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HaimantiRoy_PartitionofIndia_2020E-
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| In August 1947, India gained independence after 200 years of British rule. |
1947 年 8 月,印度在经历 两百年的英国统治后获得独立。 |
| What followed was one of the largest and bloodiest forced migrations in history. |
随之发生的是历史上规模 最大、最血腥的一次被迫迁徙, |
| An estimated one million people lost their lives. |
约一百万人在其中丧生。 |
| Before British colonization , the Indian subcontinent was a patchwork of regional kingdoms known as princely states populated by Hindus , Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, |
在英国殖民统治之前, 印度次大陆是一个 由印度教教徒、穆斯林、 锡克教、耆那教、 佛教、基督教、帕西斯教, |
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independence:n.独立;独立性;自恃心;独立不羁的精神; bloodiest:adj.流血的(最高级); migrations:[动][地质]迁移; estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; colonization:n.殖民;殖民地化; subcontinent:n.次大陆; patchwork:n.拼缝物,拼缀物;混杂物; regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; princely:adj.王子的,高贵的;慷慨的;豪华的; populated:v.生活于; Hindus:n.印度教徒;印度教的;
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| Buddhists , Christians, Parsis, and Jews. |
和犹太教教徒 各领地组成的王国。 |
| Each princely state had its own traditions, caste backgrounds, and leadership. |
每个领地都有自己的传统、 种姓历史以及领袖。 |
| Starting in the 1500s, a series of European powers colonized India with coastal trading settlements . |
从 16 世纪开始,许多欧洲强国 通过沿海贸易据点的设立 在印度建立殖民地。 |
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Buddhists:n.佛教徒(Buddhist的复数); caste:n.(印度社会中的)种姓;(具有严格等级差别的)社会地位;(排他的)社会团体; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; colonized:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地; coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的; settlements:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;(settlement的复数)
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| By the mid-18th century, the English East India Company emerged as the primary colonial power in India. |
18 世纪中叶,英国东印度公司 成了印度的主要殖民势力。 |
| The British ruled some provinces directly, and ruled the princely states indirectly . |
英国直接统治了一些地区, 并间接控制了各个领地。 |
| Under indirect rule, the princely states remained sovereign but made political and financial concessions to the British. |
在间接统治下, 各个领地仍然拥有主权, 但在政治和财政上向英国妥协。 |
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emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式) colonial:n.殖民地居民;adj.殖民地的,殖民的; indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地; sovereign:adj.至高无上的; n.君主; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; concessions:n.让步,让与;(票价)优惠;(concession的复数形式)
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| In the 19th century, the British began to categorize Indians by religious identity— a gross simplification of the communities in India. |
在 19 世纪,英国人开始 按宗教信仰给印度人分类—— 一种面向印度各群体的极度简化。 |
| and all other religious communities as distinct “minorities,” with Muslims being the largest minority . |
而将其他以穆斯林为首的宗教团体 定为 “少数”。 |
| Sikhs were considered part of the Hindu community by everyone but themselves. |
除了教徒本身,所有人都认为 锡克教徒是印度教团体的一部分 。 |
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categorize:vt.分类; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; gross:adj.总共的;粗野的;恶劣的;显而易见的;v.总共收入;n.总额,总数; simplification:n.简化;简化的事物; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) distinct:adj.明显的;独特的;清楚的;有区别的; minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
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| In elections, people could only vote for candidates of their own religious identification . |
在选举中,人们只能投票给 具有相同宗教信仰的候选人。 |
| These practices exaggerated differences, sowing distrust between communities that had previously co-existed . |
这些做法放大了差异, 在原本和谐共存的群体间 播下了不信任的种子。 |
| The 20th century began with decades of anti-colonial movements, where Indians fought for independence from Britain. |
20 世纪开始了 数十年的反殖民运动, 印度人为脱离英国,获得独立而斗争。 |
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identification:n.鉴定,识别;认同;身份证明; exaggerated:adj.夸张的,言过其实的;v.夸张,夸大(exaggerate的过去分词和过去式) sowing:n.播种;v.播种(sow的现在分词); distrust:vt.不信任;n.不信任;怀疑; previously:adv.先前;以前; co-existed:共存的; anti-colonial:adj.反殖民主义的;
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| In the aftermath of World War II, under enormous financial strain from the war, |
第二次世界大战结束后, 在战争造成的巨大财政压力下, |
| Britain finally caved. |
英国终于投降了。 |
| Indian political leaders had differing views on what an independent India should look like. |
印度政治领袖对独立后的印度 各持己见。 |
| Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru represented the Hindu majority and wanted one united India. |
代表印度教多数派的莫汉达斯·甘地 （Mohandas Gandhi） 想要一个统一的印度。 |
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aftermath:n.后果;余波; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); Gandhi:n.甘地(印度政府,社会和宗教领袖); represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词) majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: united:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
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| Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the Muslim minority, thought the rifts created by colonization were too deep to repair . |
领导穆斯林少数派的 穆罕默德·阿里·金纳（Muhammad Ali Jinnah） 认为殖民造成的 分歧太深,难以修复。 |
| Jinnah argued for a two nation division where Muslims would have a homeland called Pakistan. |
金纳主张印巴分治, 穆斯林将会拥有一个称之为 “巴基斯坦” 的国家。 |
| Following riots in 1946 and 1947, the British expedited their retreat , planning Indian independence behind closed doors . |
紧随 1946 年和 1947 年发生的暴乱, 英国人加快了撤退的步伐, 闭门讨论印度的独立。 |
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rifts:n.[木]裂缝;裂痕(rift的复数);v.[地质]断裂;分开(rift的第三人称单数); repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧; riots:n.暴动(riot的复数);v.骚乱(riot的第三人称单数形式);闹事; expedited:v.加快;加速;(expedite的过去式和过去分词) retreat:v.撤退;退却;后退;退缩;n.撤退;退却;退缩;退避; behind closed doors:秘密;秘密地;紧闭的门后;与外界隔绝地;
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| In June 1947, the British viceroy announced that India would gain independence by August, and be partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan— but gave little explanation of how exactly this would happen. |
1947 年 6 月,英国总督宣布印度 将在 8 月前获得独立, 并划分为信奉印度教的印度 和穆斯林的巴基斯坦—— 但却没有做进一步解释。 |
| Using outdated maps, inaccurate census numbers and minimal knowledge of the land, in a mere five weeks, the Boundary Committee drew a border dividing three provinces under direct British rule: |
边界委员会拿着过时的地图、 不准确的人口普查数字, 在短短的五周内,画了条边界划分了 英国管辖下的三个地区: |
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viceroy:n.总督;(北美)一种黑色蝴蝶; partitioned:adj.分割的; vt.划分(partition的过去分词); outdated:adj.过时的;旧式的;v.使过时(outdate的过去式和过去分词); inaccurate:adj.错误的; census:vt.实施统计调查;n.人口普查,人口调查; minimal:adj.最低的;最小限度的; mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; Boundary:n.边界;范围;分界线; Committee:n.委员会;
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| Bengal, Punjab, and Assam . |
孟加拉邦、旁遮普和阿萨姆。 |
| The border took into account where Hindus and Muslims were majorities, but also factors like location and population percentages . |
边界考虑了印度教徒 和穆斯林占多数的地区, 地理位置以及人口比例等因素。 |
| So if a Hindu majority area bordered another Hindu majority area, it would be included in India— but if a Hindu majority area bordered Muslim majority areas, it might become part of Pakistan. |
因此,如果印度教占多数的地区 与另一个印度教占多数的地区接壤, 它就会被纳入印度—— 反之,一个印度教占多数 与穆斯林占多数的地区接壤, 它可能会归为巴基斯坦的一部分。 |
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Assam:n.阿萨姆邦(印度东北部的邦); factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 percentages:n.[数]百分率,百分比;命中率(percentage的复数);
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| Princely states on the border had to choose which of the new nations to join, losing their sovereignty in the process . |
被边境穿过的领地 不得不做出加入哪边的抉择, 并在这个过程中丧失了主权。 |
| While the Boundary Committee worked on the new map, |
在边界委员会制定新地图的过程中, |
| Hindus and Muslims began moving to areas where they thought they’d be a part of the religious majority— but they couldn’t be sure. |
印度教徒和穆斯林开始迁往 他们认为自己会成为 宗教多数的地区—— 但是他们无法确定。 |
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sovereignty:n.主权;主权国家;君主;独立国; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
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| Families divided themselves. |
家庭因此四散分离。 |
| Fearing sexual violence , parents sent young daughters and wives to regions they perceived to be safe. |
由于害怕性暴力, 父母把的年幼女儿和妻子 送到他们认为安全的地区。 |
| The new map wasn’t revealed until August 17th, 1947— two days after independence. |
新地图直到 1947 年 8 月 17 日 都没有公布—— 也就是独立后的两天。 |
| The provinces of Punjab and Bengal became the geographically separated East and West Pakistan. |
旁遮普和孟加拉邦成为 从地理位置上被划分为 东和西巴基斯坦, |
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sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) perceived:v.注意到;意识到;将…视为;认为;(perceive的过去式和过去分词) revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) geographically:adv.在地理上;地理学上;
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| The rest became Hindu-majority India. |
其余的则成为了 多数为印度教徒的印度。 |
| In a period of two years, millions of Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan left for India, while Muslims living in India fled villages where their families had lived for centuries. |
在两年的时间里, 生活在巴基斯坦的数百万印度教和锡克教教徒 离开故土前往印度。 而生活在印度的穆斯林逃离了 他们家族生活了几个世纪的村庄。 |
| The cities of Lahore, Delhi , Calcutta , Dhaka , and Karachi emptied of old residents and filled with refugees . |
拉合尔、德里、加尔各答、 达卡和卡拉奇等城市的 原住居民被清空,到处是难民。 |
| In the power vacuum British forces left behind, radicalized militias and local groups massacred migrants . |
在英国军队撤离后的权力真空期, 激进的民兵和地方组织 开始屠杀移民。 |
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fled:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的过去分词和过去式) Delhi:n.德里(印度城市名); Calcutta:n.加尔各答(印度城市); Dhaka:n.达卡(孟加拉首都); Karachi:n.卡拉奇(巴基斯坦港市); residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数) refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫; radicalized:vt.使…激进;使…偏激;vi.激进化;成为过激论者; militias:n.民兵;国民军;义勇军(militia的复数); massacred:vt.残杀;彻底击败;n.大屠杀;惨败; migrants:n.移民;移居者;候鸟(migrant的复数形式);
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| Much of the violence occurred in Punjab, and women bore the brunt of it, suffering rape and mutilation . |
大部分暴力发生在旁遮普, 妇女是首当其冲的受害群体, 惨遭强奸和残害。 |
| Around 100,000 women were kidnapped and forced to marry their captors . |
大约有十万名妇女被绑架 并被迫与绑架者结婚。 |
| The problems created by Partition went far beyond this immediate deadly aftermath. |
分治造成的问题远远 超出了这种即时的致命后果, |
| Many families who made temporary moves became permanently displaced , and borders continue to be disputed . |
许多临时搬迁的家庭 永久地流离失所, 而边境争议仍在持续。 |
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occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) bore:v.钻孔;使烦扰;n.孔;令人讨厌的人; brunt:n.冲击;主要冲力; rape:n.强奸罪;强奸案;v.强奸;强暴; mutilation:n.毁损;残缺;切断; captors:n.捉拿者(captor的复数); deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; displaced:v.取代;替代;置换;迫使(某人)离开家园;转移;(displace的过去式和过去分词) disputed:adj.有争议的;v.争论;激烈争辩(dispute的过去分词);
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| In 1971, East Pakistan seceded and became the new country of Bangladesh. |
1971 年,东巴基斯坦脱离联邦, 成为一个新的国家——孟加拉国。 |
| Meanwhile , the Hindu ruler of Kashmir decided to join India— a decision that was to be finalized by a public referendum of the majority Muslim population. |
同时,克什米尔的 印度教统治者决定归并印度—— 这项决定将由穆斯林占多数的人口 进行公投,最终确定。 |
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seceded:vi.脱离;退出;vt.从…中脱离;割让; Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; finalized:v.把(计划、旅行、项目等)最后定下来;定案;(finalize的过去式和过去分词) referendum:n.公民投票权;外交官请示书;
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| That referendum still hasn't happened as of 2020, and India and Pakistan have been warring over Kashmir since 1947. |
直到 2020 年,全民公决仍未举行, 印度和巴基斯坦自 1947 年以来 一直在克什米尔问题上交战。 |
| More than 70 years later, the legacies of the Partition remain clear in the subcontinent: in its new political formations and in the memories of divided families. |
70 多年后, 分治的遗留问题 在次大陆依然清晰可见: 存在于新的政治形式中, 更在分裂家庭的记忆中。 |
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legacies:n.遗产(legacy的复数); formations:n.形成(formation的复数形式);形态;队形;
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