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GoogleScienceFairWinners_2011X-_获奖青少年，科技在行动_
Lauren Hodge : If you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option , which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken? 劳伦·霍奇:如果你去饭店,你想吃得健康一点, 你会选择哪种食品呢,烤鸡还是炸鸡？
Hodge:n.霍奇;乡下人; option:n.选择;可选择的东西; grilled:adj.装有栅格的; v.烧烤; (grill的过去分词和过去式)
Now most people would answer grilled, and it's true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories . 多数人都会选择烤鸡, 的确,烤鸡含有较少的脂肪和卡路里。
calories:n.[物]卡路里(热量单位,calorie的复数);
However, grilled chicken poses a hidden danger. 但是,烤鸡存在一个潜在的危险
poses:姿势;
The hidden danger is heterocyclic amines -- specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine, or PhIP -- 这个潜在的危险是多环胺类-- 具体的来讲,是phenomethylimidazopyridine, 或者简称为PhIP--
amines:n.胺类;有机胺类(amine的复数); specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
(laughter) (笑声)
which is the immunogenic or carcinogenic compound . 是免疫原性或致癌物质的成分
carcinogenic:adj.致癌的;致癌物的; compound:v.合成; adj.混合; n.大院;
A carcinogen is any substance or agent that causes abnormal growth of cells, which can also cause them to metastasize or spread. 致癌物质是任何 会导致细胞的异常增长, 也会导致细胞的转移和扩张的介质
substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的; abnormal:adj.反常的,不规则的;变态的; metastasize:vi.转移;迁徒;
They are also organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia is replaced with a more complex group. 它们也是有机物 氨中的一个或多个氢 被替换成更复杂的组成
organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式); hydrogens:n.[化学]氢; ammonia:n.[无化]氨,阿摩尼亚; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
Studies show that antioxidants are known to decrease these heterocyclic amines. 研究显示抗氧化剂 能减少这些杂胺环
antioxidants:n.[助剂]抗氧化剂;抗氧化物(antioxidant的复数形式); decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
However, no studies exist yet that show how or why. 但是,现在还没有研究 显示通过如何方式或者为什么
These here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens . 这是五个不同的组织对致癌物的分类
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; classify:vt.分类;分等; carcinogens:n.[肿瘤]致癌物(质)(carcinogen的复数);
And as you can see , none of the organizations consider the compounds to be safe, which justifies the need to decrease them in our diet. 如同你所看到的,没有任何一个组织认为该组成物是安全的, 就是说我们需要在饮食中减少对它们的摄入
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; justifies:v.证明…正确;为…辩解(或辩护);使每行排齐;(justify的第三人称单数)
Now you might wonder how a 13 year-old girl could come up with this idea. 现在你可能会问一个13岁的女孩怎么会想到这一点
come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
And I was led to it through a series of events. 是一系列的事件将我引导至此的。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
I first learned about it through a lawsuit I read about in my doctor's office -- 首先,是我在医生那里听到的一个诉讼案
lawsuit:n.诉讼;[法]官司;诉讼案件;
(Laughter) （笑声）
which was between the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine and seven different fast food restaurants. 是关于责任医学委员会 和七个不同的快餐店之间的诉讼
Committee:n.委员会; Responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; fast food:adj.供应快餐的;n.快餐食品;
They weren't sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken, but they were sued because of California's Proposition 65, which stated that if there's anything dangerous in the products then the companies had to give a clear warning. 快餐店被告并不是因为在鸡肉中有致癌物质, 而是因为加利福尼亚州65号提案, 提案要求如果产品中有任何有害成分 公司应该给出明确的警告
sued:v.控告;提起诉讼;提出请求;(sue的过去分词和过去式) Proposition:n.提议;待处理的问题;任务;(美国)法律修正议案;见解;命题;v.向...提议;
So I was very surprised about this. 我对此很惊讶
And I was wondering why nobody knew more about this dangerous grilled chicken, which doesn't seem very harmful. 我很奇怪为什么没有人知道 有害烤鸡, 虽然它们看起来不那么有害
But then one night, my mom was cooking grilled chicken for dinner, and I noticed that the edges of the chicken, which had been marinated in lemon juice , turned white. 但是一天晚上,晚餐时我妈妈在烤鸡, 我注意到鸡肉的边缘, 经过柠檬汁的浸泡,变白了。
marinated:vt.把…浸泡在卤汁中;vi.浸泡在卤汁中; lemon juice:柠檬汁;
And later in biology class, I learned that it's due to a process called denaturing , which is where the proteins will change shape and lose their ability to chemically function. 后来在生物课上,我学到这是由于一种叫变性的过程, 就是蛋白质会改变形态 失去它们化学性功能
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; denaturing:v.变性;使失去本性(denature的ing形式); proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); chemically:adv.用化学;以化学方法;
So I combined these two ideas and I formulated a hypothesis , saying that, could possibly the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade and could it be due to the differences in PH? 所以,我将两种想法综合在一起,创造了一个假说, 那就是,很可能的 致癌物因为腌泡汁的浸泡而降低 是因为酸碱度的改变？
formulated:v.制订;规划;准备;确切表达;(formulate的过去分词和过去式) hypothesis:n.假设; decreased:v.减少,减小,降低;(decrease的过去分词和过去式) marinade:n.腌泡汁;vt.腌泡;
So my idea was born, and I had the project set up in a hypothesis, so what was my next step? 这就是我的想法诞生的过程, 然后,我就有了项目的开展和假说, 那么我的下一步呢？
Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at because I didn't have the equipment in my school. 很明显的,我要找到一家实验室 因为我在学校没有实验设备。
I thought this would be easy, but I emailed about 200 different people within a five-hour radius of where I lived, and I got one positive response that said that they could work with me. 我以为这会很容易, 但是我给200多个人写邮件 离我居住的地方开车5个小时的范围内, 我只得到了一个正面的回复,说愿意帮助我。
radius:n.半径,半径范围;[解剖]桡骨;辐射光线;有效航程; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
Most of the others either never responded back, said they didn't have the time or didn't have the equipment and couldn't help me. 更多的人要么根本不回复, 说他们没时间 要么就是没有设备,帮不了我。
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词)
So it was a big commitment to drive to the lab to work multiple times. 所以说,这是一个很重的承诺 要多次开车去实验室开展实验
commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
However, it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab -- so I could finally start my project. 但是,这是一个可以在真正的实验室工作的绝好机会-- 我也得以最终开始我的项目
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
The first stage was completed at home, which consisted of marinating the chicken, grilling the chicken, amassing it and preparing it to be transported to the lab. 第一步是完全在家完成的, 其中包括腌制鸡肉, 烤鸡,收集样本 以及准备送到实验室
consisted:vi.组成;在于;符合; marinating:v.腌,浸泡(食物);(食物)腌,浸泡;(marinate的现在分词) grilling:n.盘问,责问,审问(的一段时间);v.烧烤;盘问;追问;审问;(grill的现在分词) amassing:v.(尤指大量)积累,积聚;(amass的现在分词) transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式)
The second stage was completed at the Penn State University main campus lab, which is where I extracted the chemicals , changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment and separated the compounds I needed from the rest of the chicken. 第二步的完成 是在宾州大的主校园实验室, 也就是我提取化学物质的地方, 改变酸碱度,这样我就可以通过设备 从其余的鸡肉中 分离我所需的成分
State University:n.(美国)州立大学; campus:n.(大学)校园;大学,大学生活;校园内的草地; extracted:adj.萃取的;引出的;v.提取(extract的过去式及过去分词); chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
The final stages, when I ran the samples through a high-pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometer , which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals and told me exactly how much carcinogens I had in my chicken. 最后一步是,当我把样本 经过高压 液相色谱质谱仪, 分开混和物质,并且分析其中的化学物质 于是我能很准确得知道在鸡肉中 有多少致癌物
high-pressure:adj.高压的;高气压的;强行的;v.对…施加压力;强制; chromatography:n.色层分析;色谱分析法; spectrometer:n.[光]分光仪; analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨;
So when I went through the data, I had very surprising results, because I found that four out of the five marinating ingredients actually inhibited the carcinogen formation . 当分析数据时,我发现了很惊人的结果, 因为我发现五种腌制调料中有四种 实际上能阻止致癌物的组成
ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数) inhibited:adj.抑制的;禁止的;羞怯的;v.抑制;控制(inhibit的过去分词); formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形;
When compared with the unmarinated chicken, which is what I used as my control, 当同没有经过腌制的鸡肉比较时, 也就是我的控制样本,
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
I found that lemon juice worked by far the best, which decreased the carcinogens by about 98 percent. 我发现柠檬汁目前是最有效的, 能降低致癌物 达98%
The saltwater marinade and the brown sugar marinade also worked very well, decreasing the carcinogens by about 60 percent. 盐水腌制和红糖腌制 也同样有效, 能降低致癌物达60%
saltwater:adj.盐水的;海产的; brown sugar:红糖;黄糖; decreasing:v.(使大小、数量等)减少,减小,降低;(decrease的现在分词)
Olive oil slightly decreased the PhIP formation, but it was nearly negligible . 橄榄油只能轻微的降低PhIP的组成, 但是几乎是微不足道的
Olive oil:n.橄榄油(用于烹饪和凉拌色拉); slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; negligible:adj.微不足道的,可以忽略的;
And the soy sauce results were inconclusive because of the large data range, but it seems like soy sauce actually increased the potential carcinogens. 酱油的实验结果还是未知数 这是由于广泛的数据范围, 但是看上去,酱油 实际上增加了潜在的致癌物
soy sauce:酱; inconclusive:adj.不确定的;非决定性的;无结果的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
Another important factor that I didn't take into account initially was the time cooked. 另一个我没有事先预计在内的重要因素就是 烧烤时间
factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入; take into account:考虑;重视;体谅; initially:adv.最初,首先;开头;
And I found that if you increase the time cooked, the amount of carcinogens rapidly increases. 我发现如果增加烧烤时间, 致癌物将飞速的增长
So the best way to marinate chicken, based on this, is to, not under-cook, but definitely don't over-cook and char the chicken, and marinate in either lemon juice, brown sugar or saltwater. 所以最好的腌制方式,根据这些（实验结果） 也就是,不要生煮, 但是一定不要煮过头和烤过头, 用柠檬汁,红糖或者盐水来腌制
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; char:n.炭; v.把…烧成炭;
(Applause) （掌声）
Based on these findings , I have a question for you. 根据这些发现,我有个问题想问你们
findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数)
Would you be willing to make a simple change in your diet that could potentially save your life? 你们会愿意在你的饮食上做个简单的改变 由此可能会拯救你的生命？
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated, you're definitely going to catch cancer and die. 我并不是说如果你吃没有经过腌制的烤鸡 你就一定会得癌症然后死去
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
However, anything you can do to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle. 但是,你所做的任何事情 来降低潜在致癌物质的几率 一定会增加你生活方式的质量
Is it worth it to you? 对你来说,这值得吗?
How will you cook your chicken now? 现在你会怎么做鸡肉呢？
(Applause) （掌声）
Shree Bose : Hi everyone. I'm Shree Bose. 斯里·波色: 大家好,我是斯里·波色
Bose:vt.用撞杆叩以听声; n.(Bose)人名; (Bose)博士音响;
I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner and then the grand prize winner. 我是17-18岁组的冠军 也是大奖得主
category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴;
And I want all of you to imagine a little girl holding a dead blue spinach plant. 我希望你们所有人 想象一个小女孩 拿着一个死亡的蓝色菠菜
spinach:n.菠菜;
And she's standing in front of you and she's explaining to you that little kids will eat their vegetables if they're different colors. 她就站在你面前,向你解释 小孩会吃蔬菜 如果它们的颜色是不同的
Sounds ridiculous , right. 这挺起来很不可思议,是吧
ridiculous:adj.可笑的;荒谬的;
But that was me years ago. 但这是几年前的我
And that was my first science fair project. 那是我第一个科学展项目
It got a bit more complicated from there. 从那以后就变得复杂了
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
My older Panaki Bose spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me when I barely understood basic algebra . 我的哥哥帕纳吉·波色 花了很多时间跟我解释原子 当我还对基本代数没什么概念的时候
atoms:n.[物]原子(atom的复数); barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地; algebra:n.代数学;
My parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects, including a remote controlled garbage can . 我的科学展项目给我的父母带来了很多困扰, 包括了一个遥控移动垃圾箱
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; garbage can:n.(常置于房外的)垃圾桶;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And then came the summer after my freshman year, when my grandfather passed away due to cancer. 然后就迎来了我高一的暑假, 也是我爷爷因为癌症去世的时候
And I remember watching my family go through that and thinking that I never wanted another family to feel that kind of loss. 我记得看着家人们承受这些痛苦, 想着我永远都不要别的家庭 也经受这种失去
So, armed with all the wisdom of freshman year biology, 所以,用高一生物知识 来武装起来,
wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
I decided I wanted to do cancer research at 15. 在我15岁的时候 我决定研究癌症
Good plan. 这是个很棒的计划
So I started emailing all of these professors in my area asking to work under their supervision in a lab. 所以,我开始向这个领域的所有教授写信 询问能否在他们的监督下在实验室工作。
emailing:n.电子信函;vt.给…发电子邮件; supervision:n.监督,管理;
Got rejected by all except one. 除了一位,其它的全都拒绝了我
rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词)
And then went on, my next summer, to work under Dr. Basu at the UNT Health Center at Fort Worth, Texas. 就这样,在第二个暑假, 在位于得克萨斯州华兹堡市的UNT健康中心 我开始了在巴苏博士的指导下工作
Fort:n.堡垒;要塞;(美)边界贸易站;v.设要塞保卫;构筑要塞;
And that is where the research began. 那里就是研究如何开始的
So ovarian cancer is one of those cancers that most people don't know about, or at least don't pay that much attention to. 卵巢癌 是大多数人所不了解的癌症之一, 或者至少说没有怎么注意
ovarian:adj.[解剖]卵巢的;子房的; cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数)
But yet, it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States. 但是,它是导致全美女性 死亡的第五大癌症
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
In fact, one in 70 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer. 实际上,在70位女性中就有一位 会被确诊为卵巢癌
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式)
One in 100 will die from it. 在100位中就有一位 会因此而死亡
Chemotherapy , one of the most effective ways used to treat cancer today, involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals to try and kill off cancer cells. 化疗,是现今治疗癌症 最有效的方式之一, 包括给病患者高剂量的化学物质 意图杀死癌症细胞
Chemotherapy:n.[临床]化学疗法; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数);
Cisplatin is a relatively common ovarian cancer chemotherapy drug -- a relatively simple molecule made in the lab that messes with the DNA of cancer cells and causes them to kill themselves. 顺铂是较常见的一种 治疗卵巢癌的药-- 在实验室中能合成的较简单的分子 它能够捣毁癌症细胞的DNA 促使它们杀死它们自己
Cisplatin:n.铂化合物,顺铂;顺氯氨铂; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒; messes:v.弄糟;弄乱;妨碍(mess的第三人称单数);n.杂乱,脏乱(mess的名词复数);
Sounds great, right. 挺起来很棒,是吧？
But here's the problem: sometimes patients become resistant to the drug, and then years after they've been declared to be cancer free, they come back. 但是有个问题: 有些时候,病人们会对药产生抗药性, 许多年后,在癌症被除去之后 又重新患上
resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者;
And this time, they no longer respond to the drug. 但是这次,病人们不会再对药物产生反应
It's a huge problem. 这是个大问题
In fact, it's one of the biggest problems with chemotherapy today. 实际上,这是现今化疗 所面临的最大的问题之一
So we wanted to figure out how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant to this drug called Cisplatin. 我们想清楚的是 卵巢癌细胞是如何对这种叫顺铂的药 产生抗药性
And we wanted to figure this out, because if we could figure that out, then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening. 我们之所以想知道这个, 是因为如果我们把这个搞清楚了, 我们可能可以预防抗药性的发生。
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
So that's what we set out to do. 所以这就是我们要做的
And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase , an energy protein. 我们认为跟一种叫做AMP的激酶蛋白有关, 一种能量蛋白
kinase:n.[生化]激酶;致活酶;
So we ran all of these tests blocking the protein, and we saw this huge shift . 我们进行了很多实验来阻止这种蛋白, 我们发现了巨大的改变。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
I mean, on the slide, you can see that on our sensitive side, these cells that are responding to the drug, when we start blocking the protein, the number of dying cells -- those colored dots -- they're going down. 我的意思是,在幻灯片上,你可以看到 在我们敏感细胞里, 这些对药产生反应的细胞, 当我们开始阻止这种蛋白, 死亡细胞的数量--这些有颜色的点-- 开始下降
sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词)
But then on this side, with the same treatment , they're going up -- interesting. 但是,在这边,同样的治疗方式, 数量在上升--真有趣
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
But those are dots on a screen for you; what exactly does that mean? 但是那些你们看起来是屏幕上的点; 到底有什么意义呢？
Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell. 基本上,这意味着 这种蛋白在改变 从敏感细胞变为抵抗性细胞
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves to make the cells resistant. 实际上,可能是细胞自身在改变 让细胞自己变得具有抵抗性
And that's huge. 巨大的（抵抗力）
In fact, it means that if a patient comes in and they're resistant to this drug, then if we give them a chemical to block this protein, then we can treat them again with the same drug. 实际上,这意味着如果病人来 他们对这种药产生抗药性, 如果我们给他们这种化学物质来阻止这种蛋白, 那么我们又可以用同样的药 重新治疗他们
And that's huge for chemotherapy effectiveness -- possibly for many different types of cancer. 对于化疗的有效性来说这是巨大的改变-- 很可能对多种不同的癌症有效
effectiveness:n.效力;
So that was my work, and it was my way of reimagining the future for future research, with figuring out exactly what this protein does, but also for the future of chemotherapy effectiveness -- so maybe all grandfathers with cancer have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren. 这就是我的工作, 这就是我对未来的畅想 对未来研究的畅想,要弄清楚这种蛋白到底是什么, 同时也是化疗有效性的未来-- 或许所有患有癌症的爷爷 都能有更多的时间跟他们的孙子辈们在一起
reimagining:重新想象;再回味(reimagine的现在分词)
But my work wasn't just about the research. 但是,我的工作并不仅仅是研究
It was about finding my passion . 还包括寻找我的梦想所在
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
That's why being the grand prize winner of the Google Global Science Fair -- cute picture, right -- it was so exciting to me and it was such an amazing honor. 那就是为什么成为谷歌科技展 大奖的得主-- 很漂亮的照片,是吧-- 对于我来说是无比的兴奋,无比的荣耀
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; Global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
And ever since then, 从那以后,
I've gotten to do some pretty cool stuff -- from getting to meet the president to getting to be on this stage to talk to all of you guys. 我能开始做很多很酷的东西-- 从能够见到总统 到能站在这个演讲台上 跟大家讲话
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
But like I said, my journey wasn't just about the research, it was about finding my passion, and it was about making my own opportunities when I didn't even know what I was doing. 但是就像我说过的,我的旅行并不仅仅是关于研究, 也是关于我的梦想, 当我都还不知道我在做什么的时候 我如何制造机会
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
It was about inspiration and determination and never giving up on my interest for science and learning and growing. 这就是灵感 和决心 以及从不放弃我 对自然科学,学习,以及成长的兴趣
determination:n.测定;确定;决心;计算;
After all, my story begins with a dried, withered spinach plant and it's only getting better from there. 不管怎样,我的故事始于 一颗干枯的,凋萎的菠菜 从那以后就开始变得越来越好
withered:adj.枯萎的; v.干枯; (wither的过去分词和过去式)
Thank you. 谢谢大家
(Applause) （掌声）
Naomi Shah: Hi everyone. I'm Naomi Shah, and today I'll be talking to you about my research involving indoor air quality and asthmatic patients. 劳伦·霍奇:大家好,我是劳伦·霍奇, 今天我要跟你们讲讲我 关于室内空气质量的研究 和哮喘病人
involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词) indoor:adj.(在)室内的;在户内进行的;在室内用的; air quality:n.空气质量; asthmatic:adj.气喘的;似患气喘的;n.气喘患者;
1.6 million deaths worldwide . 在世界范围内有160万,
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
One death every 20 seconds. 每20秒就有一例死亡
People spend over 90 percent of their lives indoors . 人们90%的生活都在室内
indoors:adv.在室内,在户内;
And the economic burden of asthma exceeds that of HIV and tuberculosis combined. 哮喘带来的经济负担 超过了HIV和肺结核的总合
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于; exceeds:v.超过;胜过; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病;
Now these statistics had a huge impact on me, but what really sparked my interest in my research was watching both my dad and my brother suffer from chronic allergies year-round . 这些统计数据对我产生了重大的影响, 但是,真正点燃我研究兴趣的是 看到我爸爸和弟弟 受到全年慢性过敏的困扰
statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数) impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; allergies:n.变态反应;过敏反应;(allergy的复数) year-round:adj.(开放,使用或运转等)一年到头的;整年;全年;全年的;
It confused me; why did these allergy symptoms persist well past the pollen season? 这让我很困惑; 为什么这些过敏症状 在花粉季节这么顽固？
confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式) allergy:n.过敏症;反感;厌恶; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) persist:v.保持;持续存在;维持;顽强地坚持; pollen:v.传授花粉给;n.[植]花粉;
With this question in mind, I started researching, and I soon found that indoor air pollutants were the culprit . 带着这个问题,我开始了研究, 我很快发现室内空气污染物是罪魁祸首
pollutants:n.[环境]污染物(pollutant的复数); culprit:n.犯人,罪犯;被控犯罪的人;
As soon as I realized this, 我一发现这一点,
As soon as:一…就;
I investigated the underlying relationship between four prevalent air pollutants and their affect on the lung health of asthmatic patients. 就调查了 四种广布的空气污染物的关系 和他们对哮喘病人肺部健康的影响
investigated:v.侦查;调查;研究;(investigate的过去分词和过去式) underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的;
At first, I just wanted to figure out which of these four pollutants have the largest negative health impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients. 起初,我只是想弄清楚 这四种污染物中哪一种对于哮喘病人的肺部健康来说 是最有害的
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
But soon after, I developed a novel mathematical model that essentially quantifies the effect of these environmental pollutants on the lung health of asthmatic patients. 但是很快,我建立了一个新型的数学模型 从本质上量化了 这些环境污染物 对哮喘病人肺部健康的影响
novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; quantifies:vt.量化;为…定量;确定数量;vi.量化;定量;
And it surprises me that no model currently exists that quantifies the effect of environmental factors on human lung health, because that relationship seems so important. 让我惊奇的是 目前还没有模型 能量化环境因素对 人类肺部健康的影响, 因为这之间的关系看起来很重要
currently:adv.当前;一般地; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
So with that in mind, 带着这种想法,
I started researching more, I started investigating more, and I became very passionate . 我开始了更多的研究,更多的调查, 变得激情澎湃
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词) passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的;
Because I realized that if we could find a way to target remediation , we could also find a way to treat asthmatic patients more effectively. 因为,我发现 如果我们能找到一个整治环境的方法, 我们也能找到一种方法 来更有效的治疗哮喘病人
remediation:n.补救;矫正;补习;
For example, volatile organic compounds are chemical pollutants that are found in our schools, homes and workplaces . 比如,挥发性有机物 是化学性污染物 在我们的学校,家里以及办公室都能发现
volatile:adj.[化学]挥发性的;不稳定的;爆炸性的;反覆无常的;n.挥发物;有翅的动物; workplaces:n.[管理]工作场所(workplace的复数);
They're everywhere. 它们无处不在
These chemical pollutants are currently not a criteria air pollutant, as defined by the U.S. Clean Air Act. 这些化学污染物 据美国清洁空气法案定义 目前还不在空气污染物的标准中
criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数); defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
Which is surprising to me, because these chemical pollutants, through my research, 这让我感到惊奇, 因为这些化学污染物,根据我的研究,
I show that they had a very large negative impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients and thus should be regulated . 我发现他们对哮喘病人的健康 有极其负面的影响 因此应该被列入规范中
regulated:v.约束,控制,管理;(regulate的过去式和过去分词)
So today I want to show you my interactive software model that I created. 所以今天我想向你们展示 我创造的互动软件
interactive:adj.合作的;相互影响的;互相配合的;交互式的;n.交互式视频设备;
I'm going to show it to you on my laptop . 我将用我的笔记本电脑向大家展示
laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;
And I have a volunteer subject in the audience today, 在今天的观众中,我有一个志愿者
volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿;
Julie. 朱莉
And all of Julie's data has been pre-entered into my interactive software model. 朱莉的所有数据都被事先输入 进我的交互软件模型中
And this can be used by anyone. 这个模型可以用在任何人身上
So I want you to imagine that you're in Julie's shoes, or someone who's really close to you who suffers from asthma or another lung disorder . 现在我希望大家以朱莉的身份来想象, 或者跟你最亲近 患有哮喘病或者其他肺部疾病的人
disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱;
So Julie's going to her doctor's office to get treated for her asthma. 朱莉现在去看医生 去治疗她的哮喘
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
And the doctor has her sit down, and he takes her peak expiratory flow rate -- which is essentially her exhalation rate, or the amount or air that she can breathe out in one breath. 医生请她坐下, 给她测了呼气流量率峰值-- 实际上是她的呼气率, 或者说是她一口气所呼出的空气量
peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的; expiratory:adj.[生理]呼气的;吐气的; exhalation:n.蒸发,呼气;散发物; breathe out:呼出;
So that peak expiratory flow rate, 所以说呼气流量率峰值,
I've entered it up into the interactive software model. 我把这个值输入交互软件模型中
I've also entered in her age, her gender and her height. 我也输入了她的年龄,性别和身高
gender:n.性别;
I've assumed that she lives in an average household with average air pollutant levels. 我还假设她住在一个普通环境 处于普通的空气污染程度
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式) household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的;
So any user can come in here and click on "lung function report" 任何用户可以用这个软件 点击“肺部功能报告”
and it'll take them to this report that I created. 它就能告诉他们我发明的这个报告
And this report really drives home the crux of my research. 这个报告真真切切的促进了我研究中的症结
crux:n.关键;难题;十字架形,坩埚;
So what it shows -- if you want to focus on that top graph in the right-hand corner -- it shows Julie's actual peak expiratory flow rate in the yellow bar. 它显示出--如果你只想关注右上角的图示-- 它显示出朱莉的实际呼气流量率峰值 就是那个黄色方块
right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的;
This is the measurement that she took in her doctor's office. 这个是她在医生那里的测量值
measurement:n.测量;度量;长度;
In the blue bar at the bottom of the graph, it shows what her peak expiratory flow rate, what her exhalation rate or lung health, should be based on her age, gender and height. 在图示下方的蓝色方块, 显示了她的呼气流量率峰值, 她的析出率或者肺部健康,应该是 根据她的年龄,性别和身高
So the doctor sees this difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar, and he says, "Wow, we need to give her steroids , medication and inhalers ." 所以当医生看到黄色方块和蓝色方块的区别, 他会说,“哇,我们应该给她类固醇, 药品和气管喷雾。”
steroids:n.甾族化合物;类固醇;(steroid的复数) medication:n.药;药物; inhalers:n.[临床]吸入器;吸气者;滤气器;小口矮脚酒杯(inhaler的复数);
But I want everyone here to reimagine a world where instead of prescribing steroids, inhalers and medication, the doctor turns to Julie and says, "Why don't you go home and clean out your air filters . 我希望大家重新想象一下一个世界 一个没有处方类固醇, 气管喷雾和药品, 医生会对朱莉说, “为什么你不回家清理一下你家的空气过滤器呢
reimagine:重新想象;再回味 prescribing:v.给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方);命令;(prescribe的现在分词) filters:n.过滤器; v.过滤; (filter的第三人称单数和复数)
Clean out the air ducts in your home, in your workplace, in your school. 清扫你家的灰尘, 在你办公室,以及你学校的灰尘。
ducts:n.[建]管道(duct的复数);通风管道;
Stop the use of incense and candles. 不要用熏香和蜡烛
incense:vt.向…焚香;使…发怒;n.香;奉承;vi.焚香;
And if you're remodeling your house, take out all the carpeting and put in hardwood flooring." 如果你要重建你家, 把所有的地毯都撤掉,换成木地板吧。”
remodeling:n.重塑;重构(remodel进行式);改建; carpeting:n.毛毯,[纺]地毯;地毯料;v.铺以地毯(carpet的现在分词); hardwood:n.硬木,硬木材;[植][林]阔叶树;
Because these solutions are natural, these solutions are sustainable , and these solutions are a long-term investments -- long-term investments that we're making for our generation and for future generations. 因为这些解决方法都是天然的, 这些解决方法都是可持续的, 这些解决方法是种长期的投资-- 我们为了我们这一代人 以及未来的人做的长期投资
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数)
Because these environmental solutions that Julie can make in her home, her workplace and her school are impacting everyone that lives around her. 因为这些环境的解决方法 这些朱莉在她的家,她的工作室和她的学校就可以实施的解决方法 对生活在他周围的每一个人产生了影响
impacting:[力]冲击;[力]撞击;[物]碰撞(impact的现在分词);
So I'm very passionate about this research and I really want to continue it and expand it to more disorders besides asthma, more respiratory disorders, as well as more pollutants. 所以我对这项研究非常热情 我非常希望能够继续研究 将它扩展到除了哮喘病之外的更多的疾病, 更多的呼吸系统疾病,以及更多的污染物
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; respiratory:adj.呼吸的; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
But before I end my Talk today, 在我结束今天的讲话之前,
I want to leave you with one saying. 我想以一句话结束
And that saying is that genetics loads the gun, but the environment pulls the trigger . 这句话就是遗传学将子弹装上, 但是环境扣下扳机
genetics:n.遗传学; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发;
And that made a huge impact on me when I was doing this research. 当我在进行研究的时候 那对我产生了巨大的影响
Because what I feel, is a lot of us think that the environment is at a macro level, that we can't do anything to change our air quality or to change the climate or anything. 因为我感觉到的是,我们很多人都认为 环境是一个很大的范围, 对于改变空气质量,我们做不了什么 也无法改变气候或者其他任何事。
macro:adj.巨大的,大量的;n.宏,巨(计算机术语);
But if each one of us takes initiative in our own home, in our own school and in our own workplace, we can make a huge difference in air quality. 但是如果我们每个人在我们自己家里行动起来, 在我们的学校,我们的办公室, 我们能极大得改变空气质量
initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的;
Because remember, we spend 90 percent of our lives indoors. 因为请记住,我们百分之九十的生活都是在室内
And air quality and air pollutants have a huge impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients, anyone with a respiratory disorder and really all of us in general . 空气质量和空气污染物 对哮喘病人的肺部健康有巨大的影响, 以及任何患有呼吸系统紊乱的人 和实际上我们所有人
in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
So I want you to reimagine a world with better air quality, better quality of life and better quality of living for everyone including our future generations. 我想让你们重新想象一个世界 充满更优质的空气, 更优质的生活 和对于每个人来说都是更好的生活环境 包括我们未来的后代们
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Lisa Ling: Right. 丽莎 林:好
Can I have Shree and Lauren come up really quickly? 请允许我邀请斯里和劳伦一起上台来
Your Google Science Fair champions. 你们是谷歌全球科学展的胜利者
Your winners. 你们是冠军
(Applause) （鼓掌）