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GusCaselyHayford_2017G-_形塑了非洲的强大故事_
Now, Hegel -- he very famously said that Africa was a place without history, without past, without narrative . 黑格爾說過一句有名言, 他說,非洲是個沒有歷史的地方, 沒有過去,也沒有敘事。
famously:adv.著名地;极好地; narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的;
Yet, I'd argue that no other continent has nurtured , has fought for, has celebrated its history more concertedly. 然而我認為,沒其他大陸像非洲 這樣齊心一致地培養它的歷史, 為它的歷史而戰,並頌揚它的歷史。
continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的; nurtured:v.养育;培养;养护;支持(nurture的过去分词和过去式)
The struggle to keep African narrative alive has been one of the most consistent and hard-fought endeavors of African peoples, and it continues to be so. 為了能够讓非洲敘事延續下去, 非洲的人們一直在進行着 最持續、最艱苦的鬥爭, 至今仍然如此。
consistent:adj.始终如一的,一致的;坚持的; hard-fought:adj.激烈的;努力争取来的; endeavors:尽力;
The struggles endured and the sacrifices made to hold onto narrative in the face of enslavement , colonialism , racism , wars and so much else has been the underpinning narrative of our history. 在面對被奴役、殖民主義、 種族主義,以及戰爭等等, 人民為了守住非洲敘事 所承受的艱苦、所做出的犧牲, 一直就是我們歷史的核心敘事。
endured:v.忍耐;忍受;持续;持久;(endure的过去分词和过去式) sacrifices:n.牺牲,损失; v.牺牲,损失(sacrifice的单三形式); hold onto:抓紧 in the face of:面对; enslavement:n.奴役; colonialism:n.殖民主义;殖民政策; racism:n.种族主义,种族歧视;人种偏见; underpinning:n.基础材料;基础结构;v.基础;加强;巩固;(underpin的现在分词)
And our narrative has not just survived the assaults that history has thrown at it. 我們的敘事不僅在歷史 對它的攻擊之下存活下來。
assaults:n.攻击(assault的复数);vt.攻击;袭击(assault的第三人称单数);
We've left a body of material culture, artistic magistery and intellectual output . 我們留下了許多物質文化、 藝術精華以及智慧產物。
artistic:adj.艺术的;风雅的;有美感的; magistery:神药;沈淀物; intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; output:n.(人、机器、机构的)产量;输出;输出功率;输出量;v.输出;
We've mapped and we've charted and we've captured our histories in ways that are the measure of anywhere else on earth. 我們勘測了、繪製了、 捕捉了我們的歷史, 是地球上任何其他地方的準繩。
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词)
Long before the meaningful arrival of Europeans -- indeed, whilst Europe was still mired in its Dark Age -- 遠在歐洲人意義深長的抵達之前—— 的確,當歐洲仍陷在 黑暗時代中時——
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数); whilst:conj.同时;时时,有时;当…的时候; mired:v.陷入困境;处境艰难;陷入泥沼;(mire的过去分词和过去式)
Africans were pioneering techniques in recording, in nurturing history, forging revolutionary methods for keeping their story alive. 非洲人已在開創記錄 和滋養歷史的技術, 打造出革命性的方法, 來讓故事延續下去。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) nurturing:v.养育;培养;扶持;支持;助长;(nurture的现在分词) forging:n.锻造;锻件;伪造;v.锻造;打制(forge的现在分词); revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者;
And living history, dynamic heritage -- it remains important to us. 而活著的歷史、動態的遺產—— 它對我們而言仍然是重要的。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; heritage:n.遗产;传统;继承物;继承权;
We see that manifest in so many ways. 我們見過它以非常多種 不同方式呈現。
manifest:v.表明;显现;使人注意到;adj.明显的;显而易见的;n.旅客名单;
I'm reminded of how, just last year -- you might remember it -- the first members of the al Qaeda-affiliated Ansar Dine were indicted for war crimes and sent to the Hague. 我想起了去年 ——你們可能還記得—— 加入艾蓋達組織支助的 伊斯蘭衛士的最早的成員 被控告犯有戰爭犯罪, 而後被送到海牙。
reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式) Dine:v.进餐;用饭; indicted:v.控告;起诉(indict的过去分词和过去式)
And one of the most notorious was Ahmad al-Faqi, who was a young Malian, and he was charged, not with genocide , not with ethnic cleansing , but with being one of the instigators of a campaign to destroy some of Mali's most important cultural heritage. 最惡名昭彰的一位 就是艾哈邁德·艾法奇 他是位年輕的馬里人, 他被控的罪名不是大屠殺, 不是種族清洗, 而是教唆摧毀馬里最重要的 一些文化資產的活動。
notorious:adj.声名狼藉的,臭名昭著的; genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀; ethnic cleansing:n.(尤用于新闻报道)种族清洗; instigators:n.煽动者(instigator的复数形式);[法]教唆犯;教唆者; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的;
This wasn't vandalism; these weren't thoughtless acts. 那不是非故意的破壞; 也並不是未經思考的草率行為。
thoughtless:adj.轻率的;欠考虑的;考虑不周的;不顾及他人的;
One of the things that al-Faqi said when he was asked to identify himself in court was that he was a graduate, that he was a teacher. 當艾馬蒂被要求在法庭上 報出自己的身份時,他說到一點, 他說他是大學畢業生, 而且他是老師。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
Over the course of 2012, they engaged in a systematic campaign to destroy Mali's cultural heritage. 在 2012 年間,他們進行了 一個規劃完善的活動, 目標是要摧毀馬里的文化遺產。
engaged in:从事于;忙于; systematic:adj.系统的;体系的;有系统的;[图情]分类的;一贯的,惯常的;
This was a deeply considered waging of war in the most powerful way that could be envisaged : in destroying narrative, in destroying stories. 這是經過深入考量後進行的戰爭, 且進行的方式是 人能想像出來最強大的方式來 摧毀敘事,摧毀故事。
waging:v.开始,进行,继续(战争、战斗等);(wage的现在分词) envisaged:v.设想(envisage的过去分词);面对,正视;
The attempted destruction of nine shrines , the central mosque and perhaps as many as 4,000 manuscripts was a considered act. 他們試圖摧毀九個聖壇、 中央清真寺、 可能還有約四千份手稿, 都是仔細考量過的行為。
attempted:adj.未遂的;v.努力;尝试;试图;(attempt的过去分词和过去式) destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; shrines:圣地;神殿;神龛;圣祠(shrine的复数); mosque:n.清真寺; manuscripts:n.[图情]手稿;草稿(manuscript的复数形式);
They understood the power of narrative to hold communities together, and they conversely understood that in destroying stories, they hoped they would destroy a people. 他們知道敘事有著 能將社區團結起來的力量, 他們藉由反向思考了解到 通過摧毀故事, 他們就有可能摧毀一個民族。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) conversely:adv.相反地;
But just as Ansar Dine and their insurgency were driven by powerful narratives , so was the local population's defense of Timbuktu and its libraries. 但正如伊斯蘭衛士和他們的暴動 是被強大的敘事所驅使的, 當地人民為廷巴克圖 及其圖書館所做的防禦也一樣。
insurgency:n.叛乱;暴动;叛乱状态; narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数); Timbuktu:n.遥远的地方;
These were communities who've grown up with stories of the Mali Empire; lived in the shadow of Timbuktu's great libraries. 這些社區的人 聽著馬里帝國的故事長大; 他們住在廷巴克圖偉大的 圖書館的影子底下。
They'd listened to songs of its origin from their childhood , and they weren't about to give up on that without a fight. 他們從孩提時就在聽著 關於廷巴克圖起源的歌曲, 而他們不願意不嘗試抵抗就放棄那一切。
origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身; childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期
Over difficult months of 2012, during the Ansar Dine invasion , 在 2012 年的艱苦月份中, 在伊斯蘭衛士入侵的時期,
invasion:n.武装入侵;侵略;侵犯;涌入;干预;
Malians, ordinary people, risked their lives to secrete and smuggle documents to safety, doing what they could to protect historic buildings and defend their ancient libraries. 馬里人、平民百姓,冒著生命危險, 把文件藏起來並偷運到安全的地方, 盡他們所能,去保護歷史建築, 去保衛他們古老的圖書館。
secrete:v.分泌;隐藏,藏匿(小物件); smuggle:v.走私;偷运; historic:adj.有历史意义的;历史上著名的;
And although they weren't always successful, many of the most important manuscripts were thankfully saved, and today each one of the shrines that was damaged during that uprising have been rebuilt, including the 14th-century mosque that is the symbolic heart of the city. 雖然他們不一定都能成功, 許多最重要的手稿 都很幸運地被保存下來了, 今天,在那次暴動中受損的所有聖壇 都已被重建, 包括一間十四世紀的清真寺, 它象徵該城市的心臟。
thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地; uprising:n.起义;升起;adj.升起的;v.起义(uprise的ing形式);升起; symbolic:adj.象征的;符号的;使用符号的;
It's been fully restored . 它已經被完全復原了。
restored:adj.精力充沛的;精力恢复的;v.修复;恢复健康;(restore的过去分词和过去式)
But even in the bleakest periods of the occupation , enough of the population of Timbuktu simply would not bow to men like al-Faqi. 即使在被佔領期間 最令人沮喪的時候, 廷巴克圖還是有足夠的人民 就是不願意屈服於 像艾馬蒂這樣的人。
bleakest:adj.最萧瑟的;最严寒的;最荒芜的; occupation:n.职业;占领;占用;工作;
They wouldn't allow their history to be wiped away, and anyone who has visited that part of the world, they will understand why, why stories, why narrative, why histories are of such importance. 他們不允許他們的歷史被抹滅。 任何曾經造訪過 世界的那個角落的人, 都能夠了解為什麼, 為什麼故事,為什麼敘事, 為什麼歷史有這麼重要。
History matters. 歷史很重要。
History really matters. 歷史真的關乎緊要。
And for peoples of African descent , who have seen their narrative systematically assaulted over centuries, this is critically important. 對於看到數世紀來自己的故事 不斷被有系統地攻擊的 非洲後裔而言, 這是極度重要的。
descent:n.下降;血统;袭击;vt.除去…的气味;使…失去香味; systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地; assaulted:v.猛烈攻击,袭击,侵犯人身;使(感官)难受;(assault的过去分词和过去式) critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地;
This is part of a recurrent echo across our history of ordinary people making a stand for their story, for their history. 這是一部份不斷重覆的共鳴, 迴盪在我們那段關於 平民百姓為了他們的故事及歷史 而挺身抵抗的歷史當中。
recurrent:adj.复发的;周期性的,经常发生的; echo:vt.反射;重复;vi.随声附和;发出回声;n.回音;效仿;
Just as in the 19th century, enslaved peoples of African descent in the Caribbean fought under threat of punishment , fought to practice their religions, to celebrate Carnival , to keep their history alive. 就如同十九世紀 在加勒比海被奴役的非洲後裔, 在懲罰的威脅之下決定一戰, 為了實踐他們的宗教, 為了慶祝狂歡節而戰, 為了延續他們的歷史而戰。
enslaved:v.使成为奴隶;奴役;使受控制;(enslave的过去分词和过去式) Caribbean:adj.加勒比海的;加勒比人的;加勒比语的;n.加勒比海; punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待; Carnival:n.狂欢节,嘉年华会;饮宴狂欢;
Ordinary people were prepared to make great sacrifices, some even the ultimate sacrifice, for their history. 平民百姓都準備好 要做出偉大的犧牲, 有些人最終也為了他們的歷史 犧牲了。
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
And it was through control of narrative that some of the most devastating colonial campaigns were crystallized . 透過對敘事的控制, 一些最具毀滅性的 殖民活動才得以存在。
devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) crystallized:adj.裹有糖霜的;蜜饯的;v.结晶(crystalize的过去分词);
It was through the dominance of one narrative over another that the worst manifestations of colonialism became palpable . 透過支配一個又一個的敘事, 殖民主義最糟糕的 表現形式才得以具現。
dominance:n.优势;统治;支配; manifestations:n.临床表现(manifestion的复数);显示;证明; palpable:adj.明显的;可感知的;易觉察的;
When, in 1874, the British attacked the Ashanti, they overran Kumasi and captured the Asantehene. 在 1874 年,當英國攻打阿善提時, 他們侵佔蹂躪了庫馬西, 捕捉了阿散蒂西里王。
overran:v.泛滥;蔓延(overrun的过去式);
They knew that controlling territory and subjugating the head of state -- it wasn't enough. 他們知道,控制領土 和制服國家領袖—— 是不夠的。
territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; subjugating:vt.征服;使服从;克制; head of state:n.国家元首;
They recognized that the emotional authority of state lay in its narrative and the symbols that represented it, like the Golden Stool . 他們明白,國家情感的中心 在該國家的敘事當中, 以及代表它的象徵當中, 比如金凳子。 （註:阿散蒂西里王的寶座）
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; authority:n.权威;权力;当局; symbols:n.符号;象征;标志;符号表(symbol的复数); represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词) Stool:n.凳子;大便;粪便;v.长出新枝;排便
They understood that control of story was absolutely critical to truly controlling a people. 他們了解,如果要真正 控制一個民族, 對故事的控制是至關重要的。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
And the Ashanti understood, too, and they never were to relinquish the precious Golden Stool, never to completely capitulate to the British. 阿善提人也明白這一點, 他們始終不願放棄, 不肯交出寶貴的金凳子, 始終沒有完全屈從於英國人。
relinquish:vt.放弃;放手;让渡; precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的; capitulate:vi.认输,屈服;屈从,停止反抗;有条件投降;让步;
Narrative matters. 敘事是至關緊要的。
In 1871, Karl Mauch, a German geologist working in Southern Africa, he stumbled across an extraordinary complex , a complex of abandoned stone buildings. 在 1871 年,在南非工作的 德國地理學家卡爾·毛赫 偶然發現了一個非凡的建築群, 由廢棄的石頭房屋組成的建築群。
geologist:n.地质学家,地质学者; stumbled:v.绊脚;跌跌撞撞地走;蹒跚而行;(stumble的过去分词和过去式) extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; abandoned:adj.被抛弃的放纵的;v.抛弃;丢弃,离开;放弃;(abandon的过去分词和过去式)
And he never quite recovered from what he saw: a granite , drystone city, stranded on an outcrop above an empty savannah : 而他始終未能全然忘懷: 一個花崗岩乾砌的城市, 位於空蕩大草原露出的礦脈上:
granite:n.花岗岩;坚毅;冷酷无情; drystone:块石干砌;石乾砌;干石; stranded:adj.搁浅的; v.搁浅; (strand的过去式和过去分词); outcrop:n.露头;露出地面的岩层;vi.露出; savannah:n.大草原,热带草原(等于savanna);
Great Zimbabwe . 大辛巴威。
Zimbabwe:n.津巴布韦(国家名,位于非洲);
And Mauch had no idea who was responsible for what was obviously an astonishing feat of architecture , but he felt sure of one single thing: this narrative needed to be claimed . 毛赫完全不知道是誰建造了 這顯然十分驚人的建築壯舉, 但他很確定一件事: 必須要找到這敘事的歸屬。
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词) feat:n.功绩,壮举;技艺表演;adj.合适的;灵巧的; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构; claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式)
He later wrote that the wrought architecture of Great Zimbabwe was simply too sophisticated , too special to have been built by Africans. 他後來寫道:大辛巴威的精心構思建築 實在是太精密、太特別了, 因此不可能是非洲人建造的。
wrought:adj.锻造的;加工的;精细的;v.工作(work的过去分词);wreak的过去分词; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
Mauch, like dozens of Europeans that followed in his footsteps , speculated on who might have built the city. 毛赫,和數十位跟隨 他腳步的歐洲人一樣, 臆測了誰可能建造了這個城市。
footsteps:n.脚步(footstep的复数形式);步距; speculated:v.推测;猜测;推断;投机;做投机买卖;(speculate的过去分词和过去式)
And one went as far as to posit , "I do not think that I am far wrong if I suppose that that ruin on the hill is a copy of King Solomon's Temple." 其中一個人竟然斷定說: 「我猜測這山丘上的遺跡 是仿效所羅門聖殿的, 我想我應該不會錯得離譜。」
as far as:至于…; posit:vt.安置;假定;n.假设;设想; suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: ruin:n.废墟;毁坏;灭亡;v.毁灭;使破产;
And as I'm sure you know, Mauch, he hadn't stumbled upon King Solomon's Temple, but upon a purely African complex of buildings constructed by a purely African civilization from the 11th century onward . 我相信你們都知道, 毛赫偶然發現的並非所羅門聖殿, 他發現的是純非洲的建築群, 在十一世紀, 由純非洲的文明所建造。
purely:adv.完全;仅仅; constructed:v.修建;建造;组成;编制,绘制;(construct的过去分词和过去式) civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明; onward:adj.向前的;前进的;adv.向前;在前面;
But like Leo Frobenius, a fellow German anthropologist who speculated some years later, upon seeing the Nigerian Ife Heads for the very first time, that they must have been artifacts from the long-lost kingdom of Atlantis. 但就像幾年之後,德國人類學家 李歐·佛洛班尼爾斯 在初次看到奈及利亞 伊費青銅頭像時, 他揣測這些頭像可能是來自 失落的亞特蘭提斯的文物。 他揣測這些頭像可能是來自 失落的亞特蘭提斯的文物。
anthropologist:n.人类学家;人类学者; artifacts:n.史前古器物;人工产品; long-lost:adj.遗失了很长时间的;
He felt, just like Hegel, an almost instinctive need to rob Africa of its history. 就像黑格爾一樣, 他幾乎是本能地感覺 他必須掠奪非洲的歷史。
instinctive:adj.本能的;直觉的;天生的;
These ideas are so irrational , so deeply held, that even when faced with the physical archaeology , they couldn't think rationally . 這些想法非常不理性, 且根深蒂固。 即使面對實體的古物, 他們也無法理性思考。
irrational:adj.不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的;n.[数]无理数; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; archaeology:n.考古学;考古学的; rationally:adv.理性地;讲道理地;
They could no longer see. 他們已經無法看清楚。
And like so much of Africa's relationship with Enlightenment Europe, it involved appropriation , denigration and control of the continent. 就像非洲和啟蒙時代 歐洲之間的關係, 它涉及了對該大陸的 佔用、詆毀,和控制。
Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) appropriation:n.拨款;挪用; denigration:n.诋毁;
It involved an attempt to bend narrative to Europe's ends. 它涉及了為迎合歐洲而將敘事改變。
And if Mauch had really wanted to find an answer to his question, "Where did Great Zimbabwe or that great stone building come from?" 如果毛赫真的想要為 他的這個問題找到答案: 「大辛巴威或是那偉大的 石建築是從哪裡來的？」
he would have needed to begin his quest a thousand miles away from Great Zimbabwe, at the eastern edge of the continent, where Africa meets the Indian Ocean. 他其實必須在大辛巴威以外 幾千英哩的地方, 展開他的追尋之旅, 也就是這塊大陸的東岸, 非洲和印度洋交接的地方。
quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索; eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒;
He would have needed to trace the gold and the goods from some of the great trading emporia of the Swahili coast to Great Zimbabwe, to gain a sense of the scale and influence of that mysterious culture, 他應該從斯華西里海岸的那一些 與大辛巴威做貿易的大型商業中心, 追蹤黃金和商品的來源, 來探究那神秘文化的 規模和影響;
trace:追溯,追踪 emporia:n.商场;[商]商品陈列所; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; mysterious:adj.神秘的;不可思议的;难解的;
to get a picture of Great Zimbabwe as a political, cultural entity through the kingdoms and the civilizations that were drawn under its control. 透過大辛巴威所控制的王國和文明, 來了解大辛巴威成為政治、 文化實體的真實情況。
entity:n.实体;存在;本质; civilizations:n.文明(civilization的复数形式);
For centuries, traders have been drawn to that bit of the coast from as far away as India and China and the Middle East . 數世紀以來,商人都被 吸引到該海岸的那個小區域, 他們來自遠方,如印度、 中國、中東等地。
traders:n.交易员;贸易商(trader的复数形式); Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
And it might be tempting to interpret , because it's exquisitely beautiful, that building, it might be tempting to interpret it as just an exquisite, symbolic jewel, a vast ceremonial sculpture in stone. 人們可能會傾向這樣詮釋, 因為那建築十分精緻美麗。 人們可能會傾向將它詮釋成 一個精緻、象徵性的珠寶, 一個巨大的儀式性石雕。
tempting:adj.吸引人的;诱惑人的;v.引诱;(tempt的现在分词); interpret:v.诠释;说明;口译;把…理解为; exquisitely:adv.精致地;精巧地;敏锐地; ceremonial:adj.仪式的;正式的,礼仪的;n.仪式,礼节;
But the site must have been a complex at the center of a significant nexus of economies that defined this region for a millennium . 但這個遺跡建築群, 定義了這個區域長達一千年的時間。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; nexus:n.关系;连结,连系; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; region:n.地区;范围;部位; millennium:n.千年期,千禧年;一千年,千年纪念;太平盛世,黄金时代;
This matters. 這是非常重要的。
These narratives matter. 這些敘事是至關緊要的。
Even today, the fight to tell our story is not just against time. 即使現今,我們為了說出故事而戰, 並不只是在對抗時間。
It's not just against organizations like Ansar Dine. 也並不只是對抗 像伊斯蘭衛士的組織。
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
It's also in establishing a truly African voice after centuries of imposed histories. 在經過了數世紀 一直被強加上的歷史之後, 我們也為了建立真正的非洲聲音。
establishing:v.建立;创立;设立;使稳固;(establish的现在分词) imposed:adj.强加的;施加的;应用的;v.欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于;
We don't just have to recolonize our history, but we have to find ways to build back the intellectual underpinning that Hegel denied was there at all. 我們不僅是要重新殖民我們的歷史, 我們必需要找到方法來重新建立
recolonize:vt.再度移民到…;开拓殖民地; denied:v.否认;拒绝;否定;不承认;(deny的过去分词和过去式)
We have to rediscover African philosophy , 我們得要重新發現非洲的哲學、
rediscover:vt.重新发现;再发现; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
African perspectives , African history. 非洲的觀點、非洲的歷史。
perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式);
The flowering of Great Zimbabwe -- it wasn't a freak moment. 大辛巴威的繁榮—— 它並不是個特異的時刻。
freak:n.怪人,怪事;畸形人;反复无常;adj.奇异的,反常的;
It was part of a burgeoning change across the whole of the continent. 它是整個大陸急速改變的一部份。
burgeoning:adj.迅速发展的;v.激增;迅速发展;(burgeon的现在分词)
Perhaps the great exemplification of that was Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Mali Empire, probably the greatest empire that West Africa has ever seen. 很好的範例或許就是松迪亞塔可塔。 他是馬里帝國的開創者, 而馬里帝國可能是 西非史上最偉大的帝國。
exemplification:n.例证;模范;[法]核正誊本; founder:vi.失败;沉没;倒塌;变跛;vt.破坏;使摔倒;垮掉;n.创始人;建立者;翻沙工;
Sundiata Keita was born about 1235, growing up in a time of profound flux . 松迪亞塔可塔大約生於 1235 年, 成長於一個巨大變遷的時代。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; flux:n.[流][机]流量;变迁;不稳定;流出;vt.使熔融;用焊剂处理;vi.熔化;流出;
He was seeing the transition between the Berber dynasties to the north, he may have heard about the rise of the Ife to the south and perhaps even the dominance of the Solomaic Dynasty in Ethiopia to the east. 他看到北邊巴巴里的改朝換代, 他可能也聽到南邊伊費的崛起, 甚至東邊衣索比亞 所羅門王朝的統治。
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; dynasties:n.朝代(dynasty的复数); Dynasty:n.代;王朝;朝代; Ethiopia:n.埃塞俄比亚;
And he must have been aware that he was living through a moment of quickening change, of growing confidence in our continent. 他一定有意識到,他身處在一個 快速改變的時刻, 對我們的大陸越來越有信心的時刻。
quickening:adj.使活泼的;使复苏的;n.胎动;兴奋;v.加速;活跃(quicken的ing形式); confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
He must have been aware of new states that were building their influence from as far afield as Great Zimbabwe and the Swahili sultanates , each engaged directly or indirectly beyond the continent itself, each driven also to invest in securing their intellectual and cultural legacy . 他一定意識到 偏遠到大辛巴威 和蘇丹統治的斯華西里。 它們都被直接或間接地 與非洲以外有所連結, 它們個別也都投入心力去 保護它們的知識和文化遺產。
afield:adv.在战场上;去野外;在远处;远离著; sultanates:n.苏丹的领地;职位;苏丹统治的国家;(sultanates是sultanate的复数) indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地; invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; legacy:n.遗赠,遗产;
He probably would have engaged in trade with these peer nations as part of a massive continental nexus of great medieval African economies. 他可能有和這些國家進行貿易。 這是偉大的中世紀非洲經濟體的 大規模大陸連結網的一部份。
peer:n.同辈;同龄人;身份(或地位)相同的人;(英国)贵族成员;v.仔细看;端详; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; continental:adj.大陆的;大陆性的;n.欧洲人; medieval:adj.中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的;
And like all of those great empires, 如同所有偉大的帝國,
Sundiata Keita invested in securing his legacy through history by using story -- not just formalizing the idea of storytelling , but in building a whole convention of telling and retelling his story as a key to founding a narrative for his empire. 松迪亞塔可塔也投入心力 去保護他的歷史遺產, 用的方式就是故事—— 不僅是把說故事的 這個想法給正式化, 他還建立了完整的常規習俗 來敘述和重述他的故事。 建造敘事對於他的帝國十分關鍵。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) formalizing:n.形式化;v.使正式化(formalize的现在分词); storytelling:n.讲故事;说谎话;adj.讲故事的;说谎的; convention:n.习俗;惯例;协定;常规; retelling:n.复述;复述法;v.复述;再讲(retell的ing形式);
And these stories, in musical form, are still sung today. 他的故事以音樂的形式訴說, 至今仍然被唱誦著。
Now, several decades after the death of Sundiata, a new king ascended the throne , 在松迪亞塔死後數十年, 一個新國王登上王位,
ascended:上升; throne:n.王座;君主;王权;v.登上王座;
Mansa Musa, its most famous emperor. 曼薩穆薩,馬里最有名的帝王。
Now, Mansa Musa is famed for his vast gold reserves and for sending envoys to the courts of Europe and the Middle East. 曼薩·穆薩以儲存大量黃金而聞名, 他也以派使節到歐洲 和中東的朝廷而聞名。
famed:adj.著名的; reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备; envoys:n.使者;全权公使;
He was every bit as ambitious as his predecessors , but saw a different kind of route of securing his place in history. 他的野心完全不輸給他的前人, 但他發現一種不同的方式 可以保護他在歷史上的地位。
ambitious:adj.野心勃勃的;有雄心的;热望的;炫耀的; predecessors:n.前任(predecessor的复数); route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送;
In 1324, Mansa Musa went on pilgrimage to Mecca , and he traveled with a retinue of thousands. 在 1324 年,曼薩·穆薩去麥加朝聖, 他此行的扈從就有數千人。
pilgrimage:n.漫游;朝圣之行;vi.朝拜;漫游; Mecca:n.麦加(沙特阿拉伯一座城市);众人渴望去的地方; retinue:n.随行人员;扈从;
It's been said that 100 camels each carried 100 pounds of gold. 傳說有 100 隻駱駝, 每隻載著 100 磅的黃金。
It's been recorded that he built a fully functioning mosque every Friday of his trip, and performed so many acts of kindness, that the great Berber chronicler , Ibn Battuta , wrote, "He flooded Cairo with kindness, 有記錄指出,旅程中的每個星期五 他都會建立一間功能完整的清真寺, 做了非常多的仁慈之舉。 偉大的巴巴里編年史家 伊本·巴圖塔寫到: 「他用仁慈淹沒了開羅,
performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) chronicler:n.记录者;年代史编者; Battuta:拍子; Cairo:开罗(埃及首都)
spending so much in the markets of North Africa and the Middle East that it affected the price of gold into the next decade." 在北非和中東的市場花了如此多錢, 以致於影響到了接下來 十年的黃金價格。」
And on his return, 回程時,
Mansa Musa memorialized his journey by building a mosque at the heart of his empire. 曼薩·穆薩紀念他這趟旅程的方式是 在他的帝國的心臟地帶 建立一座清真寺。
memorialized:vt.纪念;请愿;提出请愿书; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
And the legacy of what he left behind, 他留給後世的遺產,
Timbuktu, it represents one of the great bodies of written historical material produced by African scholars : about 700,000 medieval documents, ranging from scholarly works to letters, which have been preserved often by private households . 就是廷巴克圖, 它代表了由非洲學者所寫的 最大量的書面歷史材料之一: 大約有七十萬份中世紀文件, 從學術著作到信件應有盡有。 這些大都被私人保存下來。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数); scholarly:adj.博学的;学者风度的;学者派头的; preserved:v.保护;维护;保留;保存;保养;(preserve的过去式和过去分词) households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数);
And at its peak , in the 15th and 16th centuries, the university there was as influential as any educational establishment in Europe, attracting about 25,000 students. 在巔峰時期,在十五及十六世紀時, 那裡的大學的影響力完全不輸給 歐洲的任何教育機關, 吸引了約兩萬五千名學生。
peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的; influential:adj.有影响的;有势力的;n.有影响力的人物; educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的 establishment:n.大型组织;企业;旅馆;权威人士;建立;
This was in a city of around 100,000 people. 這個城市在那時的人口約為十萬人。
It cemented Timbuktu as a world center of learning. 它奠定了廷巴克圖成為 世界學習中心的地位。
cemented:adj.渗碳的;注水泥的;粘合的;v.巩固;接合;粘合(cement的过去分词形式);
But this was a very particular kind of learning that was focused and driven by Islam. 但那裡的學習非常特別, 以伊斯蘭為主,並由伊斯蘭驅使。
And since I first visited Timbuktu, 自從我初次造訪廷巴克圖以後,
I've visited many other libraries across Africa, and despite Hegel's view that Africa has no history, not only is it a continent with an embarrassment of history, it has developed unrivaled systems for collecting and promoting it. 我走訪了全非洲許多其他的圖書館。 儘管黑格爾認為非洲沒有歷史, 它不只是有著龐大歷史的大陸, 它還發展出無敵的體制 來收集和推行它。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; embarrassment:n.窘迫,难堪;使人为难的人或事物;拮据; unrivaled:adj.无敌的;至高无上的;无比的; promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词)
There are thousands of small archives , textile drum stores, that have become more than repositories of manuscripts and material culture. 那裡有數以千計的小檔案館, 紡織桶商店, 變成了不只是手稿 和有形文化的貯藏處。
archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数) textile:n.纺织品;纺织业; drum:n.鼓; v.打鼓; repositories:n.贮藏室;资源丰富地区;智囊人物(repository的复数);
They have become fonts of communal narrative, symbols of continuity , and I'm pretty sure that many of those European philosophers who questioned an African intellectual tradition must have, beneath their prejudices , 它們變成了共有敘事的泉源 和延續的象徵。 我非常肯定,許多曾經質疑 非洲知識傳統的歐洲哲學家, 在他們的偏見之下,
communal:adj.公共的;公社的; continuity:n.连续性;一连串;分镜头剧本; philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); beneath:prep.在…之下;adv.在下方; prejudices:成见;偏见;歧视(prejudice的复数);
been aware of the contribution of Africa's intellectuals to Western learning. 一定也有意識到非洲 知識份子對西方學習 所做的貢獻。
contribution:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;稿件; intellectuals:n.[劳经]知识分子(intellectual的复数);
They must have known of the great North African medieval philosophers who had driven the Mediterranean . 他們一定知道 偉大的北非中世紀哲學家 驅動了地中海。
Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的;
They must have known about and been aware of that tradition that is part of Christianity , of the three wise men. 他們一定知道且有意識到 基督教傳統中的三位智者。
Christianity:n.基督教;基督教精神,基督教教义;
And in the medieval period, Balthazar , that third wise man, was represented as an African king. 在中世紀,第三位智者,伯沙撒, 是以非洲國王的形象出現。
Balthazar:n.一种大型酒杯;
And he became hugely popular as the third intellectual leg of Old World learning, alongside Europe and Asia, as a peer. 他變得非常有名, 被視為舊世界（東半球）的 第三隻知識之腳, 與歐洲和亞洲齊名。
Old World:adj.古代世界的,古时的;从前的,以前的;
These things were well-known . 這些事都是眾所皆知的。
well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的;
These communities did not grow up in isolation. 這些社區並沒有在孤立中成長。
Timbuktu's wealth and power developed because the city became a hub of lucrative intercontinental trade routes . 廷巴克圖的財富和權力 之所以會發展的原因是 這城市變成了有利可圖的 跨大陸貿易路線的中心。
wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; hub:n.中心;毂;木片; lucrative:adj.有利可图的,赚钱的;合算的; intercontinental:adj.洲际的;大陆间的; routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数)
This was one center in a borderless , transcontinental , ambitious, outwardly focused, confident continent. 這是在沒有邊界、 橫貫大陸、有野心、 著重對外的自信大陸的一個中心。
borderless:adj.无边界的;没有边际; transcontinental:adj.横贯大陆的;大陆那边的; outwardly:adv.表面上;向外;外观上地; confident:adj.自信的;确信的;
Berber merchants , they carried salt and textiles and new precious goods and learning down into West Africa from across the desert. 巴巴里商人,帶著鹽和織物、 新的珍貴商品,以及知識, 越過沙漠,來到西非。
merchants:n.[贸易]商人(merchant的复数); textiles:n.纺织品;纺织业;(textile的复数)
But as you can see from this map that was produced a little time after the life of Mansa Musa, there was also a nexus of sub-Saharan trade routes, along which African ideas and traditions added to the intellectual worth of Timbuktu and indeed across the desert to Europe. 但各位可以在這張地圖上看到, 這張圖是在曼薩·穆薩的 年代之後不久製做的, 上面也有撒哈拉以南的貿易路線圖, 沿著這些路線,非洲想法和傳統 增加了廷巴克圖的知識價值, 且的確跨越了沙漠到達歐洲。
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区;
Manuscripts and material culture, they have become fonts of communal narrative, symbols of continuity. 手稿和物質文化, 它們變成共有敘事的泉源、 延續的象徵。
And I'm pretty sure that those European intellectuals who cast aspersions on our history, they knew fundamentally about our traditions. 我很確定,那些誹謗我們歷史的 歐洲知識份子, 他們從根本上知道我們的傳統。
cast aspersions:中伤;诽谤; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
And today, as strident forces like Ansar Dine and Boko Haram grow popular in West Africa, it's that spirit of truly indigenous , dynamic, intellectual defiance that holds ancient traditions in good stead . 現今,當強硬的力量, 如伊斯蘭衛和博科聖地, 在西非變得普遍時, 是那真正本土的、動態的、 知性的反抗精神, 在保護著、支撐著古老傳統。
strident:adj.刺耳的;尖锐的;吱吱尖叫的;轧轧作响的; Boko:n.鼻子; Haram:n.女眷;闺房; indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的; defiance:n.蔑视;挑战;反抗; stead:n.代替;用处;vt.对…有利;
When Mansa Musa made Timbuktu his capital, he looked upon the city as a Medici looked upon Florence: as the center of an open, intellectual, entrepreneurial empire that thrived on great ideas wherever they came from. 當曼薩·穆薩把廷巴克圖設為首都時, 他看待這個城市就像是 麥第奇家族看待佛羅倫斯: 視為是一個放發、知識、 企業家的帝國的中心, 而這個帝國靠著來自各處的 偉大點子而興盛。
entrepreneurial:adj.企业家的,创业者的;中间商的; thrived:v.兴盛,繁荣(thrive的过去式和过去分词形式);
The city, the culture, the very intellectual DNA of this region remains so beautifully complex and diverse , that it will always remain, in part, located in storytelling traditions that derive from indigenous, pre-Islamic traditions. 這個城市、這個文化、 和這個區域以知識為本的基因, 仍然以一種美麗的方式, 保持著複雜性和多樣性, 而它有一部份將會永遠保留在 來自本土的、伊斯蘭之前的 傳統所衍生出的 說故事傳統裡。
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) derive:vt.源于;得自;vi.起源;
The highly successful form of Islam that developed in Mali became popular because it accepted those freedoms and that inherent cultural diversity . 在馬里所發展出的極成功的 伊斯蘭形式變得很普遍, 因為它接受了那些自由, 以及那固有的文化多樣性。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; inherent:adj.固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
And the celebration of that complexity , that love of rigorously contested discourse , that appreciation of narrative, was and remains, in spite of everything, the very heart of West Africa. 而去讚頌那複雜性、 那爭議辯論之愛、 那對敘事之欣賞, 不論如何,曾是,也仍然是 西非的中心精神。
complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 rigorously:adv.严厉地;残酷地; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出; appreciation:n.升值;欣赏;感谢;增值; in spite of:尽管;不管,不顾;
And today, as the shrines and the mosque vandalized by Ansar Dine have been rebuilt, many of the instigators of their destruction have been jailed . 現今,被伊斯蘭衛士 任意破壞的聖壇和清真寺 已經被重建, 許多煽動這些 破壞行為的人已經入獄。
vandalized:v.故意破坏,肆意破坏(尤指公共财物);(vandalize的过去分词和过去式) jailed:v.监禁;(jail的过去分词和过去式)
And we are left with powerful lessons, reminded once again of how our history and narrative have held communities together for millennia , how they remain vital in making sense of modern Africa. 留給我們很有影響力的教訓, 再次提醒了我們,我們的歷史和敘事 是如何讓社區團結了一千年; 在了解現代非洲方面,它們 如何持續扮演不可缺的角色。
millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世; vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的;
And we're also reminded of how the roots of this confident, intellectual, entrepreneurial, outward-facing , culturally porous , tariff-free Africa was once the envy of the world. 這也提醒了我們, 這有自信、有智慧、企業家的、 面向外、具文化慘透性, 且免關稅的非洲,它的根基也曾經是 世界所羨慕的對象。
outward-facing:面向外部; culturally:adv.从文化角度,文化意义上;在人文学方面; porous:adj.多孔渗水的;能渗透的;有气孔的; tariff-free:免税; envy:n.嫉妒,妒忌;羡慕;v.嫉妒,妒忌;羡慕;感到妒忌;显示出妒忌;
But those roots, they remain. 而那些根基,它們仍然存在。
Thank you very much. 非常謝謝。
(Applause) （掌聲）