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GeraldineHamilton_2013X-_芯片上的人体部位_
We have a global health challenge in our hands today, and that is that the way we currently discover and develop new drugs is too costly , takes far too long, and it fails more often than it succeeds. 我们面临全球性的医疗挑战 今时今日, 我们目前发现并开发 新药物的方式 太昂贵,耗时太长 研究结果失败多而成功少
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; currently:adv.当前;一般地; costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的;
It really just isn't working, and that means that patients that badly need new therapies are not getting them, and diseases are going untreated . 很多情况下完全无用,这意味着 当病人急切地需要新的疗法时 却无法获得药物, 疾病也无从治疗。
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式); diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; untreated:adj.未经处理的;未经治疗的;
We seem to be spending more and more money. 似乎我们花的钱也越来越多。
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D, we're getting less drugs approved into the market. 在研究中我们每花费十亿美元, 而获准在市场上销售的新药却更少了。
approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式)
More money, less drugs. Hmm. 花更多的钱,研究出更少的新药。嗯。
So what's going on here? 那么到底问题在哪？
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play, but I think one of the key factors is that the tools that we currently have available to test whether a drug is going to work, whether it has efficacy , or whether it's going to be safe before we get it into human clinical trials, are failing us. They're not predicting what's going to happen in humans. 好,这里有一系列影响因素, 但我认为主因之一是 我们目前的工具, 测试新药是否可用, 是否有疗效, 是否是安全的药品, 在开展人体临床试验之前, 这些工具都无法满足我们的要求。这些工具 不能预测药物将对人体产生何种作用。
multitude:n.众多;大量;群众;民众;人群; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; efficacy:n.功效,效力; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; predicting:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的现在分词)
And we have two main tools available at our disposal . 我们有两大主要工具 可供使用。
disposal:n.处理;清除;去掉;(企业、财产等的)变卖;
They are cells in dishes and animal testing. 它们是培养皿和动物实验。
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes. 首先让我们讨论一下第一种工具,培养皿中的细胞。
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies. 一般,细胞在我们体内快乐的工作。
We take them and rip them out of their native environment, throw them in one of these dishes, and expect them to work. 我们取出细胞,将它们从原生环境中 剥离出来,放进一个培养皿中, 并希望它们能照常工作。
rip:v.撕破;突然拉开;割开;n.撕开的大口子;巨澜;清管器;废马; native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民;
Guess what. They don't. 猜怎么着。它们不工作了。
They don't like that environment because it's nothing like what they have in the body. 它们不喜欢新环境 因为新环境 和它们生长的身体环境大不相同。
What about animal testing? 至于动物实验呢？
Well, animals do and can provide extremely useful information. 好,动物们确实可以提供 十分有用的信息。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
They teach us about what happens in the complex organism . 它们使我们明白 在复杂的有机体中药物如何作用。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
We learn more about the biology itself. 我们学到更多关于生物学本身的信息。
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
However, more often than not , animal models fail to predict what will happen in humans when they're treated with a particular drug. 但是往往, 动物体实验不能预测人类 在使用特定药物时会发生的情况。
more often than not:通常;多半;
So we need better tools. 所以我们需要更好的工具。
We need human cells, but we need to find a way to keep them happy outside the body. 我们确实需要人类细胞, 但是我们需要找到一个方式在体外 保持细胞活性。
Our bodies are dynamic environments. 人类身体有着动态的环境。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的;
We're in constant motion . 我们在不断的运动中。
motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
Our cells experience that. 细胞也是如此。
They're in dynamic environments in our body. 细胞生活在身体的动态环境中。
They're under constant mechanical forces. 细胞经受长期的机械力。
mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的;
So if we want to make cells happy outside our bodies, we need to become cell architects . 所以如果想让细胞, 在身体外存活, 我们就必须成为细胞建筑师。
architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数);
We need to design, build and engineer a home away from home for the cells. 我们需要设计、 策划和建造 细胞在身体以外的家。
And at the Wyss Institute , we've done just that. 而在哈佛大学维斯研究所（Wyss Institute）, 我们已经这样做了。
Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
We call it an organ-on-a-chip. 我们叫它芯片上的器官。
And I have one right here. 我这里有一个。
It's beautiful, isn't it? But it's pretty incredible . 它很美丽,不是吗？但它是相当令人难以置信。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living human lung on a chip . 就在我的手中,细胞就在这里呼吸生活, 一个生活在芯片上的人类肺细胞。
chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
And it's not just beautiful. 它并不只是美丽。
It can do a tremendous amount of things. 它可以做大量的事情。
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
We have living cells in that little chip, cells that are in a dynamic environment interacting with different cell types. 我们将活细胞放入那个小小的芯片, 在动态环境之中的细胞 与不同的细胞类型进行交互。
interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
There's been many people trying to grow cells in the lab. 有很多人 尝试在实验室里培养细胞。
They've tried many different approaches . 他们尝试了许多不同的方法。
approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
They've even tried to grow little mini-organs in the lab. 甚至试图在实验室里培育小型迷你器官。
We're not trying to do that here. 但这不是我们想做的。
We're simply trying to recreate in this tiny chip the smallest functional unit that represents the biochemistry , the function and the mechanical strain that the cells experience in our bodies. 我们只想在这个小小的芯片里 重新创建 一个最小的功能单位 它能模拟细胞的生物化学环境, 功能和在身体中经历的 机械拉力。
recreate:vt.再现;再创造 functional:adj.功能的; represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) biochemistry:n.生物化学;生物化学过程; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤;
So how does it work? Let me show you. 它是如何工作的？让我展示给你看。
We use techniques from the computer chip manufacturing industry to make these structures at a scale relevant to both the cells and their environment. 我们使用芯片技术 和制造技术 按照细胞及其环境情况 建造具有相应规模的结构。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
We have three fluidic channels. 我们有三个流体通道。
fluidic:adj.流体的,射流的;
In the center, we have a porous , flexible membrane on which we can add human cells from, say, our lungs, and then underneath , they had capillary cells, the cells in our blood vessels . 在芯片中心,我们有一个多孔的、 可渗透的膜 在膜上,我们可以添加人体细胞 比如说说,人类的肺细胞, 然后在肺细胞下,加入毛细血管细胞, 一种我们的血管中的细胞。
porous:adj.多孔渗水的;能渗透的;有气孔的; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的; membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的; capillary:adj.细长的;表面张力的;n.毛细管;毛细血管; vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器;
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip that stretch and contract the membrane, so the cells experience the same mechanical forces that they did when we breathe. 我们然后可以对芯片施以机械力 来伸展和收缩膜, 所以细胞能受到与我们呼吸时 感受的相同机械力。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; stretch:v.伸展;延伸;伸出;舒展;n.伸展;弹性;舒展;一片;adj.有弹力的; contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约;
And they experience them how they did in the body. 细胞经历着与在身体中相同的环境。
There's air flowing through the top channel, and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients through the blood channel. 顶部通道有空气流过, 然后使含有的营养物质的液体 流过血液通道。
nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
Now the chip is really beautiful, but what can we do with it? 现在,这张芯片是真的很美, 但它能做什么呢？
We can get incredible functionality inside these little chips . 我们可以使用这些小芯片 获得惊人的功能。
functionality:n.功能;[数]泛函性,函数性; chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数)
Let me show you. 让我来展示下。
We could, for example, mimic infection , where we add bacterial cells into the lung. 比如说,我们可以模仿感染, 将细菌细胞添加到肺细胞上
mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的;
then we can add human white blood cells. 然后再添加人类白细胞。
White blood cells are our body's defense against bacterial invaders , and when they sense this inflammation due to infection, they will enter from the blood into the lung and engulf the bacteria. 白细胞是人类身体的防御者 专门针对细菌入侵者, 当白细胞感觉到这种炎症感染, 它们将从血液进入肺 并吞噬细菌。
invaders:n.侵略者(invader的复数);侵入种; inflammation:n.[病理]炎症;[医]发炎;燃烧;发火; engulf:vt.吞没;吞食,狼吞虎咽;
Well now you're going to see this happening live in an actual human lung on a chip. 现在你能通过芯片上的活生生的人类肺细胞 观测到这种情况的发生。
We've labeled the white blood cells so you can see them flowing through, and when they detect that infection, they begin to stick. 我们已经标记过这些白细胞,所以你可以看到它们流过, 当白细胞发现感染, 就会粘在细胞壁上。
labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式) detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung side from blood channel. 白细胞聚集在感染处,然后试着从血液通道一侧 进入肺细胞一侧。
And you can see here, we can actually visualize a single white blood cell . 你可以看到,我们其实使每个白细胞 可视化了。
visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现; white blood cell:n.白细胞;白血球;
It sticks, it wiggles its way through between the cell layers , through the pore , comes out on the other side of the membrane, and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria labeled in green. 这个白细胞粘住后,扭动并通过 细胞层,通过孔洞, 从膜的另一边出来 而在膜的这边,它将会去吞噬 标记为绿色的细菌。
wiggles:v.(使)扭动,摆动,摇动,起伏;(wiggle的第三人称单数) layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) pore:vi.细想;凝视;熟读;n.气孔;小孔;vt.使注视; on the other side:另一面;在另一边;
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed one of the most fundamental responses our body has to an infection. 在那小小的芯片里,你刚刚目睹了 当我们的身体受到感染时做出的 一种最基本的反应。
witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response . 这就是我们身体回应的方式 — — 免疫反应。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答);
It's pretty exciting. 这是很令人兴奋的。
Now I want to share this picture with you, not just because it's so beautiful, but because it tells us an enormous amount of information about what the cells are doing within the chips. 现在我想跟你们分享这张照片, 不只是因为它特别美丽, 而是因为它告诉了我们大量的 关于细胞在芯片中活动的信息。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
It tells us that these cells from the small airways in our lungs, actually have these hairlike structures that you would expect to see in the lung. 它告诉我们,这些 从我们的肺气道里提取的细胞 其实有一些绒毛般的结构 就像人们常常在肺里看到绒毛一样。
airways:n.航空公司;广播频道; hairlike:adj.毛发似的;细微的;细长的;
These structures are called cilia , and they actually move the mucus out of the lung. 这些结构被称为纤毛, 它们的作用是将肺里的痰清除出来。
cilia:n.纤毛;睫毛; mucus:n.粘液;黏液;
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck . 是这样的。痰。恶心。
Yuck:难吃;讨厌;恶心
But mucus is actually very important. 但痰其实是非常重要的。
Mucus traps particulates , viruses, potential allergens , and these little cilia move and clear the mucus out. 痰液捕获大气尘、 病毒、 潜在过敏原, 这些小纤毛移动 并将痰液清除。
traps:n.陷阱,捕捉器; v.使落入险境; (trap的第三人称单数和复数) particulates:n.微粒;大气尘;微粒物质;空气中微小颗粒(particulate的复数形式); potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; allergens:n.[医]过敏原(allergen的复数);过敏素;致敏原;
When they get damaged, say, by cigarette smoke for example, they don't work properly, and they can't clear that mucus out. 当纤毛被损坏时,比如说 被香烟烟雾损坏时, 它们就停止正常工作,也不能清除痰液。
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis . 就会导致支气管炎等疾病。
bronchitis:n.[内科]支气管炎;
Cilia and the clearance of mucus are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis . 纤毛和痰液清除 也会与可怕的疾病有关,比如囊胞性纤维症。
clearance:n.清除;空隙; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) cystic fibrosis:n.囊性纤维化;
But now, with the functionality that we get in these chips, we can begin to look for potential new treatments . 但现在,通过使用这些芯片的功能, 我们可以开始探索 潜在的新疗法。
treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip. 我们并没有止步于芯片上的肺细胞。
We have a gut on a chip. 我们有肠细胞芯片。
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
You can see one right here. 大家可以看到我这里就有一个。
And we've put intestinal human cells in a gut on a chip, and they're under constant peristaltic motion, this trickling flow through the cells, and we can mimic many of the functions that you actually would expect to see in the human intestine . 我们已经把人类肠道中的细胞 放在在芯片上, 它们生活在不断的肠道蠕动下 有条滴流通过肠细胞, 我们可以模仿许多 大家能想到的 在发生在人体肠道内的身体功能。
intestinal:adj.肠的; peristaltic:adj.蠕动的; trickling:n.油画底色含油太多而成泡沫状突起;v.流出;使滴下(trickle的ing形式); intestine:adj.内部的;国内的;n.肠;
Now we can begin to create models of diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome . 现在我们可以开始创建疾病的模型 如肠易激综合症。
irritable bowel syndrome:n.肠易激综合征;
This is a disease that affects a large number of individuals . 这是一种疾病, 影响许多病患。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
It's really debilitating , and there aren't really many good treatments for it. 此病会使人衰弱, 确实还没有很多好的治疗方法。
debilitating:adj.使衰弱的;v.使虚弱(debilitate的ing形式);
Now we have a whole pipeline of different organ chips that we are currently working on in our labs . 现在,我们研发出了一整套 不同器官的芯片, 用在实验室中对该疾病进行研究。
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数)
Now, the true power of this technology , however, really comes from the fact that we can fluidically link them. 这项技术的真正力量 是从这一事实衍生而来: 我们可以将细胞通过液体连接起来。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
There's fluid flowing across these cells, so we can begin to interconnect multiple different chips together to form what we call a virtual human on a chip. 有流体流过这些细胞, 然后我们可以开始互连 多个不同芯片 以形成我们称之为虚拟的芯片人体。
interconnect:vt.使互相连接;vi.互相联系; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认);
Now we're really getting excited. 现在我们真的很兴奋。
We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips, but what our goal is is to be able to recreate sufficient functionality so that we can make better predictions of what's going to happen in humans. 我们并不会建造一个芯片人体, 我们的目标是要能够重新创建 足够的细胞功能 使我们能够更好的预测 人体反应。
sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式);
For example, now we can begin to explore what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug. 例如,现在我们可以开始探索 当我们使用气雾剂药物时,身体将如何反应。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: aerosol:n.[物化]气溶胶;气雾剂;喷雾器;浮质;adj.喷雾的;喷雾器的;
Those of you like me who have asthma , when you take your inhaler , we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs, how it enters the body, how it might affect, say, your heart. 那些像我一样有哮喘的人,使用吸入器时 我们可以研究药物如何进入肺细胞, 如何进入人体, 如何影响,比如说,心脏。
asthma:n.[内科][中医]哮喘,气喘; inhaler:n.[临床]吸入器;空气过滤器;吸入者;
Does it change the beating of your heart? 它会改变心脏的跳动吗？
Does it have a toxicity ? 有没有毒性吗？
toxicity:n.[毒物]毒性;
Does it get cleared by the liver ? 会被肝脏清除吗？
liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝;
Is it metabolized in the liver? 它是通过肝脏代谢吗？
metabolized:vt.使新陈代谢;使变形;vi.新陈代谢;
Is it excreted in your kidneys ? 它是通过肾脏排泄吗？
excreted:adj.排泄出的;分泌出的;v.排泄;分泌(excrete的过去式和过去分词); kidneys:n.[解剖]肾脏;转炉的附着物;肾形矿脉(kidney的复数);
We can begin to study the dynamic response of the body to a drug. 我们可以开始研究 药物对身体的动态反应。
This could really revolutionize and be a game changer for not only the pharmaceutical industry, but a whole host of different industries, including the cosmetics industry. 这是一项创举, 并将改变游戏规则, 不管是制药业, 还是其他不同的许多行业, 包括化妆品行业。
revolutionize:vt.发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命;vi.革命化;从事革命; changer:n.转换开关装置;改变者(change的名词形式); pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物; cosmetics:n.[化工]化妆品(cosmetic的复数); v.用化妆品打扮(cosmetic的三单形式);
We can potentially use the skin on a chip that we're currently developing in the lab to test whether the ingredients in those products that you're using are actually safe to put on your skin without the need for animal testing. 我们可能会使用皮肤细胞芯片, 我们目前正在实验室中开发, 并测试您使用的化妆品中的成分 是不是对皮肤安全, 而无需动物试验。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数)
We could test the safety of chemicals that we are exposed to on a daily basis in our environment, such as chemicals in regular household cleaners. 我们可以测试我们接触到的 化学品的安全, 比如基于我们的日常生活环境的, 在普通家用清洁剂中使用的化学品。
chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数) exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的;
We could also use the organs on chips for applications in bioterrorism or radiation exposure . 我们也可将芯片器官 应用在生物反恐中 或测试辐射暴露上。
organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); bioterrorism:n.生物恐怖主义; radiation:n.辐射;放射线;放射疗法; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
We could use them to learn more about diseases such as ebola or other deadly diseases such as SARS. 我们可以用它们来了解更多关于 疾病的特点,比如埃博拉病毒, 或其他致命的疾病,如非典型肺炎(SARS)。
ebola:n.埃博拉病毒; deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地;
Organs on chips could also change the way we do clinical trials in the future. 芯片器官也可以改变 我们在未来做临床试验的方式。
Right now, the average participant in a clinical trial is that: average. 现在,一般参与 临床试验的被测者都是平均值。
participant:adj.参与的;有关系的;n.参与者;关系者;
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female . 往往是中年人,往往是女性。
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
You won't find many clinical trials in which children are involved, yet every day, we give children medications , and the only safety data we have on that drug is one that we obtained from adults. 临床试验并不多, 特别是涉及到儿童, 然而日常生活中,我们给孩子用药, 使用药物的安全数据 却是从测试成年人时取得的。
medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) obtained:v.获得(obtain的过去分词);
Children are not adults. 儿童不同于成人。
They may not respond in the same way adults do. 儿童对药物的反应也可能与成人不同。
There are other things like genetic differences in populations that may lead to at-risk populations that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction . 还有其他的影响因素,像不同人群间的 遗传差异 遗传差异 承受药物不良反应的风险。
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; at-risk:adj.处于危险中的; adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely); reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations, put them on chips, and create populations on a chip. 现在想象一下, 我们是否可以从不同人群中提取细胞 把它们放上芯片, 并在芯片上创建这些人群。
This could really change the way we do clinical trials. 这真的可以改变 我们做临床试验的方式。
And this is the team and the people that are doing this. 这正是我们团队和成员正在做的事。
We have engineers, we have cell biologists , we have clinicians , all working together. 我们中有工程师,有细胞生物学家, 有临床医生在一起工作。
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); clinicians:临床医生(clinician的名词复数);
We're really seeing something quite incredible at the Wyss Institute. 在 VIS 研究所我们确实观察到了 一些很不可思议的东西。
It's really a convergence of disciplines , where biology is influencing the way we design, the way we engineer, the way we build. 这真是一门综合学科, 生物学正在影响我们设计的方式, 策划的方式,和建造的方式。
convergence:n.[数]收敛;会聚,集合; disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导; influencing:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右(influence的现在分词)
It's pretty exciting. 这很令人兴奋。
We're establishing important industry collaborations such as the one we have with a company that has expertise in large-scale digital manufacturing. 我们要建立重要的产业合作 比如我们已与一家熟知 大型数字化制造的公司合作。
establishing:v.建立;创立;设立;使稳固;(establish的现在分词) collaborations:n.协作(collaboration的复数); expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见; large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
They're going to help us make, instead of one of these, millions of these chips, so that we can get them into the hands of as many researchers as possible. 他们会帮助我们制造, 不是一枚, 而是数以百万计的芯片, 这样,我们可以让尽可能多的研究人员 使用这些芯片。
And this is key to the potential of that technology. 这是该技术至关重要的潜能。
Now let me show you our instrument . 现在让我给大家看看我们的仪器。
instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械;
This is an instrument that our engineers are actually prototyping right now in the lab, and this instrument is going to give us the engineering controls that we're going to require in order to link 10 or more organ chips together. 这是一台我们的工程师 正在实验室中建造的样机, 这台仪器能使我们 工程控制需要实现的功能, 那就是将 10 个或更多器官芯片连接在一起。
prototyping:n.[计]样机研究;原型设计; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
It does something else that's very important. 这台机器做的事情是非常重要的。
It creates an easy user interface . 它将创建一个简单的用户界面。
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接;
So a cell biologist like me can come in, take a chip, put it in a cartridge like the prototype you see there, put the cartridge into the machine just like you would a C.D., and away you go. 所以像我这样的细胞生物学家可以来 拿起一块芯片,把它放在盒子里 像你看到的原型一样 将盒子放入机器里, 这就像你放 C.D.一样 然后就好了。
cartridge:弹药筒,打印机的(墨盒);[摄]暗盒;笔芯;一卷软片; prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态;
Plug and play . Easy. 即插即用。很容易。
Plug and play:n.一种不必经由用户复杂安装即可使用的软件,即插即用;
Now, let's imagine a little bit what the future might look like if I could take your stem cells and put them on a chip, or your stem cells and put them on a chip. 现在,让我们想象一下 未来可能会是什么样子 未来可能会是什么样子 放在芯片上, 或者把你的干细胞,放在一个芯片上。
stem:n.花草的茎或梗;高脚酒杯的脚;烟斗柄;词干;v.阻止;封堵;遏止;
It would be a personalized chip just for you. 它将只为你一个人创造一枚个性化的芯片。
personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
Now all of us in here are individuals, and those individual differences mean that we could react very differently and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs. 今天在座的各位都是单独个体, 而那些个体差异意味着 我们对药物的反应方式有可能非常不同, 有时甚至无法预知身体反应的方式。
unpredictable:adj.不可预知的;不定的;出乎意料的;n.不可预言的事;
I myself, a couple of years back, had a really bad headache, just couldn't shake it, thought, "Well, I'll try something different." 就我自己来说,过去有两年,头痛得真的很厉害, 完全不能摆脱它,我当时想, 嗯,我要试点不同的药方 ,
I took some Advil . Fifteen minutes later, 我吃了几片雅维。十五分钟后,
Advil:n.艾德维尔(一种药品布洛芬品牌);
I was on my way to the emergency room with a full-blown asthma attack. 我就在去急救室的路上了, 哮喘全面发作。
emergency room:n.急诊室; full-blown:adj.成熟的;(花)盛开的;(帆等)张满的;
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal , but unfortunately , some of these adverse drug reactions can be fatal. 现在,当然没有致命, 但不幸的是,有些 药品的不良反应确是致命的。
fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的; unfortunately:adv.不幸地; reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数)
So how do we prevent them? 所以我们如何防范呢？
Well, we could imagine one day having Geraldine on a chip, having Danielle on a chip, having you on a chip. 嗯,我们可以想象一下有一天 在芯片上,载有杰拉尔丁细胞 在芯片上,载有丹妮细胞 有你的细胞在芯片上。
Personalized medicine. Thank you. 个体化用药。谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）