplace as we've know them. 开放自由软件的生产让我们看到世界级的软件,像Linux以及Mozilla, 但这些软件不能从公司的官僚结构中生产, 也无法从我们所知的市场诱因中产出。
Open-sourced:开源的; world-class:n.世界级;adj.世界级的; Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统); bureaucratic:adj.官僚的;官僚政治的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施;
Google enriches itself by enriching thousands of bloggers through AdSense. 谷歌使用AdSense丰富成千上万的博客,同时使自己富足。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; enriches:vt.使充实;使肥沃;使富足; enriching:v.使丰富,充实;使饱含(某物);使富有;(enrich的现在分词) bloggers:n.写博客的人;博客使用者;
Amazon has opened its Applications Programming Interface to 60,000 developers , countless Amazon shops. 亚马逊开放了自己的应用程序接口 给6万名开发者以及无数的亚马逊商店。
Interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; developers:n.开发商;发展者;[摄]显影剂(developer的复数); countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的;
They're enriching others, not out of altruism, but as a way of enriching themselves. 他们并不是出于利他主义而去做好事,而是当作一种充实自己的手段。
Ebay solved the prisoner's dilemma and created a market, where none would have existed, by creating a feedback mechanism that turns a prisoner's dilemma game into an assurance game. Ebay解决了囚犯困境, 创造了前所未有的市场。他们创造了一个回馈机制, 将囚犯困境变成了合作博弈。
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
Instead of, "neither of us can trust each other so we have to make suboptimal moves," 原来是“我们彼此间不信任,所以我们不得不退而求其次”,
suboptimal:adj.次最优的;最适度下的;未达最佳标准的;
it's, "you prove to me that you are trustworthy , and I will cooperate ." 现在是“你必须先证明自己是可信任的,然后我才愿意合作”。
trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的; cooperate:v.合作;配合;协作;结合;
Wikipedia has used thousands of volunteers to create a free encyclopedia with a million and a half articles in 200 languages in just a couple of years. 维基百科利用上万名志愿者来创造一个免费的百科全书, 在短短两年内就以200种语言完成了150万篇文章。
Wikipedia:维基百科; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) encyclopedia:n.百科全书(亦是encyclopaedia);
We have seen that ThinkCycle has enabled NGOs in developing countries to put up problems to be solved by design students around the world, including something that's being used for tsunami relief right now. 我们看到ThinkCycle让发展中国家的非政府组织 提出问题,由世界各地设计学科的学生来帮忙解决。 这包括现在海啸救援中所使用的东西。
tsunami:n.海啸; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
It's a mechanism for rehydrating cholera victims that's so simple to use it illiterates can be trained to use it. 这是用来为霍乱病患者 补充水分的简单装置,非常容易用,即使是不识字的人 也可以通过培训很快掌握使用。
rehydrating:再水化;再水合(rehydrate的现在分词); cholera:n.[内科]霍乱; illiterates:adj.文盲的;不识字的;没受教育的;n.文盲;
BitTorrent turns every downloader into an uploader, making the system more efficient the more it is used. BitTorrent将每个下载者变成上传者, 这让系统变得使用越多就越有效率。
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
Millions of people have contributed their desktop computers when they are not using them to link together through the internet into supercomputing collectives that help solve the protein-folding problem for medical researchers. 千百万人自愿贡献出他们的桌面电脑, 在自己不使用的时候,一起连接到网络 变成超级电脑集体的一份子。 比如用来协助医学研究员解决蛋白质褶皱的问题,
contributed:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物); (contribute的过去式和过去分词) supercomputing:n.[计]超级计算; collectives:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
That's Folding at Home at Stanford. 这是在丹佛大学的Folding@Home。
To crack codes. To search for life in outer space. 或者破解密码。或是在外太空寻找生命迹象。
crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的; outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中;
I don't think we know enough yet. 我认为我们知道的还远远不够。
I don't think we've even begun to discover what the basic principles are. 我们甚至连最基本的原理是什么都还没有搞清楚。
But I think we can begin to think about them. 但是我觉得我们可以开始思考这些问题。
And I don't have enough time to talk about all of them. 而我没有足够的时间可以讲述所有东西。
But think about self-interest. 但是想想利己主义吧。
This is all about self-interest that adds up to more. 这全是自我利益最大化的例子。
In El Salvador , both sides that withdrew from their civil war took moves that had been proven to mirror a prisoner's dilemma strategy. 在萨尔外多的内战中,撤退的两方 所采取的行动,验证了囚犯困境的脱困策略。
Salvador:n.萨尔瓦多(巴西东部港市); withdrew:v.收回(withdraw的过去式);
In the US, in the Philippines , in Kenya, around the world, citizens have self-organized political protests and get-out-the-vote campaigns using mobile devices and SMS. 在美国,菲律宾,肯尼亚以及世界各地, 公民利用手机和短信 自己组织政治游行以及投票活动。
Philippines:n.菲律宾; self-organized:adj.自组织的;自发的; protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数); mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
Is an Apollo Project of cooperation possible? 一个类似阿波罗登月计划的合作是否可能呢？
Apollo:n.阿波罗(太阳神);美男子;
A transdisciplinary study of cooperation? 跨学科的研究合作是否可能呢？
I believe that the pay off would be very big. 我相信合作带来的活力会非常大。
I think we need to begin developing maps of this territory so that we can talk about it across disciplines. 我想我们需要开始为这新领地绘制地图, 这样我们可以跨领域进行讨论。
territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图;
And I am not saying that understanding cooperation is going to cause us to be better people. 我并不是说了解了合作 会使我们变成更好的人。
And sometimes people cooperate to do bad things. 有时候人们会一起合作做坏事。
But I will remind you that a few hundred years ago, people saw their loved ones die from diseases they thought were caused by sin or foreigners or evil spirits. 但是你要知道,在几百年前, 人们看见自己亲爱的人死于疾病时, 认为那是由罪恶、外国人或者恶魔造成的。
remind:v.提醒;使想起; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
Descartes said we need an entire new way of thinking. 笛卡尔说我们应该有一个全新的思考方式。
Descartes:n.笛卡尔(法国哲学家,数学家);
When the scientific method provided that new way of thinking and biology showed that microorganisms caused disease, suffering was alleviated . 当科学带来了那个新的思考方式, 当生物学查出微生物是造成疾病的原因, 病人的痛苦减轻了。
provided that:如果;条件是;倘若; microorganisms:n.[微]微生物,微生虫(microorganism的复数); alleviated:v.减轻(alleviate的过去分词);使…缓和;
What forms of suffering could be alleviated, what forms of wealth could be created if we knew a little bit more about cooperation? 什么样的痛苦可以得到减缓呢？ 如果我们对合作了解的更多, 什么样的财富可以被创造呢？
I don't think that this transdisciplinary discourse is automatically going to happen. 我不认为这跨学科的对话 将会自动发生。
discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出; automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的;
It's going to require effort. 这将会需要努力。
So I enlist you to help me get the cooperation project started. 因此,我在此号召大家来帮助我一起启动这个合作计划。
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) (掌声)