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GregoireCourtine_2013G-_让瘫痪的老鼠重新站起来_
I am a neuroscientist with a mixed background in physics and medicine. 我是一名神经学家 同时有着医学和物理学背景
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家;
My lab at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology focuses on spinal cord injury , which affects more than 50,000 people around the world every year, with dramatic consequences for affected individuals , whose life literally shatters in a matter of a handful of seconds. 我的实验室隶属于瑞士联邦理工学院 专攻脊椎损伤研究 全球每天有超过5万的人 受到该伤病的影响 对于那些脊椎损伤的人来说 生活, 往往就在那么短短几秒钟 被完全摧毁
Federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; Technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; spinal cord:n.脊髓; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: shatters:vt.粉碎; vi.粉碎; n.碎片;
And for me, the Man of Steel, 对于我而言, 是 钢铁英雄
Christopher Reeve , has best raised the awareness on the distress of spinal cord injured people. 克里斯托弗·里夫 尽自己的努力唤醒人们 开始关注那些脊椎受伤的人
Reeve:vi.穿过;vt.把绳索穿过;n.城镇(或地区)长官; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; distress:n.危难,不幸;贫困;悲痛;v.使悲痛;使贫困; injured:adj.受伤的:委屈的: v.伤害,使受伤: n.伤员;
And this is how I started my own personal journey in this field of research, working with the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation . 而我进入这个研究领域的缘起 第一次的接触 就源于与里夫夫妇基金的合作
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; Dana:n.美国德纳(美国汽车公司); Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
I still remember this decisive moment. 我到现在都还记得那个决定性的时刻
decisive:adj.决定性的;果断的,坚定的;
It was just at the end of a regular day of work with the foundation. 那是一个再普通不过的一天的结尾 我在帮基金会工作
Chris addressed us, the scientists and experts, "You have to be more pragmatic . 克里斯托弗对我们, 一群学者和技术专家说 你们一定要专注实用价值
addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式) pragmatic:adj.实际的;实用主义的;国事的;
When leaving your laboratory tomorrow, 明天, 当你离开实验室的时候
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
I want you to stop by the rehabilitation center to watch injured people fighting to take a step, struggling to maintain their trunk. 我希望你们能去康复中心 看看那些伤者 如何费尽全力迈出一小步 如何努力保持自己的平衡
rehabilitation:n.康复;恢复;善后;平反;复权; maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
And when you go home, think of what you are going to change in your research on the following day to make their lives better." 在你到家之后 仔细想想是否需要改变自己的研究方向 能够让他们的生活变得更美好一些
These words, they stuck with me. 这段话, 刻到我心里去了
This was more than 10 years ago, but ever since, my laboratory has followed the pragmatic approach to recovery after spinal cord injury. 十多年过去了 直到今天, 我的实验室还都在 坚持尝试用实用的方法 帮助脊椎损伤后恢复
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
And my first step in this direction was to develop a new model of spinal cord injury that would more closely mimic some of the key features of human injury while offering well-controlled experimental conditions. 我在这研究方向上 需要做的第一件事情就是建立一个新的模型 一个新的脊椎损伤模型, 能够很好的模拟出人类的损伤 同时也能够提供很好的实验控制环境
mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的;
And for this purpose, we placed two hemisections on opposite sides of the body. 基于这个目标, 我们首先在身体的两侧 进行了两次半切操作
They completely interrupt the communication between the brain and the spinal cord, thus leading to complete and permanent paralysis of the leg. 半切完全阻断了 大脑和脊髓的通信 导致了下肢永久性的 完全瘫痪
interrupt:v.中断;打断;插嘴;妨碍;n.中断; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; paralysis:n.麻痹;无力;停顿;
But, as observed , after most injuries in humans, there is this intervening gap of intact neural tissue through which recovery can occur . 但是, 正如你们看到的, 对于大多数损伤 在神经需要进行修复的位置 周边的神经组织都是完好的
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); injuries:n.伤害,损伤;挫伤;(injury的复数) intervening:adj.介于中间的;v.介入(intervene的ing形式); gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开; intact:adj.完整的;原封不动的;未受损伤的; neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;
But how to make it happen? 那么如何利用这一点?
Well, the classical approach consists of applying intervention that would promote the growth of the severed fiber to the original target. 经典的方法是 通过介入疗法 刺激被切断的神经纤维重新生长 拼接到切断前的位置
classical:adj.古典的;经典的;传统的;第一流的;n.古典音乐; consists:v.由…构成;由…组成(consist的三单形式); applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; severed:v.切开;割断;切下;割下;(sever的过去分词和过去式) fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre); original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
And while this certainly remained the key for a cure, this seemed extraordinarily complicated to me. 这依然是治疗的关键步骤 但对我而言实在是太复杂了
extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
To reach clinical fruition rapidly, it was obvious : 如果要尽早实现临床应用 那么很明显的
clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; fruition:n.完成,成就;结果实; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
I had to think about the problem differently. 我需要换个角度来思考这个问题
It turned out that more than 100 years of research on spinal cord physiology , starting with the Nobel Prize Sherrington, had shown that the spinal cord, below most injuries, 脊髓外科的研究起始于谢林顿 一位诺贝尔奖得主 至今已经有一百多年的研究史 许多研究都证实 大多数受伤后的脊髓
physiology:n.生理学;生理机能; Nobel Prize:n.诺贝尔奖;
contained all the necessary and sufficient neural networks to coordinate locomotion , but because input from the brain is interrupted , they are in a nonfunctional state, like kind of dormant . 包含了协调运动所需的 所有的神经网络 但是由于来自大脑的输入被切断了 这些神经网络进入了类似休眠的状态
sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的; locomotion:n.运动;移动;旅行; input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; interrupted:v.插嘴; adj.被阻止的,中断的; (interrupt的过去分词和过去式) nonfunctional:无功能的; dormant:adj.休眠的;静止的;睡眠状态的;隐匿的;
My idea: We awaken this network. 我的想法是: 激活这些网络
awaken:v.唤醒;唤起;觉醒;醒来;意识到;
And at the time, I was a post-doctoral fellow in Los Angeles, after completing my Ph.D. in France, where independent thinking is not necessarily promoted . 当时我还只是加州大学洛杉矶分校的小小博士后 刚刚从法国博士毕业 这个身份其实并不是 太需要独立思考精神的
post-doctoral:adj.博士后的; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; promoted:v.促进:促销:提升:(promote的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) (笑声)
I was afraid to talk to my new boss, but decided to muster up my courage. 我一开始不敢跟我的新老板提这个想法 但是后来终于鼓足了勇气
muster:vt.召集;对…进行点名;使振作;n.集合;检阅;点名册;集合人员;vi.召集;聚集;
I knocked at the door of my wonderful advisor, 我敲开了我导师的门, 说出了我的想法
Reggie Edgerton, to share my new idea. 我的导师, Reggie Edgerton, 他太好了
He listened to me carefully, and responded with a grin . 他仔细的听了我的想法 然后咧嘴一笑
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词) grin:v.咧嘴笑;露齿而笑;咧着嘴笑;n.咧着嘴笑;露齿的笑;
'"Why don't you try?" 干嘛不试试？
And I promise to you, this was such an important moment in my career , when I realized that the great leader believed in young people and new ideas. 我要再三强调 这一刻在我职业生涯中有多重要 这一刻我意识到伟大的领导者 信任年轻人, 以及他们的新想法
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
And this was the idea: 这是我的想法:
I'm going to use a simplistic metaphor to explain to you this complicated concept. 我要用一个简单的比喻 来向你解释这个复杂的概念
simplistic:adj.过分简单化的;过分单纯化的; metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法;
Imagine that the locomotor system is a car. 假设运动神经系统是一辆汽车
locomotor:adj.移动的,运动的;运转的;n.好旅行的人;有运动力之物;移动发动机;
The engine is the spinal cord. 引擎就是脊髓
The transmission is interrupted. The engine is turned off. 变速箱坏了, 引擎熄火了
transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置;
How could we re-engage the engine? 我们怎么把引擎重新打着？
re-engage:vt.重新接入;再次聘用;
First, we have to provide the fuel; second, press the accelerator pedal; third, steer the car. 首先, 我们要加好油 第二, 我们要踩油门 第三, 我们把握方向盘
accelerator:n.油门;催化剂;[机]加速装置; steer:v.引导;控制;操纵;驾驶(船、汽车等);n.建议;劝告;忠告;阉公牛;
It turned out that there are known neural pathways coming from the brain that play this very function during locomotion. 研究人员已经发现了一些大脑发出的神经 在人的运动过程中承担着非常重要的 控制作用
pathways:n.小路;小径(pathway的复数);
My idea: Replace this missing input to provide the spinal cord with the kind of intervention that the brain would deliver naturally in order to walk. 我的想法: 代替联系不上的大脑 向脊髓发送神经信号 模拟大脑通过神经网络发出的信号 干预脊髓, 让下肢可以行走
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
For this, I leveraged 20 years of past research in neuroscience , first to replace the missing fuel with pharmacological agents that prepare the neurons in the spinal cord to fire, and second, to mimic the accelerator pedal with electrical stimulation . 我借助过去20年神经科学的研究成果实现这一点 首先是替换汽油 使用药理学方法 刺激脊椎神经细胞, 做好发送神经信号的准备 然后, 用电刺激来模拟 汽车的油门
leveraged:adj.杠杆的; v.举债经营; (leverage的过去式和过去分词); neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); pharmacological:adj.药理学的; agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数) pedal:v.踩踏板;骑车;n.踏板;脚蹬子;adj.脚的;脚踏的; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; stimulation:n.刺激;激励,鼓舞;
So here imagine an electrode implanted on the back of the spinal cord to deliver painless stimulation. 你可以想象成 在脊髓后面植入两个电极 用于发送无痛的电刺激
electrode:n.[电]电极;电焊条; implanted:植入的; painless:adj.无痛的;不痛的;
It took many years, but eventually we developed an electrochemical neuroprosthesis that transformed the neural network in the spinal cord from dormant to a highly functional state. 虽然花了很多年, 但是最终我们还是 成功开发了一套电化学神经康复疗法 让受伤的脊髓中 已经冬眠的神经网络重新焕发生机
eventually:adv.最后,终于; electrochemical:adj.[物化]电化学的;[物化]电气化学的; transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) neural network:n.神经网络; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
Immediately, the paralyzed rat can stand. 立竿见影的, 瘫痪的老鼠立刻站了起来
paralyzed:adj.瘫痪的;麻痹的;v.使麻痹;使无力;使失去勇气(paralyze的过去分词);
As soon as the treadmill belt starts moving, the animal shows coordinated movement of the leg, but without the brain. 脚底下的跑步机一启动 老鼠的双腿就开始协调的运动起来 完全没有大脑参与
As soon as:一…就; treadmill:n.踏车,跑步机;单调的工作; belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰; coordinated:v.使协调;使相配合;搭配,协调;(coordinate的过去分词和过去式)
Here what I call "the spinal brain" 我将相关的神经命名为 脊髓脑
cognitively processes sensory information arising from the moving leg and makes decisions as to how to activate the muscle in order to stand, to walk, to run, and even here, while sprinting , instantly stand if the treadmill stops moving. 它负责认知双腿传送上来的 各种运动相关的感觉 并且就肌肉如何运动做出决策 使老鼠能够站立, 行走和奔跑 甚至在冲刺的时候 能够做到 跑步机一停老鼠就停下来
cognitively:adv.认知地; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; arising:出现;产生; activate:vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼;使产生放射性;vi.激活;有活力; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; sprinting:v.短距离快速奔跑(或游泳);冲刺;(sprint的现在分词)
This was amazing. 这很神奇
I was completely fascinated by this locomotion without the brain, but at the same time so frustrated . 当我看到这种没有大脑参与的运动时 我非常的开心 但是也感到非常的沮丧
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; frustrated:adj.失意的,挫败的;泄气的;v.挫败;阻挠;(frustrate的过去式和过去分词)
This locomotion was completely involuntary . 这种运动完全是非自主的
involuntary:adj.无意识的;自然而然的;不知不觉的;
The animal had virtually no control over the legs. 小白鼠实际上并不能控制自己的腿
virtually:adv.事实上,几乎;实质上;
Clearly, the steering system was missing. 很显然, 还缺个方向盘
steering:n.(车辆等的)转向装置;v.驾驶;掌控方向盘;行驶;控制(steer的现在分词)
And it then became obvious from me that we had to move away from the classical rehabilitation paradigm , stepping on a treadmill, and develop conditions that would encourage the brain to begin voluntary control over the leg. 之后我就很清楚的认定 我们需要抛开过去的方式 创建一种新的康复治疗过程 将小白鼠放在跑步机上 同时创造一个环境, 这个环境能够激励 大脑去自发的控制下肢
paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表;
With this in mind, we developed a completely new robotic system to support the rat in any direction of space. 基于这个想法, 我们开发了一个全新的装备 一个机械臂, 能够帮助老鼠 向任何一个方向运动
robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学;
Imagine, this is really cool. 想象一下, 很棒的设计
So imagine the little 200-gram rat attached at the extremity of this 200-kilo robot, but the rat does not feel the robot. 想象一下这个不到两百克的小老鼠 被固定在将近200公斤的机械臂上 但是小老鼠完全感觉不到机械臂的存在
attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) extremity:n.极端;绝境;非常手段;手足;
The robot is transparent , just like you would hold a young child during the first insecure steps. 机械臂是感知不到的 就像是你撑着一个 蹒跚学步的婴儿一般
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; insecure:adj.不安全的;不稳定的;不牢靠的;
Let me summarize : The rat received a paralyzing lesion of the spinal cord. 让我小结一下之前的内容 一个老鼠的脊髓被切断了
summarize:v.总结;概述;概括;归纳; paralyzing:v.使瘫痪或麻痹;使惊愕;(paralyze的现在分词) lesion:n.损害;身体上的伤害;机能障碍;
The electrochemical neuroprosthesis enabled a highly functional state of the spinal locomotor networks. 我们利用电化学神经康复疗法 将老鼠的脊髓运动神经网络激活
enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式)
The robot provided the safe environment to allow the rat to attempt anything to engage the paralyzed legs. 改进的机械臂提供一个安全的环境 使得老鼠瘫痪的双腿 可以做任何尝试
provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试;
And for motivation , we used what I think is the most powerful pharmacology of Switzerland: fine Swiss chocolate. 为了激励老鼠走起来, 我们使用了 我认为是瑞士最强有力的刺激药物—— 优质的瑞士巧克力
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动; pharmacology:n.药物学,药理学;
(Laughter) (笑声)
Actually, the first results were very, very, very disappointing . 但是, 初步的实验结果非常, 非常, 非常地 叫人失望
disappointing:adj.令人失望的;v.使失望;使破灭;使落空(disappoint的现在分词)
Here is my best physical therapist completely failing to encourage the rat to take a single step, whereas the same rat, five minutes earlier, walked beautifully on the treadmill. 视频中是我们最好的理疗师 他也完全没有办法诱使老鼠 迈出一小步 而同样是这只老鼠, 5分钟前 还在跑步机上优雅的迈着步子
physical therapist:n.物理治疗师;理疗师; whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之;
We were so frustrated. 我们深受挫败
But you know, one of the most essential qualities of a scientist is perseverance . 但是你也知道, 我们搞科学研究的, 最基本的素质 就是坚持不懈的精神
essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; perseverance:n.坚持不懈;不屈不挠;n.耐性;毅力;
We insisted. We refined our paradigm, and after several months of training, the otherwise paralyzed rat could stand, and whenever she decided, initiated full weight-bearing locomotion to sprint towards the rewards . 我们继续努力, 继续完善我们的方法 经过几个月的不断训练 一些瘫痪的老鼠能够自己站起来了 并且它可以按照自己的意愿 开始一种全速冲刺的姿态 冲向作为奖励的巧克力
refined:adj.精制的; v.精炼; initiated:v.开始;发起;创始;使了解;传授;吸收;(initiate的过去式和过去分词) rewards:n.[劳经]奖励; v.[劳经]奖赏;
This is the first recovery ever observed of voluntary leg movement after an experimental lesion of the spinal cord leading to complete and permanent paralysis. 这是迄今为止第一次 在实施了脊髓切断手术 导致完全和永久性的下肢瘫痪之后 第一次成功实现下肢的自主运动
In fact -- 事实上
(Applause) (掌声)
Thank you. 谢谢
In fact, not only could the rat initiate and sustain locomotion on the ground, they could even adjust leg movement, for example, to resist gravity in order to climb a staircase . 事实上, 这只老鼠不仅可以 在平地上启动并保持运动的状态 它们甚至可以调整自己的下肢运动 例如, 它们能够克服重力因素 在楼梯上爬上爬下
sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实; adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯; resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂; staircase:n.楼梯;
I can promise you this was such an emotional moment in my laboratory. 可以说, 当这一刻发生时 我们整个实验室的人都激动不已
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
It took us 10 years of hard work to reach this goal. 我们花费了10年的辛苦努力 才做到这一点
But the remaining question was, how? 接下来的问题是, 怎么做到的?
I mean, how is it possible? 我是说, 这怎么可能？
And here, what we found was completely unexpected . 而这个问题的答案 完全出乎我们的意料
unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的;
This novel training paradigm encouraged the brain to create new connections, some relay circuits that relay information from the brain past the injury and restore cortical control over the locomotor networks below the injury. 这个新的康复训练方式 刺激了大脑去生成新的神经连接 也就是一些传播网络 将大脑的神经信号 穿过受损的脊髓部分, 连接上新恢复的脊髓神经 最终连接上了受损脊髓下部的神经网络
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; relay:n.接力赛; v.转发(信息、消息等); circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数) restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; cortical:adj.皮质的;[生物]皮层的;外皮的;
And here, you can see one such example, where we label the fibers coming from the brain in red. 你现在看到的这个例子中 红色的纤维就是从大脑发出的神经
label:n.标签;标记;谓;唱片公司;v.贴标签于;用标签标明; fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数);
This blue neuron is connected with the locomotor center, and what this constellation of synaptic contacts means is that the brain is reconnected with the locomotor center with only one relay neuron. 蓝色的神经能够连接到运动中枢 看起来像是星座图 图中的连接表示的意思是 大脑与运动中枢通过这一个神经细胞 重新连接了起来
neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位; constellation:n.[天]星座;星群;荟萃;兴奋丛; synaptic:adj.突触的;(染色体)联合的; contacts:v.联系,联络;(contact的第三人称单数) reconnected:v.再连接;再接合(reconnect的过去分词和过去式)
But the remodeling was not restricted to the lesion area. 但是这种神经网络的改变 并不局限于此
remodeling:n.重塑;重构(remodel进行式);改建; restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词);
It occurred throughout the central nervous system , including in the brain stem, where we observed up to 300-percent increase in the density of fibers coming from the brain. 并不局限于此 包括大脑内部的神经束 我们观察到大脑中相关的区域 运动纤维的密度增长了300%
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; central nervous system:n.中枢神经系统; density:n.密度;
We did not aim to repair the spinal cord, yet we were able to promote one of the more extensive remodeling of axonal projections ever observed in the central nervous system of adult mammal after an injury. 我们并不是要将脊髓恢复原状 但是我们或许可以 在一个成年哺乳动物瘫痪之后 通过这种神经网络重构的方式 重建中枢神经系统中 的神经连接
repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮; extensive:adj.广泛的;大量的;广阔的; axonal:adj.轴突的;轴索的(axon的形容词); projections:n.预测;设想;投影;投影图;(projection的复数) mammal:n.哺乳动物;
And there is a very important message hidden behind this discovery. 这项发现的背后, 隐藏着一个 非常重要的事实
They are the result of a young team of very talented people: physical therapists , neurobiologists , neurosurgeons , engineers of all kinds, who have achieved together what would have been impossible by single individuals. 这是由许多有才华的人组成的年轻团队 合作努力的结果 理疗师, 神经生物学家, 神经外科医生 各种专业的工程师 他们一起工作 做出了个人无法做到的成果
therapists:n.治疗专家(therapist的复数); neurobiologists:神经生物学家; neurosurgeons:n.神经外科医生;
This is truly a trans-disciplinary team. 这是一个真正的跨学科团队
trans-disciplinary:跨学科的,学科间的,涉及若干学科的;
They are working so close to each other that there is horizontal transfer of DNA. 我们工作中是如此的紧密 就像是我们之间发生了基因水平转移一样 (译注: 指生物将遗传物质传递给其他细胞而非其子代的过程)
horizontal:n.水平线;水平面;横线;水平位置;adj.水平的;与地面平行的;横的; transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
We are creating the next generation of M.D.'s and engineers capable of translating discoveries all the way from bench to bedside . 我们正在培养下一代的 医学博士和工程师 他们有能力将自己的发现及成果 从实验室转化到病房中
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; bedside:n.床边,床旁;adj.床旁的,枕边的;
And me? 我呢？
I am only the maestro who orchestrated this beautiful symphony . 我只是这首美妙协奏乐章的指挥而已
maestro:n.大师;名家;大音乐家; orchestrated:v.编配(或创作管弦乐曲); (orchestrate的过去分词和过去式) symphony:n.交响乐;谐声,和声;
Now, I am sure you are all wondering, aren't you, will this help injured people? 现在, 我确定你们一定都在问 这项技术能帮助人类么？
Me too, every day. 其实我每天也都在问自己
The truth is that we don't know enough yet. 而事实上,现在我们还都不那么清楚
This is certainly not a cure for spinal cord injury, but I begin to believe that this may lead to an intervention to improve recovery and people's quality of life. 这很显然并不能让断开的脊髓恢复如初 但是我逐渐相信, 或许我们 能够帮助受伤的人提高伤后恢复的效果 改善他们的生活质量
improve:v.改进;改善;
I would like you all to take a moment and dream with me. 我邀请你们 花一点时间, 与我一起畅想一下
Imagine a person just suffered a spinal cord injury. 想象一个人刚刚经历了脊髓损伤
After a few weeks of recovery, we will implant a programmable pump to deliver a personalized pharmacological cocktail directly to the spinal cord. 数周的恢复期之后 我们植入一个可编程的药泵 能够直接向脊椎注入药物, 药物的选择和配比 都是基于个人的情况定制的
programmable:adj.[计]可编程的;可设计的; pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动; personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式) cocktail:n.鸡尾酒;开味食品;n.混合物;adj.鸡尾酒的; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
At the same time, we will implant an electrode array , a sort of second skin covering the area of the spinal cord controlling leg movement, and this array is attached to an electrical pulse generator that delivers stimulations that are tailored to the person's needs. 同时, 我们会植入一个电极阵列 就像皮肤一样薄 覆盖控制下肢运动的脊髓位置 这个电极阵列连接到一个电脉冲发生器上 电脉冲发生器发出的刺激频率和模式 可以因人而异
array:n.数组,阵列;排列,列阵;大批,一系列;衣服;v.排列,部署;打扮; pulse:n.脉冲;脉搏;脉率;强劲的音乐节拍;v.搏动;跳动;震动;洋溢着; generator:n.发电机;发生器;电力公司; stimulations:n.刺激;激励,鼓舞;
This defines a personalized electrochemical neuroprosthesis that will enable locomotion during training with a newly designed supporting system. 这就构成了一个个性化的电化学神经康复治疗过程 能够在康复训练中, 借助一个 新的运动支持系统, 进行下肢的运动
defines:v.阐明;明确;界定;画出…的线条;描出…的外形(define的第三人称单数)
And my hope is that after several months of training, there may be enough remodeling of residual connection to allow locomotion without the robot, maybe even without pharmacology or stimulation. 我希望的是经过几个月的训练之后 大脑和脊髓中的神经网络重建能够 让人可以不借助辅助机械臂自由运动 甚至可能不再需要药物泵和电脉冲发生器
residual:n.剩余;残渣;adj.剩余的;残留的;
My hope here is to be able to create the personalized condition to boost the plasticity of the brain and the spinal cord. 我的愿望是能够开发出 个性化的治疗手段 提高大脑和脊髓之间的 神经网络的可塑性
boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃; plasticity:n.塑性,可塑性;适应性;柔软性;
And this is a radically new concept that may apply to other neurological disorders , what I termed "personalized neuroprosthetics ," 这是一个全新的概念 或许也可以应用到其它的神经障碍性疾病中 我提出了一种 个性化的神经假肢技术
radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式; neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); neuroprosthetics:神经义肢技术;
where by sensing and stimulating neural interfaces , 即根据病人自己的受损情况
stimulating:adj.激励人的; v.促进; (stimulate的现在分词) interfaces:n.分界面; v.把界面缝合; (interface的复数)
I implanted throughout the nervous system, in the brain, in the spinal cord, even in peripheral nerves , based on patient-specific impairments . 在整个神经系统不同的位置植入电极 大脑中, 脊髓中 甚至周围神经中 感知并模拟神经刺激
peripheral:adj.外围的;次要的;(神经)末梢区域的;n.外部设备; nerves:n.神经;神经紧张;勇气;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;(nerve的第三人称单数和复数) impairments:损害;损伤;
But not to replace the lost function, no -- to help the brain help itself. 我并不是要替换受损的功能, 不是的-- 我是帮助大脑自我修复
And I hope this enticed your imagination , because I can promise to you this is not a matter of whether this revolution will occur, but when. 我希望能够激发你们的想象 因为我敢保证 这场革命的问题, 不是能否发生 而是何时到来
enticed:v.诱使;引诱;(entice的过去分词和过去式) imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
And remember, we are only as great as our imagination, as big as our dream. 请记住, 心有多大, 世界就有多大 思想有多远, 就能走多远
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) (掌声)