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GregAsner_2013G-_俯瞰生态圈_
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| Technology can change our understanding of nature. |
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Technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
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| Take for example the case of lions. |
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| For centuries, it's been said that female lions do all of the hunting out in the open savanna , and male lions do nothing until it's time for dinner. |
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female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; in the open:在户外;在野外; savanna:n.[生态]热带草原;热带的稀树大草原;
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| You've heard this too, I can tell. |
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| Well recently , I led an airborne mapping campaign in the Kruger National Park in South Africa. |
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recently:adv.最近;新近; airborne:adj.[航]空运的;空气传播的;风媒的; National Park:n.国家公园;
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| Our colleagues put GPS tracking collars on male and female lions, and we mapped their hunting behavior from the air. |
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colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词) collars:n.衣领;领子;颈圈;v.抓住;捉住;逮住(collar的第三人称单数和复数)
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| The lower left shows a lion sizing up a herd of impala for a kill, and the right shows what I call the lion viewshed. |
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herd:n.兽群,畜群;放牧人;vi.成群,聚在一起;vt.放牧;使成群; impala:n.黑斑羚(产于非洲中南部);
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| That's how far the lion can see in all directions until his or her view is obstructed by vegetation . |
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obstructed:adj.阻塞的;梗阻的,不通的;v.阻塞;妨碍;遮住(obstruct的过去分词形式); vegetation:n.植被;植物,草木;呆板单调的生活;
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| And what we found is that male lions are not the lazy hunters we thought them to be. |
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| They just use a different strategy . |
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strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
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| Whereas the female lions hunt out in the open savanna over long distances, usually during the day, male lions use an ambush strategy in dense vegetation, and often at night. |
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Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; ambush:n.伏击;埋伏;v.伏击; dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的;
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| This video shows the actual hunting viewsheds of male lions on the left and females on the right. |
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| Red and darker colors show more dense vegetation, and the white are wide open spaces. |
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| And this is the viewshed right literally at the eye level of hunting male and female lions. |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: eye level:n.视线高度,齐眼高度;
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| All of a sudden , you get a very clear understanding of the very spooky conditions under which male lions do their hunting. |
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All of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; spooky:adj.幽灵般的;有鬼般的;令人毛骨悚然的;
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| I bring up this example to begin, because it emphasizes how little we know about nature. |
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emphasizes:v.强调;重视;着重;使突出;使明显;(emphasize的第三人称单数)
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| There's been a huge amount of work done so far to try to slow down our losses of tropical forests, and we are losing our forests at a rapid rate, as shown in red on the slide. |
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tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的;
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| I find it ironic that we're doing so much, yet these areas are fairly unknown to science. |
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ironic:adj.讽刺的;反话的; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
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| So how can we save what we don't understand? |
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| Now I'm a global ecologist and an Earth explorer with a background in physics and chemistry and biology and a lot of other boring subjects, but above all, I'm obsessed with what we don't know about our planet. |
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global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; ecologist:n.生态学者; explorer:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词) obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词)
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| So I created this, the Carnegie Airborne Observatory , or CAO. |
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Observatory:n.天文台;气象台;瞭望台;
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| It may look like a plane with a fancy paint job, but I packed it with over 1,000 kilos of high-tech sensors , computers, and a very motivated staff of Earth scientists and pilots. |
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fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象; high-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技; sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数); motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机;
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| Two of our instruments are very unique : one is called an imaging spectrometer that can actually measure the chemical composition of plants as we fly over them. |
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instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数) unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) spectrometer:n.[光]分光仪; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作;
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| Another one is a set of lasers, very high-powered lasers, that fire out of the bottom of the plane, sweeping across the ecosystem and measuring it at nearly 500,000 times per second in high-resolution 3D. |
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high-powered:adj.高性能的;精力充沛的,强有力的;马力大的; sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) ecosystem:n.生态系统; high-resolution:n.高分辨率;
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| Here's an image of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, not far from where I live. |
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| Although we flew straight over this bridge, we imaged it in 3D, captured its color in just a few seconds. |
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imaged:想象;反映;象征(image的过去式和过去分词); captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词)
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| But the real power of the CAO is its ability to capture the actual building blocks of ecosystems . |
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building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石; ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
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| This is a small town in the Amazon , imaged with the CAO. |
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Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士;
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| We can slice through our data and see, for example, the 3D structure of the vegetation and the buildings, or we can use the chemical information to actually figure out how fast the plants are growing as we fly over them. |
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slice:n.片; v.切成片; (很容易地)切开; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
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| The hottest pinks are the fastest-growing plants. |
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| And we can see biodiversity in ways that you never could have imagined. |
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biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
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| This is what a rainforest might look like as you fly over it in a hot air balloon. |
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rainforest:n.(热带)雨林;
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| This is how we see a rainforest, in kaleidoscopic color that tells us that there are many species living with one another. |
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kaleidoscopic:adj.千变万化的;万花筒似的; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
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| But you have to remember that these trees are literally bigger than whales, and what that means is that they're impossible to understand just by walking on the ground below them. |
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| So our imagery is 3D, it's chemical, it's biological , and this tells us not only the species that are living in the canopy , but it tells us a lot of information about the rest of the species that occupy the rainforest. |
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imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; canopy:n.天篷;华盖;遮篷;苍穹;vt.用天蓬遮盖;遮盖; occupy:v.占据,占领;居住;使忙碌;
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| Now I created the CAO in order to answer questions that have proven extremely challenging to answer from any other vantage point , such as from the ground, or from satellite sensors. |
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extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; vantage point:n.(观察事物的)有利地点;(尤指考虑旧时事物的)有利时刻;
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| I want to share three of those questions with you today. |
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| The first questions is, how do we manage our carbon reserves in tropical forests? |
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carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备;
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| Tropical forests contain a huge amount of carbon in the trees, and we need to keep that carbon in those forests if we're going to avoid any further global warming . |
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global warming:n.全球(气候)变暖;地球大气层变暖;
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| Unfortunately , global carbon emissions from deforestation now equals the global transportation sector . |
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Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐; transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形;
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| That's all ships, airplanes , trains and automobiles combined. |
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airplanes:n.(美)[航]飞机(airplane的复数); automobiles:n.[车辆]汽车,发动器(automobile复数);关于汽车;
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| So it's understandable that policy negotiators have been working hard to reduce deforestation, but they're doing it on landscapes that are hardly known to science. |
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understandable:adj.可以理解的;可以了解的; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; negotiators:n.谈判代表(negotiator的复数); landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计;
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| If you don't know where the carbon is exactly, in detail, how can you know what you're losing? |
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| Basically , we need a high-tech accounting system. |
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Basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
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| With our system, we're able to see the carbon stocks of tropical forests in utter detail. |
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stocks:n.[金融]股票; v.采购; utter:v.说;出声;讲;adj.完全的;十足的;彻底的;
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| The red shows, obviously, closed-canopy tropical forest, and then you see the cookie cutting, or the cutting of the forest in yellows and greens. |
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| It's like cutting a cake except this cake is about whale deep. |
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| And yet, we can zoom in and see the forest and the trees at the same time . |
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at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
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| And what's amazing is, even though we flew very high above this forest, later on in analysis , we can go in and actually experience the treetrops, leaf by leaf, branch by branch, just as the other species that live in this forest experience it along with the trees themselves. |
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analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
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| We've been using the technology to explore and to actually put out the first carbon geographies in high resolution in faraway places like the Amazon Basin and not-so-faraway places like the United States and Central America . |
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faraway:adj.遥远的;恍惚的; Basin:n.水池;流域;盆地;盆; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) Central America:n.中美洲(包括危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加以及巴拿马);
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| What I'm going to do is I'm going to take you on a high-resolution, first-time tour of the carbon landscapes of Peru and then Panama. |
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first-time:adj.初次的,第一次的;
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| The colors are going to be going from red to blue. |
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| Red is extremely high carbon stocks, your largest cathedral forests you can imagine, and blue are very low carbon stocks. |
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cathedral:n.大教堂;
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| And let me tell you, Peru alone is an amazing place, totally unknown in terms of its carbon geography until today. |
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| We can fly to this area in northern Peru and see super high carbon stocks in red, and the Amazon River and floodplain cutting right through it. |
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floodplain:n.泛滥平原;
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| We can go to an area of utter devastation caused by deforestation in blue, and the virus of deforestation spreading out in orange. |
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devastation:n.毁坏,荒废;
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| We can also fly to the southern Andes to see the tree line and see exactly how the carbon geography ends as we go up into the mountain system. |
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Andes:n.安第斯山脉;
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| And we can go to the biggest swamp in the western Amazon. |
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swamp:v.淹没;使不堪承受;使疲于应对;使应接不暇;n.沼泽(地);
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| It's a watery dreamworld akin to Jim Cameron's " Avatar ." |
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watery:adj.水的;淡的;湿的;松软的;有雨意的; dreamworld:n.幻想世界;梦样世界; akin:adj.类似的;同类的;同族的; Avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》;
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| We can go to one of the smallest tropical countries, |
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| Panama, and see also a huge range of carbon variation , from high in red to low in blue. |
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variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种;
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| Unfortunately, most of the carbon is lost in the lowlands , but what you see that's left, in terms of high carbon stocks in greens and reds, is the stuff that's up in the mountains. |
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lowlands:n.苏格兰东南部的低地; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
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| One interesting exception to this is right in the middle of your screen. |
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exception:n.例外;异议;
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| You're seeing the buffer zone around the Panama Canal. |
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buffer:n.[计]缓冲区;缓冲器,[车辆]减震器;vt.缓冲;
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| That's in the reds and yellows. |
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| The canal authorities are using force to protect their watershed and global commerce . |
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authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) watershed:n.(美)流域;分水岭;集水区;转折点;adj.标志转折点的; commerce:n.商业;(尤指国际间的)贸易;商务;
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| This kind of carbon mapping has transformed conservation and resource policy development. |
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transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
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| It's really advancing our ability to save forests and to curb climate change. |
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curb:vt.遏制;控制,限定,约束;n.起控制(或限制)作用的事物
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| My second question: How do we prepare for climate change in a place like the Amazon rainforest? |
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| Let me tell you, I spend a lot of time in these places, and we're seeing the climate changing already. |
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| Temperatures are increasing, and what's really happening is we're getting a lot of droughts , recurring droughts. |
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droughts:n.[气候]干旱(drought的复数);旱灾灾情; recurring:v.再发生;反复出现;(recur的现在分词)
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| The 2010 mega-drought is shown here with red showing an area about the size of Western Europe. |
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| The Amazon was so dry in 2010 that even the main stem of the Amazon river itself dried up partially , as you see in the photo in the lower portion of the slide. |
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partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地; portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
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| What we found is that in very remote areas, these droughts are having a big negative impact on tropical forests. |
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remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
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| For example, these are all of the dead trees in red that suffered mortality following the 2010 drought. |
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mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
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| This area happens to be on the border of Peru and Brazil , totally unexplored , almost totally unknown scientifically . |
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Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); unexplored:adj.[地质]未勘查过的; scientifically:adv.系统地;合乎科学地;学问上;
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| So what we think, as Earth scientists, is species are going to have to migrate with climate change from the east in Brazil all the way west into the Andes and up into the mountains in order to minimize their exposure to climate change. |
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migrate:vi.移动;随季节而移居;移往;vt.使移居;使移植; minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
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| One of the problems with this is that humans are taking apart the western Amazon as we speak. |
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| Look at this 100-square-kilometer gash in the forest created by gold miners . |
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gash:n.很深的裂缝;砍得很深的伤口;vt.划开;砍入很深;(使)负深伤; miners:n.[矿业]矿工(miner的复数);煤矿工人;
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| You see the forest in green in 3D, and you see the effects of gold mining down below the soil surface. |
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| Species have nowhere to migrate in a system like this, obviously. |
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nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
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| If you haven't been to the Amazon, you should go. |
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| It's an amazing experience every time, no matter where you go. |
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| You're going to probably see it this way, on a river. |
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| But what happens is a lot of times the rivers hide what's really going on back in the forest itself. |
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| We flew over this same river, imaged the system in 3D. |
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| The forest is on the left. |
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| And then we can digitally remove the forest and see what's going on below the canopy. |
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digitally:adv.数位;
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| And in this case, we found gold mining activity, all of it illegal , set back away from the river's edge, as you'll see in those strange pockmarks coming up on your screen on the right. |
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illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工; pockmarks:n.麻子;凹坑;vt.使留下痘疤;使有凹坑;
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| Don't worry, we're working with the authorities to deal with this and many, many other problems in the region . |
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region:n.地区;范围;部位;
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| So in order to put together a conservation plan for these unique, important corridors like the western Amazon and the Andes Amazon corridor, we have to start making geographically explicit plans now. |
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put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; corridors:n.廊道,[建]走廊(corridor的复数形式); geographically:adv.在地理上;地理学上; explicit:adj.明确的;清楚的;直率的;详述的;
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| How do we do that if we don't know the geography of biodiversity in the region, if it's so unknown to science? |
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| So what we've been doing is using the laser-guided spectroscopy from the CAO to map for the first time the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest. |
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laser-guided:adj.激光制导的; spectroscopy:n.[光]光谱学;
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| Here you see actual data showing different species in different colors. |
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| Reds are one type of species, blues are another, and greens are yet another. |
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| And when we take this together and scale up to the regional level, we get a completely new geography of biodiversity unknown prior to this work. |
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scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先;
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| This tells us where the big biodiversity changes occur from habitat to habitat, and that's really important because it tells us a lot about where species may migrate to and migrate from as the climate shifts. |
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occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地;
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| And this is the pivotal information that's needed by decision makers to develop protected areas in the context of their regional development plans. |
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pivotal:adj.关键的;中枢的;枢轴的;n.关键事物;中心事物; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
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| And third and final question is, how do we manage biodiversity on a planet of protected ecosystems? |
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| The example I started out with about lions hunting, that was a study we did behind the fence line of a protected area in South Africa. |
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| And the truth is, much of Africa's nature is going to persist into the future in protected areas like I show in blue on the screen. |
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persist:v.保持;持续存在;维持;顽强地坚持;
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| This puts incredible pressure and responsibility on park management . |
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incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
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| They need to do and make decisions that will benefit all of the species that they're protecting. |
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| Some of their decisions have really big impacts . |
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impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
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| For example, how much and where to use fire as a management tool? |
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| Or, how to deal with a large species like elephants, which may, if their populations get too large, have a negative impact on the ecosystem and on other species. |
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| And let me tell you, these types of dynamics really play out on the landscape. |
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dynamics:n.动力学,力学;
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| In the foreground is an area with lots of fire and lots of elephants: wide open savanna in blue, and just a few trees. |
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foreground:n.前景;最显著的位置;
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| As we cross this fence line, now we're getting into an area that has had protection from fire and zero elephants: dense vegetation, a radically different ecosystem. |
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radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
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| And in a place like Kruger, the soaring elephant densities are a real problem. |
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soaring:adj.翱翔的;高耸的;猛增的;v.高耸;高飞;猛增;(soar的现在分词形式) densities:n.密度(density的复数);
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| I know it's a sensitive issue for many of you, and there are no easy answers with this. |
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sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
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| But what's good is that the technology we've developed and we're working with in South Africa, for example, is allowing us to map every single tree in the savanna, and then through repeat flights we're able to see which trees are being pushed over by elephants, |
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| in the red as you see on the screen, and how much that's happening in different types of landscapes in the savanna. |
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| That's giving park managers a very first opportunity to use tactical management strategies that are more nuanced and don't lead to those extremes that I just showed you. |
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tactical:adj.战术的;策略的;善于策略的; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) nuanced:adj.微妙的; v.精确细腻地表演; extremes:n.极端不同的感情;极端;极度;极限;(extreme的复数)
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| So really, the way we're looking at protected areas nowadays is to think of it as tending to a circle of life, where we have fire management, elephant management, those impacts on the structure of the ecosystem, and then those impacts affecting everything from insects up to apex predators like lions. |
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apex:n.顶点;尖端; predators:n.捕食性动物;实行弱肉强食的人(或机构);掠夺者;(predator的复数)
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| Going forward, I plan to greatly expand the airborne observatory. |
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greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开;
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| I'm hoping to actually put the technology into orbit so we can manage the entire planet with technologies like this. |
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orbit:n.轨道;眼眶;势力范围;生活常规;vi.盘旋;绕轨道运行;vt.绕…轨道而行; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
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| Until then, you're going to find me flying in some remote place that you've never heard of. |
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| I just want to end by saying that technology is absolutely critical to managing our planet, but even more important is the understanding and wisdom to apply it. |
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absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
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| Thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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