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HasiniJayatilaka_2017X-_癌细胞如何相互交流——而我们该如何降低其扩散的速度？_
Cancer . 癌症,
Cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
It's a devastating disease that takes an enormous emotional toll . 是一种毁灭性的疾病, 会大量消耗人的精神。
devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟);
Not only on the patient , but the patient's loved ones, as well. 不仅是对病人,对病人的 至亲而言同样如此。
patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者;
It is a battle that the human race has been fighting for centuries. 这一场仗,人类已经打了好几个世纪了。
human race:n.人类;
And while we've made some advancements , we still haven't beaten it. 虽然其中我们也取得了一些进展, 但我们仍然没能攻克它。
advancements:n.进步;进展(advancement的复数形式);升任;
Two out of five people in the US will develop cancer in their lifetime. 在美国,每五个人里就会有两个 在一生中患上癌症,
Of those, 90 percent will succumb to the disease due to metastases . 而在这些癌症患者中, 90%是死于癌细胞转移。
succumb:vi.屈服;死;被压垮; metastases:n.转移(metastasis的复数);
Metastasis is a spread of cancer from a primary site to a distal site, through the circulatory or the lymphatic system. 转移是指癌细胞通过循环系统 或淋巴系统,由原发灶 扩散到了远处的转移灶。
Metastasis:n.转移;新陈代谢;[地质]同质蜕变; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; distal:adj.[解剖]末梢的,末端的; circulatory:adj.循环的; lymphatic:adj.淋巴的;含淋巴的;n.淋巴管;淋巴腺;
For instance , a female patient with breast cancer doesn't succumb to the disease simply because she has a mass on her breast. 比方说,一名女性患者得了乳腺癌, 不会仅仅因为她的 乳房有肿块而死亡,
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
She succumbs to the disease because it spreads to the lungs, liver , lymph nodes , brain, bone, where it becomes unreceptible or untreatable . 她死亡的原因是这个疾病 扩散到了她的肺部,肝脏, 淋巴结,大脑和骨头中, 而这些地方让癌细胞变得 很难对付,无法治愈。
succumbs:vi.屈服;死;被压垮; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数) untreatable:adj.无法医治的;
Metastasis is a complicated process . 转移是一个很复杂的过程,
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
One that I've studied for several years now. 我研究这个领域已经很多年了。
And something that my team and I discovered recently was that cancer cells are able to communicate with each other and coordinate their movement, based on how closely packed they are in the tumor microenvironment . 最近我和我的团队发现, 癌细胞之间是可以互相交流, 协调彼此之间的移动的。 而这一切是依据他们在 肿瘤微环境中的密集程度。
recently:adv.最近;新近; coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的; tumor:n.肿瘤;肿块;赘生物; microenvironment:n.[生](动植物生长的)微(小)环境;
They communicate with each other through two signaling molecules called Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8. 它们主要通过两种 信号分子彼此交流, 分别是白细胞介素-6和白细胞介素-8。
signaling:n.发信号;打信号; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
Now, like anything else in nature, when things get a little too tight, the signal is enhanced , causing the cancer cells to move away faster from the primary site and spread to a new site. 像自然界里的万物一样, 当彼此靠的太紧密了, 信号就会增强, 导致癌细胞从原发灶 更加快速的转移, 扩散到新的部位。
enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的;v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词);
So, if we block this signal, using a drug cocktail that we developed, we can stop the communication between cancer cells and slow down the spread of cancer. 如果用我们新研发的 鸡尾酒药物疗法来屏蔽这种信号, 就能够阻止癌细胞互相沟通, 从而降低癌细胞扩散的速度。
cocktail:n.鸡尾酒;开味食品;n.混合物;adj.鸡尾酒的;
Let me pause here for a second and take you back to when this all began for me in 2010, when I was just a sophomore in college. 让我在此先暂停一会儿, 带各位回到2010年, 这一切开始的时候, 当时我还是大二的学生。
sophomore:n.(大学)二年级学生:(高中)二年级学生:
I had just started working in Dr Danny Wirtz's lab at Johns Hopkins University. 我刚开始在约翰 · 霍普金斯大学 丹尼 · 维尔茨（Danny Wirtz）博士的 实验室工作。
And I'll be honest: I was a young, naive , Sri Lankan girl, 说实话:我当时还是一个 年轻稚嫩的斯里兰卡女孩,
naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
who had no previous research experience. 没有任何研究经历。
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
And I was tasked to look at how cancer cells move in a 3D collagen I matrix that recapsulated, in a dish, the conditions that cancer cells are exposed to in our bodies. 我的任务是观察癌细胞 在一个包裹好的 三维的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白培养基里 是如何移动的。 培养基模拟了癌细胞在我们 身体里所接触到的生存环境。
collagen:n.[生化]胶原,胶原质; matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
This was new and exciting for me, because previous work had been done on 2D, flat, plastic dishes that really weren't representative of what the cancer cells are exposed to in our bodies. 这对我来说又新鲜又刺激, 因为我以前只在二维的, 扁平的塑料皿里观察过, 而那并不能真正展示出 我们身体里癌细胞存在的样子。
representative:n.代表; adj.典型的;
Because, let's face it, the cancer cells in our bodies aren't stuck onto plastic dishes. 因为,从现实的角度说, 我们身体里的癌细胞可不是 粘在塑料皿上的。
It was during this time that I attended a seminar conducted by Dr Bonnie Bassler from Princeton University, where she talked about how bacteria cells communicate with each other, based on their population density , and perform a specific action. 正是在这段期间, 我参加了一个研讨会, 演讲人是普林斯顿大学的 邦尼 · 巴斯勒（ Bonnie Bassler）博士, 她在会上谈及了细菌的细胞是 如何彼此相互交流的, 根据细胞的稠密度, 从而实施特定的行动。
seminar:n.讨论会,研讨班; conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) Bonnie:adj.漂亮的;adv.极妙地;n.美女(等于bonny); Princeton:n.普林斯顿(美国新泽西州中部的自治市镇); bacteria:n.[微]细菌; density:n.密度; perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
It was at this moment that a light bulb went off in my head, and I thought, "Wow, I see this in my cancer cells every day, when it comes to their movement." 而就在那一瞬间 我灵光一闪,想到, “对哦,这不是我天天都在观察的 癌细胞的运动模式吗？”
light bulb:n.灯泡;
The idea for my project was thus born. 因此,研究这个课题的 想法就此萌生。
I hypothesized that cancer cells are able to communicate with each other and coordinate their movement, based on how closely packed they are in the tumor microenvironment. 我假设癌细胞之间能够根据它们在 肿瘤微环境里的密集程度 协调运动,相互交流。
hypothesized:v.假定,假设,猜测(hypothesize的过去式);
I became obsessed with pursuing this hypothesis . 我对这个假设越发痴迷。
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) pursuing:v.追求;致力于;贯彻;跟踪;追赶;(pursue的现在分词) hypothesis:n.假设;
And fortunately , I work for someone who is open to running with my crazy ideas. 所幸的是,我的负责人 接受并支持了这个疯狂的想法。
fortunately:adv.幸运地;
So, I threw myself into this project. 于是,我全身心地 投入到了这个项目当中。
However, I couldn't do it by myself. 然而我无法独立完成,
I needed help. 我需要帮助,
I definitely needed help. 我真的很需要帮助。
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
So we recruited undergraduate students, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and professors from different institutions and multiple disciplines to come together and work on this idea that I conceived as a sophomore in college. 因此我们招募了 一些本科生,研究生, 博士后,还有教授, 来自不同的学院,不同的学科背景, 聚集到一起,来实现这个 我在大二时的构想。
recruited:v.招聘,雇佣;招募;(recruit的过去分词和过去式) undergraduate:n.本科生; postdoctoral:adj.博士后的;博士学位取得后的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导; conceived:v.构思;设想;(conceive的过去式);
After years of conducting experiments together and merging different ideas and perspectives , we discovered a new signaling pathway that controls how cancer cells communicate with each other and move, based on their cell density. 在一起合作进行了几年实验, 融合了不同的想法和观点后, 我们发现了一条新的信号通道, 它根据细胞密度,控制着癌细胞之间 如何交流和移动。
conducting:v.组织;安排;实施;指挥;引导;导游(conduct的现在分词) merging:v.合并,结合,并入;相融;(merge的现在分词) perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式); pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
Some of you might have heard this, because most of social media knows it as the Hasini effect. 也许你们当中有人听过了, 因为大多数媒体都将其 称为哈希妮效应。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
(Laughter) (笑声)
(Applause) （掌声）
And we weren't done yet. 我们的研究没有到此结束,
We then decided that we wanted to block this signaling pathway and see if we could slow down the spread of cancer. 然后我们决定试着去 屏蔽这条信号通道, 看下是否能够降低 癌细胞扩散的速度。
Which we did, in preclinical animal models. 在临床试验之前,我们先在 动物模型上进行了实验。
preclinical:adj.临床前的;现出症状之前的潜伏期的;
We came up with a drug cocktail consisting of tocilizumab, which is currently used to treat rheumatoid arthritis , and reparixin, which is currently in clinical trials against breast cancer. 我们提出了一种鸡尾酒药物疗法, 和瑞帕立新,主要用于治疗乳腺癌, 目前正处于临床试验阶段。
consisting:v.由…组成;由…构成;在于;存在于(consist的现在分词) currently:adv.当前;一般地; rheumatoid arthritis:n.类风湿(性)关节炎;
And interestingly , what we found was that this cocktail of drugs really had no effect on tumor growth, but directly targeted metastases. 有趣的是,我们发现这种 鸡尾酒药物治疗法, 对于抑制肿瘤的生长 一点效果都没有, 但针对癌细胞转移却效果显著。
interestingly:adv.有趣地; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
This was a significant finding, because currently, there aren't any FDA-approved therapeutics that directly target the spread of cancer. 这是一个重大的发现, 因为目前为止,还没有任何疗法是 美国食品药品监督管理局经过认证, 可以直接针对癌细胞扩散的。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; therapeutics:n.疗法,治疗学;
In fact, the spread of cancer, metastasis, is thought of as a byproduct of tumor growth. 事实上,癌症的扩散和转移, 通常认为是肿瘤生长所造成的。
byproduct:n.副产品;
Where the idea is, if we can stop the tumor from growing, we can stop the tumor from spreading. 基于这种观点, 所以如果我们能阻止肿瘤生长, 那么就能够阻止肿瘤扩散了。
However, most of us know that this is not true. 但是,我们大多数人 都知道这不是真的。
We, on the other hand , came up with the drug cocktail that targets metastasis not by targeting tumor growth, but by targeting the complex mechanisms that govern it, through the targeting of the Hasini effect. 另一方面,我们 提出的鸡尾酒药物疗法, 不是用于控制肿瘤的生长, 而是针对癌细胞的转移, 针对这个控制着癌细胞 扩散的复杂机制, 让其成为哈希妮效应的作用目标。
on the other hand:另一方面; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
(Laughter) （笑声）
This work was recently published in "Nature Communications," 这项研究成果最近发表在了 《自然通讯》期刊上,
and my team and I received an overwhelming response from around the world. 我和团队也因此收到了 许多来自世界各地的反馈,
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) response:n.响应;反应;回答;
Nobody on my team could have predicted this sort of response. 我的团队里没有人预料到 反响会如此热烈,
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
We seem to have struck a nerve . 好像一下子拨动了大众的心弦。
nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;
Looking back, I am extremely grateful for the positive response that I received, not only from academia , but also patients , and people around the world affected by this terrible disease. 回顾过去,我真的很感激 我所收到的那些积极的反馈, 不仅是来自学术界, 同样也来自病人, 以及世界各地正饱受癌症折磨的人。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; academia:n.学术界;学术生涯; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
As I reflect on this success I've encountered with the Hasini effect, 当我每次回想起我在 哈希妮效应上所取得的成功时,
reflect on:仔细考虑,思考;反省;回想,回顾;怀疑; encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式)
I keep coming back to the people that I was fortunate enough to work with. 我就会不断想起那些我有幸共事过的人。
The undergraduate students who demonstrated superhuman powers through their hard work and dedication . 那些勤勤恳恳,目标坚定, 证明了他们有着超凡能力的本科生。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) superhuman:adj.超人的;人类能力所不能及的;属于神仙的;n.超人; dedication:n.奉献;献身;(建筑物等的)落成典礼;(书、音乐或演出前部的)献词;
The graduate students and the postdoctoral fellows, my fellow Avengers , who taught me new techniques and always made sure I stayed on track . 研究生,博士后研究人员, 还有那些教会了我新的技术, 确保我始终行走在正确的道路上的
Avengers:n.复仇者(avenger的复数); techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
The professors, my Yodas and my Obi-Wan Kenobis, who brought their expertise into making this work into what it is today. 我的教授,尤达和欧比旺·克诺比, 因为他们的专业知识, 才让这篇研究成果有了今天的样子。
expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
The support staff, the friends and family, people who lifted our spirits, and never let us give up on our ambitious endeavors . 还有支持我们的同僚,朋友,家人, 和那些鼓励我们打起精神, 让我们永远不要放弃 这个伟大理想的伙伴。
ambitious:adj.野心勃勃的;有雄心的;热望的;炫耀的; endeavors:尽力;
The best kind of sidekicks we could have asked for. 这些都是我曾经得到过最棒的帮助。
sidekicks:n.共犯;朋友(sidekick的复数);
It took a village to help me study metastasis. 一整个团队的人在 帮助我研究癌细胞转移。
And believe me, without my village, I wouldn't be here. 相信我,如果没有这帮队友, 我今天就不会站在这儿。
Today, our team has grown, and we are using the Hasini effect to develop combination therapies that will effectively target tumor growth and metastases. 如今,我的团队已经壮大了许多, 而且我们正在把哈希妮效应 发展成一种联合疗法, 让其有效针对肿瘤生长 和癌细胞转移。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式);
We are engineering new anticancer therapeutics, to limit toxicity and to reduce drug resistance . 我们正在研发一种新的抗癌治疗法 来限制毒性,和减轻抗药性。
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) anticancer:adj.抗癌的(等于anticancerous); toxicity:n.[毒物]毒性; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
And we are developing groundbreaking systems that will help for the development of better human clinical trials. 另外,我们正在建立 一些开创性的医疗体系, 有助于更好的进行人类临床试验。
groundbreaking:adj.开创性的;创新的;革新的
It blows my mind to think that all this, the incredible work that I'm pursuing -- and the fact that I'm standing here, talking to you today -- all came from this tiny idea 每次一想到这些,想到我正在 追求的这份了不起的事业, 我就感到十分激动。 还有我今天能够 站在这里进行演讲—— 全是因为这个微小的念头,
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
that I had when I was sitting at the back of a seminar when I was just 20 years old. 在我20岁时,坐在研讨会后排, 萌生的这个念头。
I recognize that right now, I am on this incredible journey that allows me to pursue work that I am extremely passionate about, and something that feeds my curiosity on a daily basis. 我现在意识到, 这段不可思议的旅程, 让我能够追求我极度热爱的工作, 每天都能够满足我的好奇心。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠; passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的; curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩;
But I have to say, my favorite part of all of this -- other than, of course, being here, talking to you, today -- is the fact that I get to work with a diverse group of people, who make my work stronger, better and just so much more fun. 但是我必须得说,在这段旅程中, 我最喜欢的一点 —— 当然除了站在这儿做演讲—— 是我能够与这么 多不同的人一起合作, 他们让我的工作更加扎实, 更加完善以及充满乐趣。
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的;
And because of this, I have to say that collaboration is my favorite superhuman power. 而正因为这点,我必须得说, 合作是我最喜欢的超凡能力。
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
And what I love about this power is that it's not unique to me. 而我热爱的这种能力, 并非是我独有的,
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
It's within all of us. 它潜藏在我们每个人当中。
My work shows that even cancer cells use collaboration to invade our bodies and spread their wrath . 我的工作向大家展示了 即使是癌细胞, 也会互相合作损害我们的 身体健康,散播他们的愤怒。
invade:v.侵犯;侵略;侵袭;干扰; wrath:n.愤怒;激怒;
For us humans, it is a superpower that has produced incredible discoveries in the medical and scientific field. 对于人类而言,正是因为这种超能力, 在医学和科学的领域里 才有了这么多了不起的发现。
superpower:n.超级大国;超级强权; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
And it is the superpower that we can all turn to to inspire us to create something bigger than ourselves, that will help make the world a better place. 而且这是我们所有人 都可以求助的超能力, 激励我们每个人都创造出 比我们自身更伟大的事物, 从而构建一个更美好的地球。
inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感;
Collaboration is the superpower that I turn to, to help me fight cancer. 合作是我求助的超能力, 它帮助我研究如何对抗癌症。
And I am confident that with the right collaborations , we will beat this terrible disease. 而且我有信心,正确的合作 能让我们打败这些可怕的疾病。
confident:adj.自信的;确信的; collaborations:n.协作(collaboration的复数);
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) (掌声)