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HeatherMalyuk_LoudMusic_2020E-_大声的音乐会损害你的听力吗？_-
After a three-hour concert by her favorite Norwegian metal band , 在听了她最爱的挪威金属乐队的 三小时演唱会后,
Anja finds it difficult to hear her friend rave about the show. 安雅发现自己听不清 朋友对演出的痴迷爆吹。
It sounds like he's speaking from across the room, and it’s tough to make out his muted voice over the ringing in her ears. 朋友仿佛是在房间的另一头和她说话, 她嗡嗡作响的耳朵 很难分辨出朋友喑哑的声音。
three-hour:n.[美国俚语,青少年用语]厌倦,难以忍受; Norwegian:adj.挪威的;挪威人的;挪威语的;n.挪威人;挪威语; band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次; rave:v.热烈谈论(或书写);奋笔疾书;咆哮;瞎扯;n.(英国)狂欢晚会; muted:adj.减轻的; v.消音; (mute的过去分词和过去式)
By the next morning, the effect has mostly worn off, but Anja still has questions. 第二天早上, 这种情况基本消失了, 但是安雅依旧心存疑惑。
What caused the symptoms ? Is her hearing going to fully recover? 是什么导致了昨天的症状？ 她的听力会完全恢复吗？
And can she still go to concerts without damaging her ears? 她可以在不损伤耳朵的情况下 继续去现场演唱会吗？
To answer these questions, we first need to understand what sound is and how we hear it. 要回答这些问题, 首先我们需要了解什么是声音, 以及我们是如何听到声音的。
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
Like a pebble creating ripples in water, sound is created when displaced molecules vibrate through space. 如同鹅卵石在水中激起涟漪, 声音是由位移的分子 在空间中振动而产生的。
While sound vibrations can travel through solids and liquids, our ears have evolved to process vibrations in the air. 振动可以通过固体和液体传播, 而我们的耳朵已进化到 能处理空气中传播的振动。
These waves of air pressure enter our ear canals and bounce off the eardrum . 这些气压波进入我们的耳道, 并在鼓膜上反弹。
pebble:n.卵石;水晶透镜;v.用卵石铺; ripples:n.涟漪;波纹(ripple的复数);v.呈波状(ripple的单三形式); displaced:v.取代;替代;置换;迫使(某人)离开家园;转移;(displace的过去式和过去分词) molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); vibrate:vi.振动;颤动;摇摆;踌躇;vt.使振动;使颤动; vibrations:n.[力]振动;共鸣;动摇(vibration的复数); evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性; eardrum:n.鼓膜,耳膜;中耳;
A trio of bones called the ossicular chain then carries those vibrations into the cochlea, transforming waves of air pressure into waves of cochlear fluid . 三块相互连接的听小骨 （名为听小骨链） 随之将这些振动传递至耳蜗, 将气压波转化为耳蜗液体的振动,
Here, our perception of sound begins to take form. 于是我们对听觉的感知开始形成。
The waves of fluid move the basilar membrane , a tissue lined with tens of thousands of hair cells. 液体机械波会使耳蜗基底膜移动, 这是一个排列了数万毛细胞的组织。
The specific vibration of these hair cells and the stereocilia on top of each one determine the auditory signal our brain perceives . 这些毛细胞的特定振动 和每个毛细胞顶部静纤毛的摆动 决定了我们大脑感知的听觉信号。
trio:n.三重唱;三件一套;三个一组; ossicular:adj.小骨的; transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) cochlear:adj.耳蜗的; fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力; basilar:adj.头盖骨底部的;[生物]基部的; membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; auditory:n.听众;礼堂;adj.听觉的;耳朵的; perceives:vt.察觉,感觉;理解;认知;vi.感到,感知;认识到;
Unfortunately , these essential cells are also quite vulnerable . 不幸的是,这些细胞十分重要, 但也相当脆弱。
There are two properties of sound that can damage these cells. 两种声音属性能够损害这些细胞。
The first is volume . 首先是音量。
The louder a sound is, the greater the pressure of its vibrations. 音量越大,振动的压力越大。
While the ear’s upper limits vary from person to person, close range exposure to sound exceeding 120 decibels can instantly bend or blow out hair cells, resulting in permanent hearing damage. 尽管耳朵能承受的上限因人而异, 但近距离接触超过 120 分贝的声音 会立即弯曲或振破毛细胞, 从而导致永久性听力损伤。[01:52]
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; exceeding:adj.超越的; v.超过(数量); (exceed的现在分词) decibels:n.[声]分贝(声音强度单位,decibel的复数); permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
The pressure of more powerful sounds can even dislocate the ossicular chain or burst an eardrum. 更响声音的压力 甚至可以使听骨链脱位, 或耳膜破裂。
The other side of this equation is the sound’s duration . 另一个属性是声音的持续时间。
While dangerously loud sounds can injure ears almost instantly, hair cells can also be damaged by exposure to lower sound pressure for long periods. 危险的大音量 几乎能对耳朵造成瞬时伤害, 不过长时间暴露于较低的声压下 也会损伤毛细胞。
dislocate:v.使(骨头)脱位;扰乱;使混乱;使运转不正常; burst:v.破裂;爆炸;突破;冲进;n.爆发;点射;释放;(情感的)迸发; equation:n.方程式,等式;相等;[化学]反应式; duration:n.持续时间;期间; dangerously:adv.危险地;不安全; injure:v.伤害,使受伤;损害,伤害;
For example, hearing a hand dryer is safe for the 20 seconds you’re using it. 例如,在使用烘手机的 20 秒内, 它的噪音是安全的,
But if you listened for 8 consecutive hours, this relatively low-pressure sound would overwork the stereocilia and swell the hair cell’s supporting tissue. 但如果连续听 8 小时, 这个相对较低的声压 会过度使用静纤毛 并使毛细胞的支持组织肿胀。
Swollen hair cells are unable to vibrate with the appropriate speed and accuracy , making hearing muffled . 肿胀的毛细胞 无法以正确的速度和精度振动, 令听力变得模糊不清。
dryer:n.烘干机;[助剂]干燥剂; consecutive:adj.连贯的;连续不断的; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; low-pressure:adj.低压的;悠然自得的; overwork:vi.工作过度;vt.工作过度;n.过度工作;过度工作的; swell:n.海浪的涌动; v.膨胀; adj.很愉快的; Swollen:adj.肿胀的,浮肿的;浮夸的;激动兴奋的; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; muffled:adj.听不清的; v.使(声音)低沉(muffle的过去式);
This kind of hearing loss is known as a temporary threshold shift , and many people will experience it at least once in their lifetime. 这种听力损失被称为 暂时性阈值偏移（即听觉疲劳）, 很多人一生中至少会经历一次。
In Anja’s case, the loud sounds of the concert only took three hours to cause this condition. 在安雅的例子中,演唱会的喧闹 只需 3 小时就能导致这种情况。
Fortunately, it's a temporary ailment that usually resolves as swelling decreases over time. 幸运的是,这是一种暂时的疾病, 通常会随着时间推移、 肿胀消退而消失。
temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; threshold:n.入口;门槛;开始;极限;临界值; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; ailment:n.小病;不安; resolves:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决; swelling:n.膨胀;肿胀;肿胀处;v.膨胀;肿胀;(使)鼓出;(使)增加;(swell的现在分词) decreases:减少(decrease的复数);
In most cases, simply avoiding hazardous sounds gives hair cells all they need to recover. 大部分情况下, 只需避免危害性的声音 就足以让毛细胞恢复。
One temporary threshold shift isn’t likely to cause permanent hearing loss. 一次暂时性听阈偏移不太可能 会造成永久听力损失,
But frequent exposure to dangerous sound levels can lead to a wide range of hearing disorders , such as the constant buzz of tinnitus or difficulty understanding speech in loud environments. 但是频繁暴露在危险的声音水平 会导致各种听力障碍, 例如持续嗡嗡作响的耳鸣, 或在嘈杂的环境中难以分辨他人说话。
hazardous:adj.有危险的;冒险的;碰运气的; frequent:adj.频繁的;经常发生的;v.常到(某处); disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); buzz:n.嗡嗡声; v.发出嗡嗡声; tinnitus:n.[耳鼻喉]耳鸣;
Overworked hair cells can also generate dangerous molecules called reactive oxygen species . 过度工作的毛细胞也会产生 名为活性氧的危险分子。
These molecules have unpaired electrons , driving them to steal electrons from nearby cells and cause permanent dam age to the inner ear . 这些分子携带未配对电子, 驱使它们从附近细胞中偷取电子 并造成内耳的永久性损伤。
There are numerous strategies you can adopt for preventing hearing loss. 你可以采用很多方式 预防听力损失。
Overworked:adj.工作过多的; v.(使)过度劳累,过分努力; (overwork的过去分词和过去式) generate:v.产生;引起; reactive:adj.反应的;电抗的;反动的; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; unpaired:adj.不成双的;无对手的;无配偶的; electrons:n.[物]电子(electron的复数形式); inner ear:n.内耳; numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过;
Current research around earbud headphone use suggests keeping your volume at 80% or less if you’ll be listening for more than 90 minutes throughout the day. 有关耳塞式耳机的最新研究建议, 如果一天使用耳机 90 分钟以上, 最好将音量控制于 80% 以下。
Noise-isolating headphones can also help you listen at lower volumes . 降噪耳机也能帮助你 降低音量收听。
Getting a baseline understanding of your hearing is essential to protecting your auditory system. 对你的听力有一个基本的认识 对保护听力系统极为重要。
earbud:n.耳塞; headphone:n.双耳式耳机;头载数话器;戴在头上的收话器; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; headphones:n.[电讯]耳机;听筒;[电子]头戴式受话器;(headphone的复数) volumes:n.卷;体积;容积;大量;(volumes是volume的复数) baseline:n.基线;底线;
Just like our eyes and teeth, our ears also need annual check-ups . 和眼睛与牙齿一样, 我们的耳朵也需要年检。
Not all communities have access to audiologists, but organizations around the world are developing portable hearing tests and easy-to-use apps to bring these vital resources to remote regions . 尽管不是所有地方都有听力学家, 但是全球相关组织正在研发 便携式听力测试 以及方便使用的 app , 将这些重要资源带到偏远地区。
annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; check-ups:n.检查,核对;体格检查; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; portable:adj.便携式的;手提的;轻便的;n.便携机;(尤指)手提电脑; easy-to-use:adj.易用的;好用的; vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
Finally , wear earplugs when you’re knowingly exposing yourself to loud sounds for extended periods. 最后,在你知道自己要长时间 暴露于大音量声响时, 戴上耳塞。
An earplug’s effectiveness depends on how well you’ve inserted it, so be careful to read the instructions. 耳塞的有效性取决于你戴得多好, 所以请仔细阅读使用说明。
But when worn correctly, they can ensure you'll be able to hear your favorite band for many nights to come. 不过只要正确地使用, 耳塞能确保你在未来的无数夜晚 可以继续欣赏你最爱的乐队。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; earplugs:n.耳塞(用以挡噪音、防水);(earplug的复数) knowingly:adv.故意地;机警地,狡黠地; exposing:v.暴露;显露;揭露;揭穿;使面临;(expose的现在分词) extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词) effectiveness:n.效力; ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全;