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GokulUpadhyayula_2020P-_用_3d_方式呈现出细胞中的生命_-
Trying to understand life without clearly watching it in action is like an alien species trying to understand the rules of a football game from just a few snapshots . 想要了解生命,却没有 清楚观看生命怎么运作, 就像是外星人只看几张照片 就想要了解美式足球的规则。
We can learn a lot from these images . 我们从这些影像中能了解很多。
For example, there's players on and off the field. 比如,有球员在场上, 也有球员在场外,
There's a band . 有乐团,
There's even cheerleaders having a great time watching the game. 甚至还有很享受看比赛的啦啦队。[00:27]
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; snapshots:n.[摄]快照(snapshot的复数);v.拍快照(snapshot的三单形式); images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次; cheerleaders:n.拉拉队(电影名);啦啦队;
And of course, despite learning all of this information from watching these pictures, we still cannot piece together the rules of the game. 当然,尽管看这些照片 就能得到上述这些资讯, 我们仍然无法拼凑出比赛的规则。
In order to be able to do that, we need to actually watch the game in action. 想了解规则, 我们就得要真正看比赛进行。
Much of what we know about how life works comes from watching these snapshots. 我们对于生命如何运作的了解, 绝大部分来自于看这些照片。
Scientists have been able to figure out a lot by looking at similar snapshots, but ultimately , for them to understand how life works, they need to actually watch it in action. 科学家透过研究类似的照片, 已经得到了许多资讯, 但最终,若想要了解生命的原理, 还是得去看生命的实际运作。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; piece together:拼凑; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
And this is essentially where life happens, is trying to understand how the fundamental unit of life works. 基本上,这就是生命产生的地方, 试图了解生命的基础单位如何运作。
And to be able to watch this, we need to be able to understand how life is. 若要观察这种基础单位, 我们就得要了解生命是怎样的。
Compared to this ant, a human cell is about a hundred million times smaller in volume . 和这只蚂蚁相比, 人类细胞的体积大约 是牠的一亿分之一。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; Compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本
Do you see the cell that's right next to this ant? 有看到蚂蚁旁边的 细胞吗？就在那里。
It's right there. 若要观察这个细胞,
To be able to watch this cell, we need to make the invisible visible, and we do this by building microscopes . 若要观察这个细胞, 我们就得看见看不见的东西, 做法就是建造显微镜。
Not these microscopes; the ones that we build look something like this. 不是这种显微镜; 我们建造的显微镜是像这种的。
It helps that I'm part of a paparazzi -- well, of sorts. 它对我很有幫助, 我算是某种狗仔队,
Instead of taking pictures of people, 只是我不拍人的照片,
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; microscopes:n.[光]显微镜(microscope的复数); paparazzi:n.猎奇名流的摄影记者;狗仔队(paparazzo的复数)
I'm more interested in taking pictures of famous cells. 我更感兴趣的是去拍着名的细胞。
Well, my own career path up until this moment in time has been pretty windy, starting with my first childhood obsession and continued passion in computer science , 在这个时点之前,我的职涯之路 一路都很蜿蜒, 一开始是我童年时迷恋电脑科学, 这份热情一直持续下去,
which took a sharp transition to looking at engineering , and more recently , a very sharp transition to trying to understand cell biology . 后来急转弯,变成去研究工程学, 最近, 又是一个急转弯, 去试图了解细胞生物。
Now, it's this combination of disciplines that has led me to where I am today. 这种结合多学科的背景, 让我走到今天这一步。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期 obsession:n.痴迷;困扰;[内科][心理]强迫观念; passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒; computer science:n.计算机科学; sharp:锋利的,尖的 transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) recently:adv.最近;新近; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导;
I'm able to carry out interdisciplinary research with one clear goal. 我可以针对一个清楚的目标, 进行跨学科的研究。
And the idea is to be able to advance innovation and discovery by bringing together experts from these different disciplines to be able to work together and solve problems that each of us can't. 想法是将不同学科的专家集结起来, 让创新与发现再向前推进, 同心协力解决个人无法解决的问题。
interdisciplinary:adj.各学科间的; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
Now, we're interested in understanding the cell. 而我们很想要了解细胞。
The cell ... what is it? 细胞……它是什么？
Well, it's the fundamental unit of life. 它是生命的基础单位。
Simply put, it's just a bag. 简单来说,它只是个袋子。
It's a bag that has trillions of inanimate molecules , whether it's proteins , carbohydrates , lipids or fat. 袋子里有数兆个无生命的分子, 可能是蛋白质、 碳水化合物、脂质或脂肪。
And it turns out, over the past half a century, molecular biologists and biochemists have figured out ways to make these proteins glow . 结果发现,在过去半个世纪, 分子生物学家和生物化学家 已经找出方法让这些蛋白质发光。
They light up just like fireflies . 它们会像萤火虫一样亮起来。
trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; inanimate:adj.无生命的;无生气的; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); carbohydrates:n.碳水化合物;糖类;(carbohydrate的复数) lipids:n.脂肪,油脂;[生化]脂类(lipid的复数); molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); biochemists:n.生物化学家; glow:n.喜悦; v.发热; fireflies:n.萤火虫;(firefly的名词复数);
Now, microscope developers have been able to make better and better instruments to be able to capture this light emitted from these molecules, and computer scientists and mathematicians have been able to understand the signals that are being recorded from the cameras. 显微镜开发者也做出更好的仪器, 能够捕捉到这些分子释放出来的光, 而电脑科学家和数学家能够了解 这些摄影机记录到的讯号代表什么。
And by bringing these tools together, we're actually being able to understand the organization of these molecules inside of these cells, understand how that changes over time, and that's essentially what we're interested in, trying to understand life at its essence . 将这些工具集合起来, 我们就能了解这些分子在细胞内的如何组织, 了解它如何随时间变化, 基本上,这就是我们想要做的, 试图从根本上了解生命。
developers:n.开发商;发展者;[摄]显影剂(developer的复数); instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数) capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 emitted:adj.射出的;v.排放(emit的过去分词);发散; mathematicians:n.[数]数学家(mathematician的复数形式); organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精;
So we want to go from imaging life, which has traditionally been confined to two dimensions , to being able to image life in three dimensions. 传统呈现生命的方式, 是用二维成像,我们想要 做到用三维成像。
So how do you make a two-dimensional image into a three-dimensional image? 所以,要如何把二维影像 变成三维影像？
Well, turns out it's pretty straightforward . 结果发现答案十分直接。
We just collect a series of two-dimensional images as we're moving the sample up and down, and then we stack the images on top of each other and create a three-dimensional volume. 只要一边把样本上下移动, 一边收集一系列的二维影像, 接着把这些影像堆迭起来, 就能创造出三维的体积。
imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词); dimensions:n.规模,大小; two-dimensional:adj.二维的;缺乏深度的; three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; straightforward:adj.简单的;坦率的;明确的;径直的;adv.直截了当地;坦率地; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆);
The problem with this approach is that traditional microscopes, they dump way too much energy into the system. 这个方法的问题在于,传统的显微镜 会把太多能量送入到系统中。
That means that this cell that you see over here, it's experiencing a lot of light toxicity , and that's a problem. 那就表示,各位在这里看到的细胞 受到了相当大量的光所毒害, 那是个问题。
Let me explain that a little bit better. 让我进一步解释。举例来说,
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; dump:v.倾倒;抛售;抛弃;转存;n.垃圾场;转储;转存;废物堆; toxicity:n.[毒物]毒性;
For example, let's say that on this planet, life evolved under just one sun, yes? 比如, 比如,在地球上,生命 是在一个太阳下演化吧？
Now, let's say I wanted to watch the shoppers on this street to understand their shopping habits: how long they linger in front of stores window shopping, how many stores they go into and how long they spend inside of each of the stores. 假设我想要观察这条街上的购物者 以了解他们的购物习惯: 会在商店橱窗前逗留多久、 会进入多少间商店、 在每一间商店花多少时间。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) shoppers:n.购物者;(商店的)顾客;(shopper的复数) linger:徘徊;继续存留;流连;逗留;持续看(或思考);苟延残喘;
And if I was sitting down at a coffee shop just people-watching, many wouldn't even notice that I'm watching them. 如果我坐在咖啡厅里观察这些人, 许多人不会注意到我在观察他们。
Now, what if all of a sudden 如果,突然间,我开始发光,
I was shining the equivalent of what is, say, the light or the sunlight from about five or, say, 10 different suns? 发出的光等同于五个 或十个太阳的光,会如何？
Would they still behave as they normally did? 他们仍然会继续正常的行为吗？
coffee shop:na.咖啡店;(一般的)小餐馆; what if:如果…怎么办? all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; sunlight:n.日光; behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
Would they still linger outside for just as long? 他们还是会在橱窗边逗留那么久吗？
Can I really believe that their behavior hasn't been altered as a consequence of being exposed to this much sunlight? 我能相信他们的行为没有因为 暴露在超强太阳光下而被改变吗？
No. 不能。
Most microscopes these days, and conventional microscopes, have been able to dump between 10 to 10,000 times the sunlight that we're exposed to on this planet, where life actually evolved. 现今大部分的显微镜 以及常见的显微镜 倾御的光都比生命在地球上 演化所接受的太阳光 强十倍到一万倍。
altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式) consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的;
And because of this, well, turns out I'm part of the cell paparazzi, so we need to be very careful in terms of how much light we actually put into the cell. 因为这个理由, 嗯,结果发现我是 细胞狗仔队的一员, 所以我们得非常注意 我们会投射多少光到细胞里。
Otherwise, we might end up with a deep-fried cell. 要不然,我们可能会得到油炸细胞。
And, turns out, there's really nothing natural about trying to watch a damaged cell whose behavior has been significantly altered. 结果发现, 去观察行为已经大大改变的受损细胞, 实在是看不到什么自然的行为。
Well, let's take this cell for example. 咱们用这个细胞为例。
deep-fried:adj.油炸的;炒的;vt.油炸(deep-fry的过去分词); significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
It's sitting on a piece of glass. 它位在一片玻璃上。
You see the spots everywhere? 有看到到处都是亮点吗？
Those spots represent molecular machines that are assembling on the surface of the cell in order to be able to shuttle food from outside the cell into the cell. 这些点代表分子机器, 它们在细胞表面上集结, 目的是要将食物 从细胞外搬运到细胞内。
Our lab uses something called the lattice light sheet microscopy , which generates a very, very thin sheet of light, paying attention not to damage the cells or not to put too much light into the system. 我们的实验室使用 所谓的晶格层光显微术, 这种显微术会产生非常薄的层光, 能注意不要损伤到细胞, 或不要将大量的光带入到系统中。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; assembling:v.聚集;集合;收集;装配;组装;(assemble的现在分词) shuttle:n.穿梭班机、公共汽车;梭;梭子;v.频繁往来;往返运送 lattice:n.[晶体]晶格;格子;格架;vt.使成格子状; sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的; microscopy:n.显微镜检查;显微镜使用;显微镜学; generates:[计]生成;发生;
And when we do this, we're able to watch the dynamics of that process for much longer without really stressing out these cells. 透过这么做,我们就能 更长时间观察这个过程动态, 同时不会让这些细胞感到焦虑。
We've used this microscopy technique and tools to be able to understand how viruses infect cells. 我们已经用这种显微术和工具 来了解病毒如何感染细胞。
In this example, we've exposed the cell to rotavirus . 在这个例子中,我们 让细胞接触轮状病毒。
It's an extremely contagious pathogen that kills over 200,000 people every year. 一种感染力超强的病原体,
dynamics:n.动力学,力学; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; infect:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染(计算机病毒); rotavirus:n.轮状病毒(一种致婴儿或新生畜胃肠炎的病毒); extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; contagious:adj.感染性的;会蔓延的; pathogen:n.病原体;病菌;
And by watching these molecules, these virus particles , how they diffuse on the surface of the cells, we can actually understand the rules that they're playing by. 透过观察这些分子、这些病毒粒子、 它们如何在细胞表面扩散, 我们就能了解它们的游戏规则。
And when we understand these rules, we can start to outsmart them, whether through intelligent drug therapies , to be able to mitigate , manage or even prevent the virus from binding into the cell in the first place . 若我们能了解这些规则, 我们就能以机智胜过它们, 也许是用智慧药物治疗, 来减轻、管理,甚至预防病毒, 打从一开始就不要 让病毒与细胞结合。
particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); diffuse:adj.弥漫的;散开的;v.扩散;传播;漫射; outsmart:vt.比…更聪明;用计谋打败; intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的 therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式); mitigate:vt.使缓和,使减轻;vi.减轻,缓和下来; binding:v.结合; n.(书籍的)封皮; adj.必须遵守的; (bind的现在分词) in the first place:首先;起初;
Now, we've made the invisible visible, but the question remains: 我们已经看见看不见的东西了, 但问题还在:
When can we believe what we actually see? 我们何时 才能相信我们所看见的？
Everything I've shown you up until this point has been a cell that's been held prisoner on a piece of glass or in a petri dish . 目前我给大家看的一切 都来自被困在玻璃上 或培养皿中的一个细胞。
Well, it turns out that cells didn't really evolve on a piece of glass. Right? 结果细胞在一片玻璃上 并不会演化吧？
They didn't evolve in isolation, and they didn't evolve outside their physiological context . 细胞在孤立状态下或生理环境 以外的地方,都不会演化,
petri dish:n.培养皿(作细菌培养等用的有盖玻璃碟); physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
To truly understand cells' natural behavior, we need to able to watch them in action where actually is their home turf . 要真正了解细胞的自然行为, 我们必须要观察它们在自家地盘上怎么活动。
So, let's take a look at this complex system. 所以,咱们来看看这个复杂的系统。
This is a developing zebra fish embryo , where you're looking at cells that are organizing themselves in order to form tissues , in order to form organ systems. 这是在发展中的斑马鱼胚胎, 可以看到这些细胞在自我组合, 目的是要形成组织, 再形成器官系统。
turf:n.草皮;泥炭;跑马场;v.覆草皮于; take a look at:看一看;检查; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; embryo:n.[胚]胚胎;胚芽;初期;adj.胚胎的;初期的; organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词) tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
And when we watch the movie again, you'll see that at about 20 hours, you start to form the eye and the tail of the zebra fish. 再看一次,在大约第二十小时处 可看到斑马鱼的眼睛和尾巴成形。
Now, we can watch this, not in this low resolution , we can watch this in exquisite detail, and we want to be able to watch this in three dimensions over the course of minutes, seconds, hours or even days. 我们可以观察这个过程, 且不是低解析度, 有精致的细节, 且我们希望能用三维的影片 观看数分钟、数秒、数小时, 或甚至数天的过程。
So the problem with these complex systems is that we scramble the light, or they scramble the light that we actually shine onto them, which causes us to record very blurry images. 这些复杂系统的问题在于 我们扰乱了光, 或者它们扰乱了 我们用来照射它们的光, 导致我们记录到非常模糊的影像。
resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议; exquisite:adj.精致的;细腻的;优美的,高雅的;异常的;剧烈的;n.服饰过于讲究的男子; scramble:vt.攀登; n.抢夺,争夺; vi.爬行,攀登; blurry:adj.模糊的;污脏的;不清楚的;
And it turns out that astronomers have had a similar problem, but for them, the problem comes when they're trying to record the light from distant stars on telescopes that are ground-based . 结果发现,天文学家 也有类似的问题, 但,对他们来说,问题是发生在 他们要用地球上的望远镜 来记录遥远星体发出的光。
The problem is, when the light travels thousands of light years and it hits our turbulent atmosphere all of a sudden, the light gets scrambled . 他们的问题是,光行进了数千光年, 突然撞到我们扰动的大气, 光就被扰乱了。
They've also, luckily, figured out a solution to this for over half a century. 他们也很幸运在半个世纪前 找到了解决方案。
astronomers:天文学家; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; telescopes:n.望远镜; v.套叠; (telescope的第三人称单数) ground-based:adj.陆基的;以地面为基础的; turbulent:adj.骚乱的,混乱的;狂暴的;吵闹的;激流的,湍流的; atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格; scrambled:v.爬,攀登;争抢;抢占;争夺;(scramble的过去式和过去分词)
What they do is they generate an artificial star at about 90 kilometers above the Earth's surface, and they use that light, which passes through the same turbulent atmosphere as the distant star's light, 他们的做法是制造一个人工星体, 放在地球表面上方九十公里处, 人工星体的光 也会和远方星体的光一样, 穿过同样的扰动大气,
and they're able to understand how the light is getting scrambled, and they take a mirror that can change its shape in order to compensate or undo that scrambling . 他们就能了解光会如何被扰乱, 他们使用一面能改变形状的镜子, 来补偿或还原大气造成的扰乱。
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; compensate:v.补偿,赔偿;抵消; scrambling:v.爬,攀登;争抢;抢占;争夺;艰难地(或仓促地)完成(scramble的现在分词)
So what we've done is we've taken those ideas and we've implemented that with our microscope system. 我们的做法是,我们把那些想法 用在我们的显微镜系统中。
And when you do that, you can more or less unscramble the complexity of the scrambling and the fuzziness that's happening as a consequence of complex systems. 这么做或多或少可以 将扰乱的复杂度减低, 也能减少复杂系统造成的模糊。
And we do this in zebra fish. 我们用斑马鱼来实验。
implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词) more or less:或多或少; unscramble:vt.整理;使恢复原状;译出密码; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 fuzziness:n.绒毛的特性;模糊不清;
We like zebra fish because, like us, they're vertebrates . 我们喜欢斑马鱼是因为 牠们跟我们一样是脊椎动物。
Unlike us, they're mostly transparent . 而牠们是透明的,这点和我们不同。
That means that when we shine light on them, we can watch the cellular and the subcellular dynamics with exquisite detail. 那就表示,当我们用光照射牠们时, 我们可以看到细胞 和亚细胞的动态细节,
vertebrates:n.[脊椎]脊椎动物(vertebrate的复数); transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; subcellular:adj.亚细胞的;
Let me show you an example. 让我举个例子。
In this video, you're watching the spine and the muscle of a zebra fish. 在这支影片呈现的是 斑马鱼的脊椎和肌肉。
We can look at the organization of the cells -- hundreds of cells in this particular volume -- in the presence and absence of adaptive optics . 我们可以看到细胞怎么结合—— 有数百个细胞在这个体积中—— 包括有调适光学 和没有调适光学的情况。
Now, with these tools, we can watch more clearly than we've ever been able to before. 有了这些工具, 我们就能观察得比以前更清楚。
spine:n.脊柱,脊椎;刺;书脊; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意; adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的; optics:n.[光]光学;
And in a very specific example, looking at how the eye develops in the zebra fish, you can really see the commotion inside of this developing zebra fish embryo. 非常明确的例子就是能够看到 斑马鱼的眼睛如何发展, 真的可以看到这个发展中的 斑马鱼胚胎中发生什么骚动。
So you can see the cells that are dancing around. 可以看到细胞跳来跳去。
In one example, you see how the cell is dividing. 在其中一个例子中, 可以看到细胞分裂。
In another example, you see cells trying to get places and squeezing past another cell. 另一个例子, 可以看到细胞为了移动 到某处而挤过其他细胞。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; commotion:n.骚动;暴乱; squeezing:v.挤压;捏;榨出,挤出,拧出;(squeeze的现在分词)
And in the last example, you see a cell being completely rowdy to its neighbors by just punching its neighbors. 在最后一个例子中,可以看到 细胞对它的邻居非常粗暴, 直接揍它的邻居。
Right? 对吧？
This technology really enables us to watch deeper and more clearly, almost as if we're watching single cells on a piece of glass where they've been held prisoner. 这种科技让我们能够 看得更深、更清楚, 几乎就像是在观察被困在 一片玻璃上的单一细胞,
rowdy:adj.吵闹的;粗暴的;n.粗暴的人;好吵闹的人; punching:v.拳打;以拳痛击;给…打孔;(punch的现在分词) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
And to demonstrate the promise that this technology holds, we've partnered with some of the best scientists from around the world. 为了展示这种科技的前景, 我们和全世界顶尖的科学家合作。
And we've started to ask a range of fundamental questions that we're starting to work on right now together. 我们开始问许多基本的问题, 现在我们开始联手要解决。
For example, how does cancer spread through the body? 比如,癌症如何在体内扩散？
In this example, you're looking at human breast cancer cells that are basically kind of migrating , where they're using the blood vessels that are shown in magenta . 在这个例子中的是人类的乳癌细胞, 基本上,它们正在转移, 它们会使用图上洋红色的血管,
demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; migrating:v.迁移;迁徙;移居(migrate的现在分词); vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器; magenta:n.品红;洋红;红色苯胺染料;adj.洋红色的;品红色的;
They're basically using these blood vessels as highways to move about the cabin . 它们用血管来当高速公路, 在舱中四处移动。
You can basically see them squeezing through the blood vessels. 基本上可以看见它们挤过血管。
You can see them rolling where there's enough space. 若空间足够,可以看到它们滚动。
And in one example, well, you see what looks like Ridley Scott's trailer for the next "Alien" movie. 有一个例子看起来很像雷利史考特 下一部《异形》电影的预告片。
cabin:v.把…关在小屋内; n.(轮船上生活或睡觉的)隔间; (通常为木制的)小屋; Ridley:n.鳞龟属动物(产于墨西哥湾,等于Lepidochelys);
This cancer cell is literally trying to claw its way out of the blood vessel in order to invade another part of the body. 癌症细胞是真的想要破血管而出, 去入侵身体的其他部分。
In the last example I'm going to show you, we're trying to understand how the ear develops. 最后一个例子是我们想了解 耳朵是怎么发展的。
In this case, we were completely upstaged by crawling neutrophils . 在这个例子中,缓缓移动的 嗜中性白血球抢尽了镜头。
These immune cells are basically on patrol all the time. 基本上,这些免疫细胞 时时刻刻都在巡逻。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: claw:n.爪;螯,钳;爪形器具;v.用爪抓(或挖); blood vessel:n.血管; invade:v.侵犯;侵略;侵袭;干扰; upstaged:vt.抢…镜头; adj.自负的; v.在舞台后方; n.舞台后部; crawling:v.爬行;匍匐行进;(crawl的现在分词) neutrophils:n.中性粒(白)细胞;嗜中性球; immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者; patrol:n.巡逻;巡逻队;侦察队;vt.巡逻;巡查;vi.巡逻;巡查;
Basically, they don't get any time off. 基本上,它们不休假。
They're working constantly to understand whether there's stranger danger, trying to understand whether there's an infection . 它们不停地工作,以了解 是否有陌生人危险存在, 试图了解是否有感染发生。
They're sensing the environment, constantly moving around. 它们在感测环境,不停地四处移动。
Now, we can watch these images and these movies in greater detail than has ever been possible before in our time up until now. 我们看到的这些影像和影片, 细节细致度都是以前不可能达成的, 直到现在才实现。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
Now, as with all new technologies , new capabilities come with new challenges, and for us, the big one is how we handle the data. 有了这些新科技, 新能力会带来新的挑战, 对我们来说,其中一大挑战 就是要如何处理资料。
These microscopes generate a ton of data. 这些显微镜会产生出极大量的资料。
We generate anywhere from one to three terabytes of data per hour. 产生的资料量在每小时 1TB~3TB 之间。
To put that into context: we're filling up two million floppy disks every hour, for our more experienced audience members. 用更清楚的方式来说,每小时 可以装满两百万张软碟片, 这是说给资深观众听的比喻。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸; terabytes:n.兆兆字节(信息量度单位,terabyte的复数); floppy:adj.松软的;叭嗒叭嗒响的;懒散的,邋遢的;n.软磁碟;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Roughly equal, then, to about 500 DVDs, or to put things into better context for the Gen Z, that's about a dozen iPhone 11s that I'm filling up every hour. 大约等同于五百张 DVD, 或者,用 Z 世代能懂的方式来说, 大约每小时能装满 十多台 iPhone 11s。
We have a ton of data. 我们有一大堆资料。
We need to find new ways to be able to visualize this. 我们得找新方法来呈现它们。
We need to be able to find new ways to be able to extract biologically meaningful information from these data sets. 我们得找新方法 来从这些资料集中粹取出 有生物意义的资讯。 更重要的是,我们希望 能将这些先进的显微镜
Roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现; extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; biologically:adv.生物学上,生物学地; meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的;
And more importantly, we want to make sure that we can put these advanced microscopes into the hands of scientists from all around the world. 更重要的是, 我们希望 能将这些先进的显微镜 送到世界各地科学家的手中。
And we're giving the designs of these microscopes for free. 我们免费提供这些显微镜的设计。
But the key important part is, we need to collaborate even more to make an impact . 但,关键点在于, 我们必须要更团结,来产生影响力。
We're bringing together scientists who can develop new biological and chemical tools. 我们将能够开发生物化学 新工具的科学家集结在一起。
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
We're working together with data scientists and instrumentation scientists to be able to build and manage the data. 我们和资料科学家 及仪器科学家合作, 来建造和管理这些资料。
And because we're giving these instruments out for free for all academic and nonprofits , we're also building advanced imaging centers to house them, to be able to bring together the group of people that are microscopists, 因为我们免费提供这些仪器 给所有学术圈和非营利组织, 因此我们也在建造先进的 成像中心供他们使用, 能组成一个团体,包括显微学家、
instrumentation:n.使用仪器;乐器法;仪表化; academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; nonprofits:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的;
that are the biologists and the computational people, and to build a team that's able to solve the types of problems that each of us individually cannot. 生物学家,及做计算的人, 并成立一个团队,来解决 我们个人无法解决的问题。
And thanks to these microscopes, the frontier of science is open again. 因为有这些显微镜, 科学的边境再次开放了。
So let's take a look together. 咱们一起去看看吧。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）[12:47]
computational:adj.计算的; individually:adv.个别地,单独地;