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HennaMariaUusitupa_2019S-_出生时的肠道菌群如何影响终身健康_-
Now, I know it might be easy to think that microbes are bad, especially for infants , but research has in fact proven the opposite. 我知道很容易去这么想, 微生物不好, 尤其是对婴儿来说, 但是事实上, 研究证明了相反的结果。
microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式); especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿;
And the truth might be a little bit more complex , but it's actually way more interesting. 事实可能更加复杂一些, 但是也更加有趣。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
It seems that we need microbes to be programmed for good health, but not just any microbes, we need the right combination . 看上去我们需要微生物 来为健康助力, 但并不是任何微生物都可以, 我们需要正确的组合。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
We succeed best with the little microbial bodies we have adapted to coexist with during evolution . 在进化过程中,我们适应的 与之共存的微生物（组合）是最佳的。
microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的; adapted:adj.适于…的; v.使适应,使适合; (adapt的过去分词和过去式) coexist:vi.共存;和平共处; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
And I guess it won't surprise you to learn that we start acquiring that right combination right at birth. 我猜你们也不会惊讶于 我们从一出生之时 就开始获寻那种正确的组合。
acquiring:n.捕获,探测;习得;瞄准;v.获得;(acquire的现在分词);
Well, at least some of us do. 至少我们中的一些人是这样的。
Babies born by C-section and babies born vaginally aren't the same when it comes to microbial start to life, and after birth there are countless different early life events and circumstances 剖腹产出生的婴儿和 顺产出生的婴儿 在出生时 拥有的微生物群是不一样的, 出生后有数不清的 早期事件和环境因素 会进一步调整
C-section:n.剖腹产; vaginally:阴道的; countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
that further modulate the way the gut microbiota is developing, such as the medications that might be prescribed for the infant or the mother, number of pets and siblings in the family, as well as level of hygiene at home, and, in this case, it's actually better if it's not that perfectly clean all the time. 肠道菌群的发育, 像是开给婴儿或是母亲的药物, 家庭中宠物和兄弟姐妹的数量, 以及居家的卫生水平, 这种情况下,事实上 不总保持过分清洁反而是好事。
modulate:vt.调节;(信号)调制;调整;vi.调制;转调; gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 microbiota:n.微生物群; medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) prescribed:v.给…开(药); (prescribe的过去式和过去分词) siblings:n.兄;弟;姐;妹;(sibling的复数) as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; hygiene:n.卫生;卫生学;保健法;
And also nutrition , both mothers and infants. 还有母亲和婴儿的营养状况。
nutrition:n.营养,营养学;营养品;
All of these events and circumstances play a huge role in the gut microbial development and that has a huge impact on the lifelong health of that baby. 所有这些事件和环境 都在肠道菌群发育的过程中 扮演着重要的角色, 也对婴儿的长远健康 产生着巨大的影响。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And I'm not talking about small health implications here. 我讲的不是细微的健康影响。
implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
I'm talking about the big stuff . 我讲的是很大的影响。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Microbes we acquire or do not acquire affect our likelihood of developing diseases like obesity , diabetes and even some cancers . 我们获取或未获取的微生物 影响着我们得像是肥胖症、糖尿病、 甚至是一些癌症的概率。
acquire:v.获得;取得;学到;捕获; likelihood:n.可能性,可能; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数)
Since many of these early life events I just listed are such that we cannot affect them, they are inevitable , for example C-sections have been invented to save lives, and they do that daily, 因为许多我刚刚列出的早期事件 是我们无法掌控的, 因此这些事件不可避免, 比如为了拯救生命发明出的剖腹产, 每天都在发生,
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的; C-sections:n.剖腹产;
and most medications are prescribed for a valid reason, especially for infants, and so on. 开大多数药物都有合理的理由, 尤其对婴儿来说,等等。
valid:adj.有效的;有根据的;合法的;正当的;
That is why we have to learn how to protect the health of these babies after the occurrence of such early life events that might disrupt their gut microbiota development. 这就是为什么我们需要学习, 在这些可能会扰乱 婴儿肠道菌群发育的 早期人生事件发生之后, 如何保护这些婴儿的健康。
occurrence:n.发生;出现;存在;发生的事情; disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的;
I work as a researcher and as a technical lead of an infant health platform , and the question I'm trying to find a solution to every day at work, and the same question I'm aiming to answer in this talk, is how can we make sure 我是一名研究人员, 同时还是一个 婴儿健康平台的技术带头人。 有一个我每天在工作中 试图解答的问题, 同时也是我在这个演讲中 试图回答的问题, 那就是,从长远来看,
technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
that all babies get the same shot at lifelong health, no matter how they're born or what early life events they encounter . 无论这些婴儿以什么样的出生方式 或是在生命早期有什么样的经历, 我们如何确保他们 在健康方面处于同一起跑线。
encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见;
Seems like a noble cause, right? 听上去是很崇高的事业,对吧？
noble:adj.高尚的;贵族的;惰性的;宏伟的;n.贵族;
Great. 很好。
So let's figure this out. 那么让我们来一起分析一下。
To begin, remember how I said that we need the right combination of microbes? 首先,还记得我说过 我们需要正确的微生物组合吗？
Well, to get that combination right, we need to receive those microbes that inhabit our bodies in a certain order. 要获得正确的组合, 我们就需要以特定的顺序 来接收生活在 我们体内的微生物。
inhabit:v.居住在;栖居于;
You can think of it like a colonization march. 我们可以将其看成一种殖民活动。
colonization:n.殖民;殖民地化;
The very early microbes that inhabit our bodies first change the environment in the infant's gut so that the next microbes are able to move in, kind of like the first invaders come in first and set up the infrastructure for the other settlers to build upon. 最早进入我们身体的微生物 改变了婴儿的肠道环境, 这样下一批微生物才能进来, 就有点像最早的殖民者 第一个到来,并为后来的人 搭建起一定的基础设施。
invaders:n.侵略者(invader的复数);侵入种; come in first:跑第一;获第一名; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; settlers:n.移民;殖民者;(settler的复数)
Now, if babies are born via C-section, that early phase of colonization is greatly altered , because instead of vaginal, fecal and skin bacteria of the mother, mainly only skin bacteria enter the infant gut. 如果婴儿是剖腹产出生的, 那么他们体内早期的“殖民”阶段 就会被大大的改写, 因为母亲的阴道、粪便和 皮肤上的细菌三者中, 只有皮肤上的细菌 才会进入婴儿的肠道。
via:prep.通过;经由;n.道路;[医]管道; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式) fecal:adj.排泄物的;残渣的;糟粕的; bacteria:n.[微]细菌; mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地;
And that sets that colonization march to a totally different tone , and simply because that's different to what we've adapted to during evolution, that might cause some health disadvantages for C-section-born babies later on. 这就给“殖民行军”设定了 完全不同的基调, 仅仅是因为剖腹产和我们 通过进化所适应的方式（顺产）不同, 这就可能会在将来为剖腹产 出生的婴儿带来一些健康劣势。
tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调: disadvantages:n.不利因素;障碍;不便之处;(disadvantage的复数)
We can take weight development as an example here. 我们以体重的发展举例。
It has been already shown in several studies that gut microbiota composition is associated to weight as well as the likelihood of developing diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. 数个研究已经显示 肠道菌群成分和体重 以及患上像是糖尿病, 还有心血管疾病的概率 有着相关性。
composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) cardiovascular:adj.[解剖]心血管的;
But now there are some indications that you could already at infancy see from a fecal sample of a baby some microbes missing from those individuals who will later on develop to be obese or overweight . 然而现在有些证据表明, 你已经可以在婴儿时期, 从婴儿的粪便样本中看出, 将来会肥胖或超重的个体, 他们的肠道内缺少一些微生物。
indications:n.适应症,显示;标志(indication复数形式); infancy:n.初期;婴儿期;幼年; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); obese:adj.肥胖的,过胖的; overweight:adj.超重的;过重的;vt.使负担过重;n.超重;
It has also been shown that those same microbes might be missing from babies who are born by C-section or who are predisposed to heavy loads of antibiotics in early life. 还有证据表明, 通过剖腹产出生的婴儿 和在生命早期 接触大量抗生素的婴儿, 体内同样也缺少这些微生物。
predisposed:adj.先有倾向的,先有意向的; v.预先有倾向的; antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
And to kind of close this loop , it has also been shown in some research that babies born by C-section or are prescribed with many, many antibiotics early in life 除此之外, 还有研究显示, 通过剖腹产出生的婴儿 或是在生命早期 摄入大量抗生素的婴儿
loop:n.循环;回路;环路;圈;v.使成环;使绕成圈;成环形移动;
are more likely to be obese or overweight, even by 50 percent, which is a lot. 变得肥胖或超重的概率要高出 50%, 这是个很大的数字。
Now, I know you might be thinking at this point that, oh no, I just had a C-section or I was born via C-section or my child had the antibiotics. 我知道你们可能现在在想, 哦不好,我刚刚接受了剖腹产, 或是我是剖腹产出生的, 或是我的孩子摄入了抗生素。
But I want you to not worry. 但是我希望你们不要担心。
If these microbes are missing or are lost for any reason, they can be acquired later, but the baby just needs a little help with that. 如果这些微生物因为某些原因 而缺失或是不见了, 它们仍可以在将来被获取, 只是这时婴儿需要一些帮助。
acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式)
One thing that has already for some time been known to help is breastfeeding . 一段时间以来已经为人所知的 一种方法就是母乳喂养。
breastfeeding:n.母乳哺育;v.用母乳喂养(breastfeed的现在分词);
Breast milk is kind of miraculous : in addition to containing nutrients for the baby, it seems to contain food for the good microbes as well. 母乳真是神奇的东西: 除了帮婴儿维持营养供应, 母乳还包含了给有益微生物的养分。
miraculous:adj.不可思议的,奇迹的; in addition to:除…之外; nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
That's great for a breastfed baby, but we all know that all babies are not breastfed. 这对母乳喂养的婴儿来说太好了, 但我们都知道不是所有的婴儿 都是母乳喂养的。
breastfed:v.用母乳喂养;用母奶喂养;(breastfeed的过去式)
So what could we do to ensure that also those babies who are not breastfed could restore their microbiota development after encountering those disruptive early life events that might disrupt their gut microbiota development? 那么我们可以做些什么, 来确保没有母乳喂养的婴儿 在遭受到可能会导致 肠道菌群发育紊乱的 干扰性生命早期事件之后, 仍可以恢复他们的菌群发育呢？
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; encountering:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的现在分词) disruptive:adj.破坏的;分裂性的;制造混乱的;
And now we get to the actual solution part of this talk. 现在我们到了这个演讲的 实际解决方案部分。
The research in this field has been taking giant steps lately. 最近,这个领域的研究 取得了巨大的进展。
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的
First, it was understood that if there are some microbes missing, they can be ingested . 首先,人们发现 如果有些微生物缺失了, 它们可以被摄入。
ingested:v.摄入;食入;咽下(ingest的过去分词和过去式)
We call the good microbes, when they are ingested, probiotics , and probiotics have been tested in several clinical trials during the years, al so in in fants, with great effects, such as reducing their risk of eczema later in life. 我们称这些被摄入的 有益微生物为益生菌, 益生菌已经 在多年的临床试验中, 包括婴儿身上,显示了不错的效果, 比如降低将来患湿疹的风险。
probiotics:n.益生菌,原生菌;促生素或益菌;
Now, a second revolution was realized when the eyes of researchers were turned to breast milk. 当研究人员将目光转向母乳, 第二项革命就发生了。
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
That was logical , as, like I mentioned, it was already known that breastfeeding is able to support the healthy development of gut microbiota. 这很符合逻辑,正如我提到的, 母乳喂养对健康菌群 发展的支持作用 已为人熟知。
logical:adj.合逻辑的,合理的;逻辑学的;
There were these particles in breast milk that were found already in the 1930s called human milk oligosaccharides , but their function remained a mystery for decades and decades after their initial discovery. 上世纪 30 年代, 人们就已经在母乳中发现了叫做 人乳寡糖（HMO）的颗粒, 但是在被发现的几十年后, 它们的作用仍是一个谜。
particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); oligosaccharides:n.低聚醣;(oligosaccharide的复数) initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于;
They were really puzzling for researchers, as they are really abundant in human milk. 研究人员对此感到十分困惑, 因为它们在母乳中含量丰富。
puzzling:adj.使为难的;费解的;v.迷惑;使困惑;(puzzle的现在分词) abundant in:富于;富有;
They are actually the third-largest group of solids, but they are not digestible by humans, not even infants. 人乳寡糖实际上是（母乳中） 第三大固态物质, 但它们无法被人,甚至婴儿消化。
digestible:adj.易消化的;可摘要的;
So why would mothers synthesize something to breast milk, use their resources to put something there that is not utilizable by the infant? 那么为什么母亲会消耗资源, 在母乳中合成 婴儿无法使用的东西？
synthesize:vt.合成;综合;vi.合成;综合; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); utilizable:adj.可用的;
Usually nature does not work that way. 通常情况下,大自然是不会这么做的。
Right? 是吧？
So it was quite a revelation when it was finally understood what's the role of these particles, and that it is to selectively feed the microbes that are best for infants, and that way to affect the infant health. 所以在人们最终知晓 这些颗粒的作用之后 惊讶的发现, 人乳寡糖能够选择性的 培育对婴儿来说最好的微生物, 从而影响婴儿的健康。
revelation:n.披露; adj.暴露的; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; selectively:adv.有选择地;
There are over a hundred of different HMO structures , and nowadays we are able to synthesize some of them also in the lab, and that enables us to package them up with probiotics for children and infants who are not able to receive them from breast milk to restore their microbiota after encountering disruptive early life events. HMO 有上百种不同的结构, 现今,我们可以在实验室中 合成其中的一些, 这让我们可以将其 和益生菌组合起来, 帮助那些在经历了 干扰性生命早期事件后, 无法从母乳中获取益生菌 来恢复肠道菌群的孩童和婴儿。
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
And that is the solution. 这就是解决方案。
As a researcher, I must say at this point that research in this field is still ongoing and a lot of work remains to be done. 作为研究人员,我必须在此说明, 这个领域的研究仍在进展之中, 许多的研究仍需要完成。
ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的;
That's a favorite sentence of us scientists. 这是科学工作者最喜欢说的一句话。
But we are taking steps towards understanding better and better which are the key missing microbes in various situations and what HMOs we should package with which probiotics to help restore the microbiota of that particular baby in that particular case. 但我们正采取措施, 一步步更好的理解 在不同情况下缺失的 关键微生物是什么, 什么样的 HMO 应该与 什么微生物组合起来 以恢复在特定病例下 特定婴儿的肠道菌群。
What I wish you to remember from this talk is that, yes, vaginally born breastfed baby has the microbiota we have evolved to adapt to, but in cases where that is not possible, there are means to reduce the negative health consequences . 我希望你们通过这个演讲记住的是, 顺产出生、母乳喂养的婴儿的确拥有 我们通过进化得以适应的菌群, 但如果无法实现顺产或母乳喂养, 仍有方法可以减少 对健康的负面影响。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Lastly, I wish you to imagine a world for a while , a world where there would be such a health care system that when you take your baby to a health care check, 最后,我希望你们花些时间 想象一下这样的世界, 这个世界中有这样的医疗保健体系, 当你带你的婴儿去体检时,
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时; health care:n.卫生保健;
they would routinely monitor the gut microbiota development of that baby, and if any disruptions would be noted, a tailor-made product to restore the microbiota would be prescribed. 该系统会程序性的检查 婴儿的肠道菌群发展状况, 如果有任何的紊乱被检测到了, 你就会得到用来恢复菌群的 个性化处方。
routinely:adv.例行公事地;老一套地; disruptions:破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解(disruption的复数); tailor-made:adj.特制的;裁缝制的;
I mean, how wonderful would that be, if the onset of any chronic diseases would be extremely rare because of this preemptive health care system? 我的意思是,如果有了这样的 前瞻性医疗保健系统, 任何慢性疾病的发病率都显着减少, 那会多么美好啊！
onset:n.开始,着手;发作;攻击,进攻; chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; preemptive:adj.优先购买的;先发制人的;有先买权的;
Can you imagine such a world? 你们能想象这样的世界吗？
Do you believe that that kind of future would be possible? 你们相信这样的未来会实现吗？
I do. 我相信。
I believe in that future and I want to contribute in the unfolding of that future, a future in which each baby has an equal starting point for life to be programmed for lifelong health. 我相信这样的未来, 我也想为实现 这样的未来出一份力—— 一个每个婴儿都有平等起点、 能够规划终身健康的未来。
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献; unfolding:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;(unfold的现在分词) starting point:n.出发点;基础;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）