返回首页

GiuliaEnders_2017X-_肠道科学出乎意料的迷人_
A few years ago, 几年前,
I always had this thing happening to me, especially at family gatherings like teas with aunts and uncles or something like this. 我一直被某件事缠身, 特别是在家庭聚会时, 比如和姑姑叔叔喝茶之类的场合。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; gatherings:n.聚会;集会;收集;采集;(gathering的复数)
When people come up to you, and they ask you, "So, what are you doing?" 当人们走向你 并问道:「你做什么工作？」
come up to:v.达到;等于;
And I would have this magical one-word reply, which would make everybody happy: "Medicine. 而我会以一个魔法般的词来回应, 总能让每个人都开心满意: 「医学。
I'm going to be a doctor." 我将会成为医生。」
Very easy, that's it, everybody's happy and pleased. 非常简单,就这样, 大家都开心愉快。
And it could be so easy, but this effect really only lasts for 30 seconds with me, because that's then the time when one of them would ask, "So, in what area of medicine? 虽然很容易, 但这个效应对我来说 只会持续三十秒, 因为时间一到,就会有个人发问: 「所以,是医学的哪个领域？
What specialty do you want to go into?" 你想要专攻哪方面？」
specialty:n.专业,专长;特产;特性;招牌菜;adj.特色的;专门的;独立的;
And then I would have to strip down in all honesty and just say, "OK, so I'm fascinated with the colon . 接着,我就得很坦诚地说: 「好的,我被结肠深深吸引。
strip down:拆开;脱去; colon:n.[解剖]结肠;冒号(用于引语,说明,例证等之前);科郎(哥斯达黎加货币单位);
It all started with the anus , and now it's basically the whole intestinal tract ." 它是从肛门开始, 基本上它就是整个肠道。」
anus:n.[解剖]肛门; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; intestinal:adj.肠的; tract:n.束;地带;小册子;大片土地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And this would be the moment when the enthusiasm trickled , and it would maybe also get, like, awkwardly silent in the room, and I would think this was terribly sad, because I do believe our bowels are quite charming . 就在这个时刻, 热情就开始变得稀落了, 也可能会在房间中出现尴尬的沉默, 我会觉得这非常让人感伤, 因为我真心觉得 我们的肠子相当迷人。
enthusiasm:n.热心,热忱,热情; trickled:vi.滴;细细地流;慢慢地移动;vt.使…滴;使…淌;使…细细地流;n.滴,淌;细流; awkwardly:adv.笨拙地;无技巧地; bowels:n.内脏(尤指人的肠); v.取出…的肠子(bowel的第三人称单数); charming:adj.令人着迷的;吸引人的;v.吸引;迷住;控制,保护;(charm的现在分词)
(Laughter) （笑声）
And while we're in a time where many people are thinking about what new superfood smoothie to make or if gluten is maybe bad for them, actually, hardly anyone seems to care about the organ where this happens, the concrete anatomy and the mechanisms behind it. 虽然在这个时代,许多人会去想 要做什么冰沙超级食物 (superfood) , 或者麸质是否对身体有害, 但事实上,似乎很少有人会在乎 承担这些活动的身体器官、 具体的解剖学以及其背后的机制。
superfood:n.超级食品(一些人认为有益健康且可防病的食品); smoothie:n.举止优雅的人;善于讨好女人的男子;一种果汁与牛奶的混合饮料; gluten:n.面筋;麸质;谷蛋白; organ:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖 anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
And sometimes it seems to me like we're all trying to figure out this magic trick, but nobody's checking out the magician, just because he has, like, an embarrassing hairstyle or something. 有时,就我看来, 就像我们都在试着看穿 这个魔术把戏, 却没有人去看魔术师, 只因为他有着 令人尴尬的发型之类的。
embarrassing:adj.令人尴尬的; v.使尴尬; (embarrass的现在分词) hairstyle:n.发型;
And actually, there are reasons science disliked the gut for a long time; 其实, 科学界长期以来 不喜欢肠道的原因很多,
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
I have to say this. 我必须得这么说。
So, it's complex . 它很复杂。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
There's a lot of surface area -- about 40 times the area of our skin. 它有巨大的表面积, 差不多是皮肤表面积的四十倍。
Then, in such a tight pipe, there are so many immune cells that are being trained there. 在这么紧的管道中, 有非常多的免疫细胞在那里受训。
immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者;
We have 100 trillion bacteria doing all sorts of things -- producing little molecules . 有一百兆个细菌在做各种事情, 产生小分子。
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; bacteria:n.[微]细菌; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
Then there's about 20 different hormones , so we are on a very different level than our genitals , for example. 还有大约二十种不同的贺尔蒙, 所以,例如和生殖器相比, 它又是很不一样的层级。
hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); genitals:n.生殖器;外阴部;
And the nervous system of our gut is so complex that when we cut out a piece, it's independent enough that when we poke it, it mumbles back at us, friendly. 而肠子的神经系统非常复杂, 当我们切下一小片时, 它是独立的,当我们戳它, 它会很友善地咕噥回应我们。
nervous system:n.神经系统; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); poke:v.刺,捅;戳;伸出;刺探;闲荡;n.戳;刺;袋子;懒汉; mumbles:n.喃喃而语(mumble的复数);v.喃喃而语(mumble的单数第三人称);
(Laughter) （笑声）
But at least those reasons are also the reasons why it's so fascinating and important. 但至少,那些理由也是它为什么如此迷人且重要的原因。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
It took me three steps to love the gut. 我花了三个步骤,来爱上肠子。
So today, I invite you to follow me on those three steps. 今天,我邀请各位跟着我 一起经历这三个步骤。
The very first was just looking at it and asking questions like, "How does it work?" 第一步,就是看着它, 然后问像这样的问题: 「它如何运作？」
and "Why does it have to look so weird for that sometimes?" 及「为什么它得长得如此怪异？」
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神;
And it actually wasn't me asking the first kind of these questions, but my roommate. 其实并不是我自己 问前面第一种问题, 而是我室友。
After one heavy night of partying, he came into our shared-room kitchen, and he said, "Giulia, you study medicine. How does pooping work?" 在一场宿醉的狂欢之夜后, 他来到我们共用的厨房, 他说:「茱莉亚,你读的是医学。 拉屎是怎么运作的？」
pooping:v.浪冲打船尾(poop的现在分词);
(Laughter) （笑声）
And I did study medicine but I had no idea, so I had to go up to my room and look it up in different books. 我的确读医学,但我不知道答案, 所以我回房查不同的书籍。
And I found something interesting, I thought, at that time. 在那时我认为自己 发现了很有趣的东西。
So it turns out, we don't only have this outer sphincter , we also have an inner sphincter muscle. 结果是,我们不只有这个外括约肌, 我们还有内括约肌。
outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; sphincter:n.[解剖]括约肌; inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的;
The outer sphincter we all know, we can control it, we know what's going on there; the inner one, we really don't. 我们都知道外括约肌, 我们可以控制它, 我们知道那里的状况; 内括约肌,我们就不了解了。
So what happens is, when there are leftovers from digestion , they're being delivered to the inner one first. 是这样的: 是这样的: 它们会先被运送到内括约肌。
leftovers:n.吃剩的食物;遗留物;(leftover的复数) digestion:n.消化;领悟;
This inner one will open in a reflex and let through a little bit for testing. 内括约肌会反射性地打开, 让一点点残余物通过,做测试用。
reflex:n.反射;反映;映像;回复;习惯性思维;adj.反射的;反省的;反作用的;优角的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So, there are sensory cells that will analyze what has been delivered: Is it gaseous or is it solid? 那里有感觉细胞 分析被运送来的是气体还是固体？
sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse); gaseous:adj.气态的,气体的;无实质的;
And they will then send this information up to our brain, and this is the moment when our brain knows, "Oh, I have to go to the toilet." 接着这资讯会被送到大脑, 这时,我们的大脑就会知道: 「喔,我得去上厕所。」
(Laughter) （笑声）
The brain will then do what it's designed to do with its amazing consciousness . 头脑接着就会用它不可思议的意识, 着手做它该做的事。
consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
It will mediate with our surroundings , and it will say something like, "So, I checked. 它会在我们和环境之间调停, 说像这样的话: 「我确认了。
mediate:vi.调解;斡旋;居中;vt.调停;传达;adj.间接的;居间的; surroundings:n.周围的环境;环境;(surrounding的复数)
We are at this TEDx conference -- " 我们正在 TEDx 会议上──」
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
Gaseous? 气体？
Maybe, if you're sitting on the sides, and you know you can pull it off silently. 也许可以,如果你的座位是在边沿, 且你知道你可以安静地释放的话。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But solid -- maybe later. 但固体── 也许晚点吧。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Since our outer sphincter and the brain is connected with nervous cells, they coordinate , cooperate , and they put it back in a waiting line -- 因为我们的外括约肌和头脑 是通过神经细胞连结的, 它们互相协调、合作, 它们会把固体推回,让其等候,
coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的; cooperate:v.合作;配合;协作;结合;
(Laughter) （笑声）
for other times, like, for example, when we're at home sitting on the couch , we have nothing better to do, we are free to go. 在其他时间释放, 比如,当我们在家 坐在沙发上的时候, 我们没别的事要做, 我们就可以释放了。
couch:n.睡椅,长沙发;床;卧榻;v.蹲伏,埋伏;躺着;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Us humans are actually one of the very few animals that do this in such an advanced and clean way. 没有几种动物能够 如此进阶且干净地排便, 而我们人类是其一。
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
To be honest, I had some newfound respect for that nice, inner sphincter dude -- not connected to nerves that care too much about the outer world or the time -- just caring about me for once. 老实说,我对于这位 出色的内括约肌同志 又增添了新的敬意。 它没有和神经连结── 而神经太在乎外在世界或时间了── 多麽难得,它独独关心我。
newfound:adj.新发现的;新得到的; dude:n.男人,小伙子;(非正式)花花公子; nerves:n.神经;神经紧张;勇气;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;(nerve的第三人称单数和复数)
I thought that was nice. 我觉得那样很棒。
And I used to not be a great fan of public restrooms, but now I can go anywhere, because I consider it more when that inner muscle puts a suggestion on my daily agenda . 我以前对公共厕所敬谢不敏, 但我现在在哪都能解放, 因为当内括约肌在我的 日议程中提出一条建议时, 我会多多体贴它一下。
agenda:n.议事日程;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And also I learned something else, which was: looking closely at something I might have shied away from -- maybe the weirdest part of myself -- left me feeling more fearless , and also appreciating myself more. 我也学到了其他的: 近看某样我可能羞于面对的东西, 也许是我身体最怪异的那部份, 会让我觉得更无惧, 也更懂得欣赏我自己。
weirdest:adj.奇异的;不寻常的;离奇的;(weird的最高级) fearless:adj.无畏的;大胆的; appreciating:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解(appreciate的现在分词)
And I think this happens a lot of times when you look at the gut, actually. 我认为,这种情况其实常常会发生, 就在你看着肠子的时候。
Like those funny rumbling noises that happen when you're in a group of friends or at the office conference table, going, like, "Merrr, merrr..." 比如当你刚好在一群朋友之中时, 它发出那好笑的咕嚕声, 或是在办公室的会议中, 发出:「嚒嚒嚒…」
rumbling:n.低沉而持续的声音; v.发出持续而低沉的声音; (rumble的现在分词)
This is not because we're hungry. 这并不是因为我们饿了。
This is because our small intestine is actually a huge neat freak , and it takes the time in between digestion to clean everything up, resulting in those eight meters of gut -- really, seven of them -- being very clean and hardly smelling like anything. 这是因为我们的小肠其实 是个很爱干净的怪胎, 它会在两次消化之间的 空檔进行大扫除, 造成那八公尺的肠子── 其实是其中的七公尺── 变得非常干净,几乎没有味道。
intestine:adj.内部的;国内的;n.肠; neat freak:洁癖;
It will, to achieve this, create a strong muscular wave that moves everything forward that's been leftover after digestion. 为了做到这一点, 它会造成很强力的肌肉抖动, 把消化后的残余物通通向前推。
muscular:adj.肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的;
This can sometimes create a sound, but doesn't necessarily have to always. 有时候就会产生声音, 但不见得一定如此。
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
So what we're embarrassed of is really a sign of something keeping our insides fine and tidy . 所以这让我们感到尴尬的声音, 其实是个征兆, 表示有某样东西在保持 我们内部的健康和清洁。
embarrassed:adj.尴尬的;窘迫的;v.使...局促不安;(embarrass的过去分词和过去式) tidy:adj.整齐的:整洁的:v.使整洁:
Or this weird, crooked shape of our stomach -- a bit Quasimodo-ish. 我们胃部这个怪异弯曲的形状 有点「钟楼怪人」的风范。
crooked:adj.扭曲的;弯曲的;不直的;v.(手指或手臂)弯曲;(crook的过去分词和过去式)
This actually makes us be able to put pressure on our belly without vomiting , like when we're laughing and when we're doing sports, because the pressure will go up and not so much sideways . 这形式其实是让我们 能够对我们的腹部加压, 且不会造成呕吐, 比如当我们大笑、 当我们做运动时, 能够让压力向上,而不太会向旁边。
belly:n.腹部;胃;食欲;v.涨满;鼓起; vomiting:v.呕吐(vomit的现在分词); sideways:adv.往一侧;侧着;侧面朝前;
This also creates this air bubble that's usually always very visible in X-rays, for example, and can sometimes, with some people, when it gets too big, create discomfort or even some sensations of pain. 这过程也会产生气泡, 例如在 X 光下,可以看得很清楚, 有些人有些时候, 气泡会太大, 会造成不适,甚至有痛的感觉。
bubble:n.泡;气泡;肥皂泡;一点感情;v.起泡;冒泡;洋溢着(某种感情); visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目; discomfort:n.不适,不安;不便之处;vt.使…不舒服;使…不安; sensations:n.感觉;轰动;感动;
But for most of the people, is just results that it's far easier to burp when you're laying on your left side instead of your right. 但对大部份人来说,最终结果是, 就是当你左侧卧时, 会比右侧卧更容易打嗝。
burp:n.打嗝;v.打嗝;使(婴儿)打嗝;
And soon I moved a bit further and started to look at the whole picture of our body and health. 不久后我更进一步, 开始观察我们的整个身体以及健康。
This was actually after I had heard that someone I knew a little bit had killed himself. 这其实是在我听说 某个我稍微认识的人自杀之后的事,
It happened that I had been sitting next to that person the day before, and I smelled that he had very bad breath . 刚好在前一天我曾坐在那个人旁边, 我闻到他有严重的口臭。
bad breath:n.口臭;难闻的呼气;
And when I learned of the suicide the next day, 当我知道他隔天自杀时,
suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀;
I thought: Could the gut have something to do with it? 我心想:有没有可能和肠子有关？
have something to do with:有点关系;与...有关系;
And I frantically started searching if there were scientific papers on the connection of gut and brain. 我疯狂地开始寻找是否存在 涉及肠子与头脑间关联的科学文献。
frantically:adv.疯狂似地;狂暴地; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
And to my surprise, I found many. 让我惊讶的是,我找到很多。
It turns out it's maybe not as simple as we sometimes think. 结果是,实情并非 我们想的那么简单。
We tend to think our brain makes these commands and then sends them down to the other organs , and they all have to listen. 我们通常认为大脑会下指令, 把指令送到其他器官, 它们都得听命。
organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
But really, it's more that 10 percent of the nerves that connect brain and gut deliver information from the brain to the gut. 但实情比较像是 10% 连结大脑和肠子的神经 会把资讯从大脑传到肠子。
We know this, for example, in stressful situations, when there are transmitters from the brain that are being sensed by our gut, so the gut will try to lower all the work, 我们知道,比如在有压力的状态下, 我们的肠子感知到了 来自大脑的神经递质, 肠子就会减缓所有的工作,
stressful:adj.紧张的;有压力的; transmitters:n.信号传送器;传送者(transmitter的复数形式);
and not be working and taking away blood and energy to save energy for problem-solving . 不再工作,也不再 消耗太多血液和能量, 就能储存能量来解决问题。
problem-solving:adj.问题解决的;n.解决问题;找出问题的答案;
This can go as far as nervous vomiting or nervous diarrhea to get rid of food that it then doesn't want to digest. 这有可能呈现的形式包括 神经性呕吐或神经性腹泻, 目的是要摆脱掉 它拒絶消化的食物。
as far as:至于…; diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾;
Maybe more interestingly , 90 percent of the nervous fibers that connect gut and brain deliver information from our gut to our brain. 可能更有趣的是 90% 连结肠子和大脑的神经纤维 会把资讯从我们的肠子传送给大脑。
interestingly:adv.有趣地; fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数);
And when you think about it a little bit, it does make sense , because our brain is very isolated . 若你稍微想想, 这的确合理,因为 我们的大脑是很孤立的。
make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理; isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离;
It's in this bony skull surrounded by a thick skin, and it needs information to put together a feeling of "How am I, as a whole body, doing?" 它位于被厚皮肤包裹的头骨之内, 它需要资讯才能够整合出 「我的整个身体的状况如何？」的感觉。
bony:adj.骨的;多骨的;瘦骨嶙峋的;似骨的; skull:n.头盖骨,脑壳; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; as a whole:总的来说;
And the gut, actually, is possibly the most important advisor for the brain because it's our largest sensory organ, collecting information not only on the quality of our nutrients , 而肠子实际上可能是大脑最重要的顾问, 因为它是我们最大的感觉器官, 收集的资讯不只是 我们的营养品质好坏,
nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
but really also on how are so many of our immune cells doing, or things like the hormones in our blood that it can sense. 还包括我们这么多 免疫细胞的状况如何, 或像是它能感受到的 血液中贺尔蒙的情况。
And it can package this information, and send it up to the brain. 它能把这些资讯打包 之后送到大脑去。
It can, there, not reach areas like visual cortex or word formations -- otherwise, when we digest, we would see funny colors or we would make funny noises -- no. 而它不会到达大脑中像是 视觉皮质或是言语形成的区域, 否则当我们消化时 可能会看到奇怪的颜色 或是发出奇怪的声音。
visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; formations:n.形成(formation的复数形式);形态;队形;
But it can reach areas for things like morality , fear or emotional processing or areas for self-awareness . 而我们不会。 恐惧、情绪处理, 或是自我意识的区域。
morality:n.道德;品行,美德; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) self-awareness:n.自我意识;
So it does make sense that when our body and our brain are putting together this feeling of, "How am I, as a whole body, doing?" 这确实合理, 当我们的身体和大脑在整合出 「我整身的状况如何」的感觉时,
that the gut has something to contribute to this process. 肠子对于这个过程做出了一些贡献。
contribute to:有助于;捐献;
And it also makes sense that people who have conditions like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease have a higher risk of having anxiety or depression . 还有一点也是合理的, 人们如果患了像大肠激躁症 或发炎性肠道疾病之类的, 他们得焦虑症或 忧郁症的风险也比较高。
irritable bowel syndrome:n.肠易激综合征; inflammatory:adj.炎症性的;煽动性的;激动的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
I think this is good information to share, because many people will think, "I have this gut thing, and maybe I also have this mental health thing." 我认为这个资讯值得分享, 因为许多人会认为: 「如果我的肠子有问题, 也许我的心理健康也有问题。」
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者;
And maybe -- because science is not clear on that right now -- it's really just that the brain is feeling sympathy with their gut. 也许──因为科学尚不瞭解这一点── 也许只是他们的大脑在同情肠子。
sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同;
This has yet to grow in evidence until it can come to practice. 这方面还需要证据才能够走向实践。
in evidence:明显的;作为证据;
But just knowing about these kinds of research that's out there at the moment helps me in my daily life. 但是仅仅知道这一类的研究, 它们正在某处进行着, 就对我的日常生活很有幫助。
And it makes me think differently of my moods and not externalize so much all the time. 它让我对我的心情有不同的看法, 不再把很多事情都归为外因。
moods:n.情绪(mood的复数); externalize:vt.给…以外形;使具体化,使客观化;
I feel oftentimes during the day we are a brain and a screen, and we will tend to look for answers right there and maybe the work is stupid or our neighbor -- but really, moods can also come from within. 我常常觉得,在白天我们就像是 一个大脑加上一块萤幕, 我们往往会向外界寻找情绪的根源, 也许原因是愚蠢的工作或邻里关系, 但其实心情也可能是内在造成的。
oftentimes:adv.时常地;
And just knowing this helped me, for example, when I sometimes wake up too early, and I start to worry and wander around with my thoughts. 光是知道这点,就对我有幫助, 比如,有时我太早醒来, 我会开始担心,并胡思乱想。
Then I think, "Stop. What did I eat yesterday? 接着我会想:「停。我昨天吃了什么？
Did I stress myself out too much? 我让我自己太过焦虑吗？
Did I eat too late or something?" 我太晚才吃东西吗？」之类的。
And then maybe get up and make myself a tea, something light to digest. 接着,也许就起床泡壶茶, 弄点清淡的食物来消化。
And as simple as that sounds, 听起来很简单,
as simple as that:那样简单;如此简单;就这麽简单;
I think it's been surprisingly good for me. 但对我是非常有用的。
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
Step three took me further away from our body, and to really understanding bacteria differently. 第三步让我从人的身体出发 走向了更远的地方, 并真正地对细菌有了不同的理解。
The research we have today is creating a new definition of what real cleanliness is. 我们现今的研究 对于真正的干净下了新的定义。
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; cleanliness:n.清洁;
And it's not the hygiene hypothesis -- 不是卫生假说（hygiene hypothesis）,
hygiene:n.卫生;卫生学;保健法; hypothesis:n.假设;
I think many maybe know this. 我想很多人可能知道这假说。
So it states that when you have too little microbes in your environment because you clean all the time, that's not really a good thing, because people get more allergies or autoimmune diseases then. 它说的是,当你环境中的微生物过少, 因为你随时在清理, 那并不是好事, 因为人们会因此较为容易过敏 或患自体免疫疾病。
microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式); allergies:n.变态反应;过敏反应;(allergy的复数) autoimmune:adj.自身免疫的;自体免疫的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
So I knew this hypothesis, and I thought I wouldn't learn so much from looking at cleanliness in the gut. 我知道这个假说, 我心想,只着眼于肠子内的清洁卫生, 我是不会学习到多少东西的。
But I was wrong. 但我错了。
It turns out, real cleanliness is not about killing off bacteria right away . 结果发现, 真正的清洁并不是要把细菌杀光。
right away:立刻;
Real cleanliness is a bit different. 真正的清洁有点不同。
When we look at the facts, 95 percent of all bacteria on this planet don't harm us -- they can't, they don't have the genes to do so. 我们来看看事实, 地球上 95% 的细菌不会 也不能伤害我们, 它们的基因使然。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
Many, actually, help us a lot, and scientists at the moment are looking into things like: 许多细菌其实对我们很有幫助, 目前科学家在研究像这类的题材:
Do some bacteria help us clean the gut? 有某些细菌在协助我们清理肠子吗？
Do they help us digest? 它们协助我们消化吗？
Do they make us put on weight or have a lean figure although we're eating lots? 尽管我们吃得很多, 它们会让我们变胖或变瘦吗？
Are others making us feel more courageous or even more resilient to stress? 其他细菌是否会让我们更加勇敢 或是更容易从压力中恢复？
courageous:adj.有胆量的,勇敢的; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
So you see, there are more questions when it comes to cleanliness. 所以你看,当谈到清洁, 有更多的问题要解决。
And, actually, the thing is, it's about a healthy balance, I think. 其实,我认为重点是健康的平衡。
You can't avoid the bad all the time. 你不可能永远避开坏事。
This is simply not possible; there's always something bad around. 不可能就是不可能; 周遭总会有坏事。
So what really the whole deal is when you look at a clean gut, it's about having good bacteria, enough of them, and then some bad. 所以,当你看着干净的肠子时, 重点是里面要有足够多的有益细菌, 还要有一些有害细菌。
Our immune system needs the bad, too, so it knows what it's looking out for. 我们的免疫系统也需要有害细菌, 所以它才能知道它要小心留意什么。
immune system:n.免疫系统;
So I started having this different perspective on cleanliness and a few weeks later, 所以我开始对清洁有了不同的观点, 几周后,
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
I held a talk at my university, and I made a mistake by 1,000. 我在我的大学做了一场演说, 我在数字上犯了错误, 足足相差1000 倍。
And I went home and I realized in that moment, 回到家,我了解到在那一刻,
I was like, "Ah! I made a mistake by 1,000. 我的反应是:「啊！ 我犯了个 1000 倍的错误。
Oh God, that's so much, and that's so embarrassing." 天啊,那好严重,且好难堪。」
And I started to think about this, I was like, "Ugh!" 我开始想到这点,然后就:「呃！」
And after a while I said, "OK, I made this one mistake, but then I also told so many good and right and helpful things, so I think it's OK, you know? 一会儿之后,我说: 「好,我犯了一个错误, 但我也说了许多好的东西、 对的东西、有用的东西, 所以我想是没关系的,对吧？
It's a clean thing." 这是洁净的。」
And then I was like, "Oh, wait. 接着我又说:「喔,等等,
Maybe I took my perspective on cleanliness further." 也许就在刚才,我对清洁的 观点又进了一步。」
And it's my theory at the moment that maybe we all do. 那时,我的理论是, 也许我们都是如此。
Take it a bit further than just cleaning our living room , where maybe we make it to sort like a life hygiene. 再进一步,不只是清理我们的客厅, 也许我们可以做到 有点像是「人生的卫生」。
living room:n.客厅;起居室;
Knowing that this is about fostering the good just as much as trying to shelter yourself from the bad had a very calming effect on me. 重点不只是要试着 保护自己不受坏事影响, 同时也要去促进好事, 知道这点,对我有安定的效果。
fostering:v.促进;助长;培养;鼓励;抚育;(foster的现在分词)
So in that sense, 就那个意义来说,
I hope today I told you mostly good and helpful things, and thank you for your time, for listening to me. 我希望今天我告诉各位的 大部份是好的、有用的东西, 谢谢你们花时间倾听。
(Applause) （掌声）