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HeribertWatzke_2010G-_肠胃里的大脑_
This technology made a very important impact on us. 有一项技术 给我们带来了重大冲击。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
It changed the way our history developed. 它改变了我们历史发展的道路。
But it's a technology so pervasive , so invisible , that we, for a long time, forgot to take it into account when we talked about human evolution . 但是这项技术非常普遍, 极不明显, 以至于我们在很长时间里, 都忘了把它算入 我们所说的 人类的演化中。
pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的; invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
But we see the results of this technology, still. 但是,我们还是看到了这项技术的后果。
So let's make a little test. 那么我们来做个小测验。
So everyone of you turns to their neighbor please. 现在请大家都转过去面对你身边的人。
Turn and face your neighbors. 转过去面对旁边的。
Please, also on the balcony . 楼上的朋友也请照做。
balcony:n.阳台;包厢;戏院楼厅;
Smile. Smile. Open the mouths. 微笑,微笑。张嘴。
Smile, friendly. 微笑,友善点。
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
Do you -- 你是否——
Do you see any Canine teeth? 你能看到犬牙吗？
Canine:adj.犬的;犬齿的;犬科的;似犬的;n.犬;[解剖]犬齿;
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
Count Dracula teeth in the mouths of your neighbors? 数数你旁边的人 有多少吸血鬼尖牙？
Of course not. 当然没有。
Because our dental anatomy is actually made, not for tearing down raw meat from bones or chewing fibrous leaves for hours. 因为我们的牙体解剖学 并不是为了 从骨头上扯下生肉 或花好几个小时咀嚼纤维质的树叶。
dental:n.牙医;[语]齿音;;adj.牙齿的;牙科的;齿音的; anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; fibrous:adj.纤维的,纤维性的;纤维状的;
It is made for a diet which is soft, mushy , which is reduced in fibers , which is very easily chewable and digestible . 它是为了进食那些 柔软的,糊状的东西 不含太多纤维, 非常容易咀嚼 和消化。
mushy:adj.糊状的;感伤的,多愁善感的; fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数); digestible:adj.易消化的;可摘要的;
Sounds like fast food , doesn't it. 听上去像快餐,是不是。
fast food:adj.供应快餐的;n.快餐食品;
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
It's for cooked food. 它是为了进食烹制过的食品。
We carry in our face the proof that cooking, food transformation , made us what we are. 我们的脸上就带着证据表明 烹饪 也就是食物的转化 造就我们今天的样子。
proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护; transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革;
So I would suggest that we change how we classify ourselves. 所以我建议我们应该改变对自己的分类。
classify:vt.分类;分等;
We talk about ourselves as omnivores . 我们称自己是杂食动物。
omnivores:n.杂食者(omnivore的复数);
I would say, we should call ourselves coctivors -- 我要说,我们应该称自己为煮食动物——
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
from coquere, to cook. 烹饪,源自拉丁文coquere。
We are the animals who eat cooked food. 我们这种动物 要吃烹饪的食物。
No, no, no, no. Better -- to live of cooked food. 不不不,更好的说法是—— 以烹煮过的食物为生。
So cooking is a very important technology. 所以说烹饪是一项非常重要的技术。
It's technology. 它的确是技术。
I don't know how you feel, but I like to cook for entertainment. 我不知道你们怎么看, 但是我喜欢把烹饪当成娱乐。
And you need some design to be successful. 而且你需要一些构思 才能成功。
So, cooking is a very important technology, because it allowed us to acquire what brought you all here: the big brain, this wonderful cerebral cortex we have. 那么,烹饪之所以是重要的技术, 是因为它让我们获得了 令我们演化到今天这个地步的东西: 大的脑子, 就是我们神奇的大脑皮层。
acquire:v.获得;取得;学到;捕获; cerebral:adj.大脑的,脑的; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮;
Because brains are expensive. 因为脑子变大了,
Those have to pay tuition fees know. 所以我们现在必须要为此付费。
tuition:n.指导;(尤指大专院校的)学费;
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
But it's also, metabolically speaking, expensive. 但是同时,从新陈代谢角度看,这样的脑也很昂贵。
metabolically:代谢的(metabolic的副词形式);
You now, our brain is two to three percent of the body mass , but actually it uses 25 percent of the total energy we use. 要知道,我们的大脑占身体总量的2-3%, 但事实上它要消耗我们所需的总能量的25%。
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
It's very expensive. 这是很大的消耗。
Where does the energy come from. Of course, from food. 那能量是从哪来的呢,当然是从食物来的。
If we eat raw food, we cannot release really the energy. 如果我们吃生的食物, 就不能充分地释放能量。
release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
So this ingenuity of our ancestors, to invent this most marvelous technology. 因此我们的祖先发挥聪明才智, 发明了这个最不可思议的技术。
ingenuity:n.心灵手巧,独创性;精巧;精巧的装置; marvelous:adj.了不起的;非凡的;令人惊异的;不平常的;
Invisible -- everyone of us does it every day, so to speak . 说它是无形的——就是说,我们每天都做饭。
so to speak:可以说;打个譬喻说;
Cooking made it possible that mutations , natural selections , our environment, could develop us. 烹饪使得 突变, 自然选择,我们的环境, 可以令我们发展演变。
mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式); selections:n.选择(selection的复数);选集;
So if we think about this unleashing human potential , which was possible by cooking and food, why do we talk so badly about food? 所以如果我们想想 这一未释放的人类潜能, 很可能来自烹饪和食物, 那我们为什么还要说食物的坏话呢？
unleashing:v.发泄;突然释放;使爆发(unleash的现在分词) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
Why is it always do and don'ts and it's good for you, it's not good for you? 总是说吃这个,不能吃那个, 这个对你有好处,那个对你没好处？
I think the good news for me would be if we could go back and talk about the unleashing, the continuation of the unleashing of human potential. 我认为对我来说的好消息 就是如果我们回到开头 所说的未释放的, 对释放人类的潜能的延续。
continuation:n.继续;续集;延长;附加部分;扩建物;
Now, cooking allowed also that we became a migrant species . 现在,烹饪也让我们 成为迁徙的物种。
migrant:n.候鸟;移居者;随季节迁移的民工;adj.移居的;流浪的; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
We walked out of Africa two times. 我们两次走出非洲。
We populated all the ecologies. 我们在各种生态环境中繁衍。
populated:v.生活于;
If you can cook, nothing can happen to you, because whatever you find, you will try to transform it. 如果你能煮食,你就什么也不用怕, 因为无论你找到什么, 你都会试图转化它们。
It keeps also your brain working. 它也让你开动脑筋想方设法。
Now the very easy and simple technology which was developed actually runs after this formula . 目前所发展出来的非常 简单易行的技术 事实上就是遵循这样的公式。
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等);
Take something which looks like food, transform it, and it gives you a good, very easy, accessible energy. 拿来一些看上去像食物的东西,转化它, 它就提供给你好的,容易获取的能量。
accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;
This technology affected two organs , the brain and the gut , which it actually affected. 这个技术影响到两个器官, 大脑和肠胃,造成了实实在在的影响。
organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
The brain could grow, but the gut actually shrunk . 脑子变大了,但是肠胃却缩小了。
shrunk:v.收缩(shrink的过去分词);
Okay, it's not obvious to be honest. 好吧,老实说这点在我这里并不太明显。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
But it shrunk to 60 percent of primate gut of my body mass. 但是它缩小到从前的60% 这是相对于我的体量的 灵长目动物的肠道而言。
primate:n.大主教;灵长类的动物;首领;adj.灵长目动物的;首要的;
So because of having cooked food, it's easier to digest. 因为有了熟食, 就更容易消化。
Now having a large brain, as you know, is a big advantage , because you can actually influence your environment. 正如大家所知,有一个较大的脑子, 是一个很大的优势, 因为你能确实地影响你的环境。
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点: influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
You can influence your own technologies you have invented. 你可以影响你自己已经发明的厨艺。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
You can continue to innovate and invent. 你可以继续发明创造。
innovate:vi.创新;改革;革新;vt.改变;创立;创始;引人;
Now the big brain did this also with cooking. 现在这个大个的脑子也要在烹饪方面发挥创意。
But how did it actually run this show? 但具体是如何实现的呢？
How did it actually interfere ? 事实上它是如何介入的呢？
interfere:v.干涉;干预;介入;
What kind of criteria did it use? 它采用怎样的条件？
criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数);
And this is actually taste reward and energy. 而且确实会带来更好的味道和能量。
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
You know we have up to five tastes, three of them sustain us. 你知道我们最多能有五种味觉, 其中三种是我们维持生命需要的。
sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实;
Sweet -- energy. 甜——能量。
Umami -- this is a meaty taste. 鲜——这是肉类的味道。
Umami:n.鲜味;咸和鲜; meaty:adj.肉的;多肉的;似肉的;
You need proteins for muscles , recovery . 你需要蛋白质生成肌肉,以及恢复健康。
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数); recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
Salty, because you need salt, otherwise your electric body will not work. 咸, 因为你需要盐份,否则你身体的电解质无法运作。
electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的;
And two tastes which protect you -- bitter and sour, which are against poisonous and rotten material. 而另外两种味道是保护你的—— 苦和酸, 它们代表了 有毒和腐坏的物质。
bitter:adj.苦的; n.苦味; v.激烈地; v.使变苦; poisonous:adj.有毒的;恶毒的;讨厌的; rotten:adj.腐烂的;堕落的;恶臭的;虚弱的;极坏的;adv.非常;
But of course, they are hard-wired but we use them still in a sophisticated way. 当然,这些都是与生俱来的, 但是我们还是可以通过精密的方法来利用它们。
hard-wired:adj.[计]硬连线的,硬接线的; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
Think about bittersweet chocolate; or think about the acidity of yogurt -- wonderful -- mixed with strawberry fruits. 想想又苦又甜的巧克力。 或是酸奶的酸味 很奇妙地 混合了草莓。
bittersweet:adj.苦乐参半的;又苦又甜的;n.又苦又甜的东西;蜀羊泉; acidity:n.酸度;酸性;酸过多;胃酸过多; strawberry:n.草莓
So we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing because we know that, in cooking, we can transform it to the form. 之所以我们可以混合所有这些东西 是因为我们知道 通过烹调,我们可以将它们转化 成形。
mixtures:n.[化学]混合物(mixture的复数);配合料;
Reward: this is a more complex and especially integrative form of our brain with various different elements -- the external states, our internal states, how do we feel, and so on are put together . 奖赏:这是一个更为复杂 和特别一体化 的形式存在于我们的大脑中 其中包含了各种各样的因素—— 外部环境,我们的内部状态, 我们如何感知以及其它所有这些都放在一起。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; integrative:adj.综合的;可以并合的;可以结合的;[数]可求积分的; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
And something which maybe you don't like but you are so hungry that you really will be satisfied to eat. 而且有些东西你可能未必喜欢, 但是你太饿了所以你也可以很满意地吃下去。
satisfied:adj.满意的:满足的:v.使满意:使满足;(satisfy的过去分词和过去式)
So satisfaction was a very important part. 所以满足感是一个非常重要的部分。
satisfaction:n.满意,满足;赔偿;乐事;赎罪;
And as I say, energy was necessary. 而且正如我说的,能量也是必须的。
Now how did the gut actually participate in this development? 那么事实上肠胃是如何 参与到这一发展当中呢？
participate:v.参加;参与;
And the gut is a silent voice -- it's going more for feelings. 肠胃能在无声中发言。 它更强调感觉。
I use the euphemism digestive comfort -- actually -- it's a digestive discomfort , which the gut is concerned with . 我用一种委婉的说法就是消化舒适。 事实上它是消化不适, 而这是肠胃所关心的。
euphemism:n.委婉语;委婉说法; digestive:adj.消化的;助消化的;n.助消化药; discomfort:n.不适,不安;不便之处;vt.使…不舒服;使…不安; concerned with:关心;涉及;忙于;与…有关;
If you get a stomach ache , if you get a little bit bloated , was not the right food, was not the right cooking manipulation or maybe other things went wrong. 如果你胃痛,如果你有点腹胀, 要不是食物不对,要不就是烹饪的方式不对。 或者是别的地方出了问题。
stomach ache:n.胃痛; bloated:adj.膨胀的; v.(使)膨胀,肿胀; (bloat的过去分词和过去式) manipulation:n.操作;管理措施;处理;操纵证券市场;变换;
So my story is a tale of two brains, because it might surprise you, our gut has a full-fledged brain. 我要讲的是两个大脑的故事, 因为你可能会很惊讶, 我们的肠胃有一个训练有素的大脑。
full-fledged:adj.羽毛生齐的;有充分资格的;发育完全的;
All the managers in the room say, "You don't tell me something new, because we know, gut feeling . 在座的所有管理层都会说, “你不用说这是什么新东西,因为我们知道,肚子里有数。
gut feeling:直觉;
This is what we are using." 我们一直都是这么用的。”
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
And actually you use it and it's actually useful. 而事实上,你的确是在使用它,它真的很有用。
Because our gut is connected to our emotional limbic system , they do speak with each other and make decisions. 因为我们的肠胃与我们的脑缘系统相连。 它们的确相互沟通 并作出决定。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; limbic system:n.(大脑)边缘系;
But what it means to have a brain there is that, not only the big brain has to talk with the food, the food has to talk with the brain, because we have to learn actually how to talk to the brains. 但是在这里 拥有一个大脑意味着 不仅是那个大个的脑子 要与食物交谈, 食物本身也要和大脑说话, 因为我们必须学习 如何真的和这些大脑交谈。
Now if there's a gut brain, we should also learn to talk with this brain. 如果肠胃里真有一个大脑, 我们也必须学习和这个脑沟通。
Now 150 years ago, anatomists described very, very carefully -- here is a model of a wall of a gut. 距今150年前, 解剖学家做了非常非常仔细的描述—— 这里是一个胃肠壁的模型——
anatomists:n.解剖学家;剖析者; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
I took the three elements -- stomach, small intestine and colon . 我取其中的三个成员—— 胃,小肠和结肠。
intestine:adj.内部的;国内的;n.肠; colon:n.[解剖]结肠;冒号(用于引语,说明,例证等之前);科郎(哥斯达黎加货币单位);
And within this structure , you see these two pinkish layers , which are actually the muscle. 在这套结构中, 你可以看到这两层粉红色的东西, 这实际上是肌肉。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; pinkish:adj.略带桃色的;较为激进的; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数)
And between this muscle, they found nervous tissues , a lot of nervous tissues , which penetrate actually the muscle -- penetrate the submucosa , where you have all the elements for the immune system . 在这些肌肉之间,他们发现了神经组织, 大量的神经组织, 它们渗透在整层肌肉中, 进入粘膜下层, 那里都是免疫系统。
tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) penetrate:v.渗透;进入;穿过;看透; submucosa:n.黏膜下层; immune system:n.免疫系统;
The gut is actually the largest immune system, defending your body. 肠胃事实上是最大的免疫系统, 保护着你的身体。
It penetrates the mucosa. 它渗入到粘膜。
penetrates:穿透;进入;打入;
This is the layer which actually touches the food you are swallowing and you digest, which is actually the lumen . 这层真正接触到你吞咽下去 以及要消化的食物, 这就是内腔。
swallowing:v.吞下;咽下;做吞咽动作;吞没;侵吞;(swallow的现在分词) lumen:n.流明(光束的能量单位);(管状器官内的)内腔;
Now if you think about the gut, the gut is -- if you could stretch it -- 40 meters long, the length of a tennis court. 现在如果你想想我们的肠胃, 如果你将其伸展开, 它有40米长, 相当于一个网球场的长度。
stretch:v.伸展;延伸;伸出;舒展;n.伸展;弹性;舒展;一片;adj.有弹力的;
If we could unroll it, get out all the folds and so on, it would have 400 sq. meters of surface. 如果我们把它摊开, 把所有褶皱都摊平, 表面积将有400平方米。
unroll:vt.展开,铺开;显示;vi.显露;展现;
And now this brain takes care over this, to move it with the muscles and to do defend the surface and, of course, digest our food we cook. 现在这个脑子在管理着这一切, 调动肌肉使之运动,保护表面, 当然,还要消化我们所煮的食物。
So if we give you a specification , this brain, which is autonomous , have 500 million nerve cells, 100 million neurons -- so around the size of a cat brain, so there sleeps a little cat -- thinks for itself, optimizes whatever it digests . 如果要给你们一个更具体的认识, 那么这个独立自主的大脑, 有5亿个神经细胞, 一亿个神经元—— 这差不多是一只猫的大脑, 所以我们的肚子里正睡着只小猫—— 自己在那里盘算着, 如何最大化地利用所消化的食物。
specification:n.规格;规范;明细单;说明书; autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神; optimizes:优化; digests:摘要(digest的复数);
It has 20 different neuron types. 它有20种不同的神经元。
neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位;
It's got the same diversity you find actually in a pig brain, where you have 100 billion neurons. 和你能在猪脑子里发现的神经元种类一样多, 而猪有一千亿个神经元。
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
It has autonomous organized microcircuits, has these programs which run. 它具有自发组成的微电路, 还有各种程序在运转。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
It senses the food; it knows exactly what to do. 它感受到食物,知道应该干什么。
It senses it by chemical means and very importantly by mechanical means, because it has to move the food -- it has to mix all the various elements which we need for digestion . 它通过化学方式感受到食物, 更重要的是机械的方式, 因为它必须要移动这些食物, 它必须把我们消化吸收所需的所有不同元素 都搅和在一起。
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; digestion:n.消化;领悟;
This control of muscle is very, very important, because, you know, there can be reflexes . 对肌肉的控制是非常非常重要的, 因为,要知道这里存在着反射作用。
reflexes:n.反应;条件反射;扑救反应(守门员);放射(reflex的复数形式);
If you don't like a food, especially if you're a child, you gag . 如果你不喜欢某类食物,尤其当你还是小孩时,你会作呕。
gag:n.封口布;塞口布;笑话;恶作剧;v.捂住,塞住;使缄默;作呕;
It's this brain which makes this reflex. 正是这个大脑令你作出这个反射动作的。
And then finally , it controls also the secretion of this molecular machinery , which actually digests the food we cook. 最后还有, 它还控制着分子结构上的分泌作用, 这才是对我们所煮食物的真正消化。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; secretion:n.分泌;分泌物;藏匿;隐藏; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置;
Now how do the two brains work with each other? 那么这两个大脑是如何相互合作的呢？
I took here a model from robotics -- it's called the Subsumption Architecture . 在这里我使用了一个机器人学的模型。 叫做包容结构。
robotics:n.机器人学; Architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
What it means is that we have a layered control system. 也就是说我们所拥有的是一个分层的控制系统。
layered:adj.分层的;层状的;v.分层堆积;用压条法培植(layer的过去分词);
The lower layer, our gut brain, has its own goals -- digestion defense -- and we have the higher brain with the goal of integration and generating behaviors. 较低层次是我们的肠胃大脑。 它有着自己的目标——消化和防御—— 我们还有一个较高级的大脑, 其目标是整合 和引起行动。
integration:n.集成;综合; generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词)
Now both look -- and this is the blue arrows -- both look to the same food, which is in the lumen and in the area of your intestine. 现在这两个大脑都看到——就是这里的蓝色箭头—— 它们都看到同样的食物在内腔里, 以及在小肠部分。
The big brain integrates signals, which come from the running programs of the lower brain, 大个的大脑整合所有信号, 这些信号来自较低层大脑 所运转的程序,
integrates:v.(使)结合;(使)一体化;(使)合并(integrate的第三人称单数形式);
But subsumption means that the higher brain can interfere with the lower. 但包容意味着, 高层大脑能够干涉低层次的大脑。
It can replace, or it can inhibit actually, signals. 它可以替换, 或甚至阻止那些信号。
inhibit:vt.抑制;禁止;
So if we take two types of signals -- a hunger signal for example. 因此如果我们收到两种信号—— 比如一个是饥饿的信号——
If you have an empty stomach, your stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin. 如果你的胃是空的, 它就会分泌出一种荷尔蒙叫饥饿激素。
hormone:n.[生理]激素,荷尔蒙;
It's a very big signal; it's sent to the brain says, "Go and eat." 这是一个非常强烈的信号。 它向你的大脑说, “去吃！”
You have stop signals -- we have up to eight stop signals. 你还收到停止的信号。 我们最多能收到8个停止的信号。
At least in my case, they are not listened to. 至少在我这里, 这些信号都不管用。
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
So what happens if the big brain in the integration overrides the signal? 那么会怎样？ 如果大的大脑从整体上 压制了这个信号？
overrides:n.重写; v.重写;
So if you override the hunger signal, you can have a disorder , which is called anorexia . 如果你压制了饥饿的信号, 你就会造成失调,叫做神经性食欲缺乏。
disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; anorexia:n.厌食;神经性厌食症;
Despite generating a healthy hunger signal, the big brain ignores it and activates different programs in the gut. 尽管出现了 一个正常的饥饿信号, 但你的大个大脑却无视它, 并在肠胃里激活不同的程序。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; ignores:v.忽视;对…不予理会;不予理睬;(ignore的第三人称单数) activates:v.[电子][物]激活;活化(activate的三单形式);
The more usual case is overeating . 更常见的情况 是过度进食。
overeating:v.吃得过多;过度饱食(overeat的ing形式);
It actually takes the signal and changes it, and we continue, even [though] our eight signals would say, "Stop, enough. 大脑确实收到了信号 并改变了它, 然后我们就继续吃, 甚至我们的八种信号都在说,“停！够了。
We have transferred enough energy." 我们已经转化了足够的能量。”
transferred:v.(使)转移,搬迁;(使)调动;(transfer的过去分词和过去式)
Now the interesting thing is that, along this lower layer -- this gut -- the signal becomes stronger and stronger if undigested , but digestible, material could penetrate. 这时有趣的地方就在于, 在肠胃这个较低的层次上, 这个信号会变得越来越强 如果我们吃了一些尚未吸收但是又可以吸收 的食物。
undigested:adj.未经整理的;未出售的;未经消化的;未被市场吸收的;
This we found from bariatric surgery . 这种情况出现在缩减消化道的减肥手术中。
bariatric:adj.肥胖症治疗学; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
That then the signal would be very, very high. 这种情况下饥饿信号会非常非常强烈。
So now back to the cooking question and back to the design. 现在回到烹饪的问题。 回到设计菜式的问题。
We have learned to talk to the big brain -- taste and reward, as you know. 我们已经学习了要和大的大脑交谈—— 你知道,就是味道和奖赏。
Now what would be the language we have to talk to the gut brain that its signals are so strong that the big brain cannot ignore it? 那么我们该用什么语言 和肠胃里的大脑交谈？ 它发出的信号强烈到 让大的大脑都不能无视？
Then we would generate something all of us would like to have -- a balance between the hunger and the satiation . 这样我们就能得到 我们大家都想要的东西—— 处于饥饿和满足之间的 平衡。
generate:v.产生;引起; satiation:n.饱满;饱食;满足;厌腻;
Now I give you, from our research, a very short claim . 通过我们的研究,我可以告诉你们一个小结论。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得;
This is fat digestion. 这就是脂肪消化。
You have on your left an olive oil droplet , and this olive oil droplet gets attacked by enzymes . 在你的左边 是一滴橄榄油, 这种橄榄油会被酶类攻击。
olive oil:n.橄榄油(用于烹饪和凉拌色拉); droplet:n.小滴,微滴; enzymes:n.[生化]酶(enzyme的复数);酶类,酵素;
This is an in vitro experiment. 这是在试管中进行的实验。
vitro:n.在试管内;
It's very difficult to work in the intestine. 因为很难在肠道里做实验。
Now everyone would expect that when the degradation of the oil happens, when the constituents are liberated , they disappear , they go away because they [were] absorbed . 现在每个人都知道 当油滴开始降解时, 当其中的组成成分被释放出来时, 它们会消失,不见掉, 因为它们被吸收了。
degradation:n.退化;降格,降级;堕落; constituents:n.构成要素;选民;成分;(constituent的复数) liberated:adj.不受传统思想束缚的,开放的; v.解放; (liberate的过去式和过去分词) disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在; absorbed:adj.被…吸引住; v.吸收(液体、气体等); (absorb的过去分词和过去式)
Actually, what happens is that a very intricate structure appears. 但真正出现的是一个非常复杂的结构。
intricate:adj.复杂的;错综的,缠结的;
And I hope you can see that there are some ring-like structures in the middle image, which is water. 我希望你们可以看到 在中间这张图里有一些环状的结构, 那就是水。
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
This whole system generates a huge surface to allow more enzymes to attack the remaining oil. 这整个系统会生成巨大的表面积 可以让更多的酶类 去攻击那些剩余的油脂。
generates:[计]生成;发生;
And finally, on your right side, you see a bubbly , cell-like structure appearing, from which the body will absorb the fat. 而最后,在你的右边, 你会看到出现了一个泡泡状的, 细胞一样的结构, 身体会从中吸收脂肪。
bubbly:adj.起泡的;多泡的;n.香槟酒;
Now if we could take this language -- and this is a language of structures -- and make it longer-lasting , that it can go through the passage of the intestine, it would generate stronger signals. 现在如果我们能使这种语言—— 而这是一种结构语言—— 维持更长时间, 让它维持在 整个肠道内, 它就会产生更强烈的信号。
longer-lasting:持久的;
So our research -- and I think the research also at the universities -- are now fixing on these points to say: how can we actually -- and this might sound trivial now to you -- how can we change cooking? 因此我们的研究—— 而且我想大学里也有类似的研究—— 就是在修正这些地方 也就是说,我们如何能真正的—— 这对你们来说可能觉得有点无意义—— 我们如何能改变烹饪的技术？
trivial:adj.不重要的,琐碎的;琐细的;
How can we cook that we have this language developed? 我们该如何做饭 当我们发展出这门语言以后？
So what we have actually, it's not an omnivore's dilemma . 所以我们真正面对的,不是一个杂食动物的两难处境。
dilemma:n.困境;进退两难;两刀论法;
We have a coctivor's opportunity, because we have learned over the last two million years which taste and reward -- quite sophisticated to cook -- to please ourselves, to satisfy ourselves. 而是一个煮食动物的机遇, 因为在过去的2百万年里,我们已经学习了 什么是好吃的和有营养的—— 学习了非常复杂的烹调技术—— 来让自己高兴,满足。
satisfy:vt.满足(要求,需要等):使满意:使确信:
If we add the matrix , if we add the structure language, which we have to learn, when we learn it, then we can put it back; and around energy, we could generate a balance, which comes out from our really primordial operation: cooking. 如果我们再加上更精细的内容, 如果我们加上结构性的语言,这是我们必须了解的, 当我们了解了这个语言,我们就可以把它用回去, 在能量之间, 我们就能产生一个平衡, 而这将来自 我们最为原始的行为:煮食。
matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石; primordial:adj.原始的;根本的;原生的;
So, to make cooking really a very important element, 因此,真的把烹饪当成 一个非常重要的因素来看,
I would say even philosophers have to change and have to finally recognize that cooking is what made us. 我会说就连哲学家们都必须改变看法 并且最终不得不承认 是烹饪造就了我们。
philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
So I would say, coquo ergo sum: 因此我要说:coquo ergo sum（拉丁语）
ergo:adv.因此,所以;
I cook, therefore I am. 我煮故我在。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢大家！
(Applause) （观众鼓掌）