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GeorgetteMulheir_2012S-_孤儿院的悲剧_
Across Europe and Central Asia, approximately one million children live in large residential institutions , usually known as orphanages . 在欧洲及亚洲中部 大约有一百万的孩子住在大型的 住宿机构,也就是通常说的孤儿院
approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) orphanages:n.孤儿院;(orphanage的复数)
Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment that care for children. 在很多人的想象中,孤儿院是是一个拥有良好的环境 在照顾孩子们的地方
benign:adj.良性的;和蔼的,亲切的;吉利的;
Others know more about the living conditions there, but still think they're a necessary evil . 而另一些人更了解哪儿住宿环境的人, 认为那是一个十分邪恶的地方,但是不可缺少。
necessary evil:必要之恶;必要的恶;罪恶之源;
After all, where else would we put all of those children who don't have any parents? 毕竟,还有哪个地方我们能接纳许许多多的孩子, 却连一个家长都没有呢？
But 60 years of research has demonstrated that separating children from their families and placing them in large institutions seriously harms their health and development, and this is particularly true for young babies. 但是60年来的调查已经表明 把孩子从他们的家庭中分离 并将他们送到大型机构 会严重的损害孩子们的健康及成长, 尤其是对那些小婴儿。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
As we know, babies are born without their full muscle development, and that includes the brain. 众所周知,孩子们刚刚出生的时候 肌肉还没有完全成长, 大脑也没有发育成熟。
muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
During the first three years of life, the brain grows to its full size, with most of that growth taking place in the first six months. The brain develops in response to experience and to stimulation . 在刚出生的三年里,大脑逐渐成长 直到成熟,而其中的大部分成长发生在 刚出生的六个月。大脑逐渐的成长 并开始对各种经验及刺激产生反应。
in response to:响应;回答;对…有反应; stimulation:n.刺激;激励,鼓舞;
Every time a young baby learns something new -- to focus its eyes, to mimic a movement or a facial expression , to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up -- new synaptic connections are being built in the brain. 每当孩子们学到一些新的东西—— 用眼睛关注它, 去模仿一个动作或者一个表情, 起捡起某些东西,说话或是坐起—— 大脑中就建立起了新的突触连接。
mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; facial:adj.面部的,表面的;脸的,面部用的;n.美容,美颜;脸部按摩; expression:n.表现,表示,表达; synaptic:adj.突触的;(染色体)联合的;
New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning. 新生儿的父母对孩子们快速的学习感到震惊。
astonished:adj.吃惊的; rapidity:n.迅速,急速;速度;险峻;
They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness . 他们对孩子们的聪明感到惊奇而愉悦。
rightly:adv.正确地;恰当地;公正地;合适地; delighted:adj.高兴的; v.使高兴; (delight的过去分词和过去式) cleverness:n.聪明;机灵;
They communicate their delight to their children, who respond with smiles, and a desire to achieve more and to learn more. 他们将自己的快乐传递给孩子们, 而孩子们则回报一微笑, 并且产生一种想要学会更多更多的渴望。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent provides the building blocks for physical , social, language, cognitive and psychomotor development. 这种父母子女之间的建立起的强大的联系 为身体的,社会的,语言的,认知的以及精神的成长 添砖加瓦。
attachment:n.附件;依恋;连接物;扣押财产; building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; psychomotor:adj.精神运动的;
It is the model for all future relationships with friends, with partners and with their own children. 也为未来的朋友关系,伙伴关系以及与他们自己的孩子 之间的关系建立的模型。
It happens so naturally in most families that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware of its importance to human development and, by extension , to the development of a healthy society. 这在许多的家庭中自然的发生 我们甚至都不会注意这些。我们中的许多人并没有意识到 这对人的成长,或者放大来说, 对于一个健康的社会的发展是多么的重要。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; unaware:adj.不知道的,无意的;未察觉到的;adv.意外地;不知不觉地; extension:n.延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机;
And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize the importance of families to children. 只有当这些走上歧途时,我们才会发现 家庭对于孩子们的重要性。
In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness on a massive scale the impact on children of institutionalization and the absence of parenting. 在1993年的秋天,我有了第一个机会在较大尺度上亲眼目睹了 父母的缺失以及制度化 对于孩子们的影响。
witness:n.证人;目击者;证据;v.目击;证明;为…作证; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; institutionalization:n.制度化;体制化; absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意;
Those of us who remember the newspaper reports that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions. 我们中或许还有人记得一则新闻 关于1989年革命之后的罗马尼亚 能想起一些关于这些机构的可怕情况。
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; recall:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;n.记忆力;记性;回归请求;回收令; horrors:n.震惊;恐惧;厌恶;;令人厌恶的性质;(horror的复数)
I was asked to help the director of a large institution to help prevent the separation of children from their families. 我被要求去帮助一个大型机构的主任 去帮助阻止孩子们离开他们的家庭。
separation:n.分离;分开;分割;隔离;
Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage, and so I'd been told the conditions were much better. 容纳了550个婴儿,那是Ceausescu的展示孤儿院, 因而我被告诉了说条件比其他的要好多了。
Having worked with lots of young children, I expected the institution to be a riot of noise, but it was as silent as a convent . 和许多的小孩一起工作,我猜想 机构里一定十分的嘈杂, 但实际上那里和修道院一样安静。
riot:n.骚乱;暴乱;丰富多彩;品种繁多;v.发生骚乱;闹事; convent:n.女修道院;
It was hard to believe there were any children there at all, yet the director showed me into room after room, each containing row upon row of cots, in each of which lay a child staring into space. 很难相信哪儿有孩子, 主任带着我一间一间房间参观, 每间房间有成列的小床, 每张床上躺着一个望着天的小孩。
staring:adj.凝视的,目不转睛的;显眼的;v.凝视;盯着看;显眼;(stare的现在分词)
In a room of 40 newborns , not one of them was crying. 在一间有40个新生儿的房间里,没有孩子在哭。
newborns:新生儿;
Yet I could see soiled nappies , and I could see that some of the children were distressed , but the only noise was a low, continuous moan . 我可以看见脏了的尿布,我可以看见 有些孩子的痛苦, 但唯一的噪音是一种低沉的,持续不断的呻吟。
nappies:尿布(nappy的复数); distressed:adj.烦恼的; v.使忧虑; (distress的过去分词和过去式) continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的; moan:v.呻吟;抱怨;呼啸;n.呻吟声;抱怨;呼啸声;
The head nurse told me proudly , "You see, our children are very well-behaved ." 护士长十分骄傲的告诉我, “你看,我们的孩子们表现的非常好。”
proudly:傲慢地 well-behaved:adj.很乖的;行为端正的;彬彬有礼的;
Over the next few days, I began to realize that this quietness was not exceptional . 在接下来的几天里,我开始认识到 这种安静并不是例外的。
quietness:n.平静,安静; exceptional:adj.异常的,例外的;n.超常的学生;
The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours, but their demands were not met, and so eventually they learned not to bother . Within a few days, 新来的孩子在最初的几个小时里也会哭泣, 但是他们的需求仍然没有达到,所以 他们最终学会不在多此一举。在几天的时间里,
eventually:adv.最后,终于; bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼;
they were listless , lethargic , and staring into space like all the others. 他们无精打采,毫无生气,对着天空发呆 就想其他的孩子一样。
listless:adj.倦怠的;无精打采的;百无聊赖的; lethargic:adj.昏睡的;无生气的;
Over the years, many people and news reports have blamed the personnel in the institutions for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children. 一年又一年,许多的人和新闻 都指责机构里的工作人员 认为他们对孩子造成伤害,但是通常,一个 工作人员需要照顾10,20甚至40个孩子。
personnel:n.人事部门;全体人员;adj.人员的;有关人事的;
Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program. 因此他们别无选择只能采用这种制度化的管理方式。
Hence:adv.因此;今后; option:n.选择;可选择的东西; implement:v.实施;执行;贯彻;使生效;n.工具; regimented:adj.受管制的;v.编成团;管制(regiment的过去式和过去分词);
The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30. 孩子们必须7点起床,7:30喂食,
At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children. 8点,他们需要换尿布,因此,每个工作人员 可能只有30分钟去喂10到20个孩子。
If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait several hours before it can be changed again. 如果孩子在8:30弄脏了他的尿布,他必须等上 好几个小时才能再次换尿布。
nappy:n.尿布;adj.起毛的;
The child's daily contact with another human being is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing, and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling, the walls or the bars of their cots. 孩子每天与其他人接触的时间限制在了 匆忙的几分钟的喂食及换尿布, 其他时间,他们唯一的刺激对象是天花板, 墙面或是他们小床的栅栏。
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution, 自从我第一次去Ceausescu的机构,
I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries, from the Czech Republic to Sudan. 我见过18个国家成百上千的地方, 从捷克共和国到苏丹。
Czech:adj.捷克的,捷克人的,捷克语的;n.捷克人;捷克语;
Across all of these diverse lands and cultures, the institutions, and the child's journey through them, is depressingly similar. 穿过这些不同的土地及文化, 孤儿院,以及孩子们在其中的经历, 是令人绝望的相似。
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; depressingly:adv.郁闷地;抑压地;
Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth , or aggression , and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs 缺乏刺激通常会导致一种自我刺激的行为 像是拍手,前后摇晃, 或是具有侵略性,在某些机构里,精神药物
back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的; aggression:n.侵略;侵犯;攻击性;好斗情绪; psychiatric:adj.精神病学的;精神病治疗的;
are used to control the behavior of these children, whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them from harming themselves or others. 用来控制这些孩子们的行为, 同时,孩子们被绑起来从而防止他们 伤害自己或他人。
whilst:conj.同时;时时,有时;当…的时候;
These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities. 这些孩子很快就被冠以残疾 并且被送到一些为残疾孩子们设立的机构去。
labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式) disabilities:n.残疾(disability的复数);身心障碍者; transferred:v.(使)转移,搬迁;(使)调动;(transfer的过去分词和过去式)
Most of these children will never leave the institution again. 其中大部分的孩子将永远不会再厉害这些机构。
For those without disabilities, at age three, they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven, to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender , 对于那些没有残疾的孩子,在3岁的时候, 他们被送到了其他的机构,在7岁时, 又送去另外一个。根据年龄和性别被隔离,
Segregated:adj.被隔离的;v.隔离(segregate的过去式);分离; according to:根据,据说; gender:n.性别;
they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings , often without even a chance to say goodbye. 他们被专横的从他们的兄弟姐妹身边分离, 甚至常常连说再见的机会都没有。
arbitrarily:adv.武断地;反复无常地;专横地; siblings:n.兄;弟;姐;妹;(sibling的复数)
There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry. 他们很少能吃饱。他们常常感到饥饿。
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
The older children bully the little ones. They learn to survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under. 年长的孩子们欺负年幼的孩子们。他们学着 生存。他们学着保护他们自己,或者他们被欺压。
bully:vt.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;n.仗势欺人者;adj.快活的;盛气凌人的;
When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult to cope and to integrate into society. 当他们离开这些机构的时候,他们会发现 融入社会十分困难。
cope:v.处理;n.大圆衣; integrate:v.成为一体;(使)加入;adj.完全的;
In Moldova, young women raised in institutions are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers , and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions, 在摩尔多瓦,在这些机构里长大的年轻女人 比他们的同龄人更容易被拐卖, 而一项俄罗斯的研究发现,离开机构两年后,
peers:n.平辈,同事(peer的复数);v.凝视;比得上(peer的三单形式);
young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record, 14 percent were involved in prostitution , and 10 percent had taken their own lives. 20%的年轻人拥有犯罪记录, 14%参与卖淫, 而10%选择了自杀。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) prostitution:n.卖淫;滥用;出卖灵魂;
But why are there so many orphans in Europe when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years? 但是为什么近些年在没有大型的战争及灾难的情况下 欧洲仍然有众多的孤儿院？
orphans:n.孤儿(orphan的复数);v.成为孤儿(orphan的三单形式); a great deal of:大量; disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents, and societies tend to blame these parents for abandoning these children, but research shows that 实际上,95%的孩子们父母仍然活着, 社会倾向于批判这些父母 抛弃了他们的孩子,但是调查显示
abandoning:v.放弃;屈服;(abandon的现在分词)
most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers behind institutionalization are poverty , disability and ethnicity . 大多数父母想要他们的孩子,而驱使这些机构化 背后的原因 是贫穷,残疾和种族划分。
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件; ethnicity:n.种族划分;
Many countries have not developed inclusive schools, and so even children with a very mild disability are sent away to a residential special school , at age six or seven. 很多国家并没有发展全纳性学校, 所以即使是只有十分轻微的残疾的孩子 仍然被送到了特殊学校, 在6或7岁的时候。
inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的; mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒; special school:n.特殊学校(为有身体障碍或学习障碍的儿童设立);
The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home. 这些机构或许离他们的家乡上百公里。
If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit, and gradually the relationship breaks down. 如果家庭贫穷,他们就会发现探视是十分困难的, 然后渐渐的联系就断掉了。
gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地;
Behind each of the million children in institutions, there is usually a story of parents who are desperate and feel they've run out of options , like Natalia in Moldova, who only had enough money to feed her baby, 在这些机构上百万孩子每一个的背后, 通常都有一对绝望的家长, 他们感到别无选择,就想摩尔多瓦的娜塔莉娅, 她的钱之后喂养她的婴儿,
desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; run out of:用完; options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
and so had to send her older son to the institution; or Desi , in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children at home until her husband died, but then she had to go out to work full time , and with no support, felt she had no option 因此她必须将她较年长的孩子送到这些机构去; 或是Desi,在保加利亚,她在家照顾她的四个孩子 直到她的丈夫去世, 但是之后,她必须外出做一份全职工作, 并且没有任何的支持,因此她感到别无选择
Desi:n.(美)指定击球员(等于designatedhitter); full time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的;
but to place a child with disabilities in an institution; or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents they're pregnant , who leave their babies in a hospital; or the new parents, the young couple who have 只能将一个有残疾的孩子送到相关的机构; 或者有无法同的的女孩们十分害怕告诉她们的父母 她们怀孕的消息,只能将孩子留在医院, 或者一些新生儿的父母,年轻的夫妇发现他们
countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
just found out that their firstborn child has a disability, and instead of being provided with positive messages about their child's potential , are told by the doctors, "Forget her, leave her in the institution, go home and make a healthy one." 第一个孩子还有残疾, 并没有被提供积极的 关于他们孩子潜力的正面信息,而是被医生告诉, “忘了她吧,将她送到相关的机构去, 回家并且再生一个健康的孩子。“
firstborn:n.长子;初生儿;长女;adj.头生的;第一胎生的; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable . 这些状况并非必要或是不可避免的。
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的;
Every child has the right to a family, deserves and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient . 每一个孩子都有权利去到一个家庭,值得 并且需要一个家庭,而且孩子们是非常有恢复力的。
deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数) resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving families early on, they recover their developmental delays, and go on to lead normal, happy lives. 我们发现如果我们较早的将他们从机构中带出 并且送到一个充满爱的家庭,他们将从他们的延迟成长中恢复, 并且拥有一个普通的,快乐的人生。
developmental:adj.发展的;启发的;
It's also much cheaper to provide support to families than it is to provide institutions. 而且,为家庭提供支持要比为机构提供支持 便宜得多。
One study suggests that a family support service costs 10 percent of an institutional placement, whilst good quality foster care costs usually about 30 percent. 一个调查标兵一个家庭支持服务的话费 是机构的10%, 同时高品质的培养 通常只会花到30%。
foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的;
If we spend less on these children but on the right services, we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs. 如果我们在这些孩子身上少花钱而把钱花在正确的服务商, 我们将能够拯救并对拥有复杂需要的孩子们 进行高品质的再投资。
savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) reinvest:vt.再投资于;再授给;vi.再投资; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus and transfer the resources from large institutions that provide poor quality care to community-based services 整个欧洲,一个运动正在发展并且将 提供较差服务大型机构的资源转移到 社区性质的保护
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); community-based:adj.社区的;以社区为基础的;
that protect children from harm and allow them to develop to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living in institutions, and more entering every day. 并且让孩子们充分发挥自己天赋的服务中, 当在20年前我开始在罗马利亚工作时, 那是约有200,000的孩子住在这些机构, 每天都有更多的孩子进来。
Now, there are less than 10,000, and family support services are provided across the country. 现在,则少于10,000,并且 家庭支持服务在全国范围内开展。
In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects of the global financial crisis , the numbers of children in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent 在摩尔多瓦,尽管极度的贫穷和可怕的 全球经融危机造成影响,机构中的孩子仍然 在过去的5年里减少了超过50%
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
in the last five years, and the resources are being redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools. 而且资源被重新分配 给了家庭支持服务和全纳性学校。
redistributed:vt.重新分配;再区分;
Many countries have developed national action plans for change. 很多国家正在发展国家性的行为来进行改变。
The European Commission and other major donors are finding ways to divert money from institutions towards family support, empowering communities to look after their own children. 欧盟委员会和其他主要的捐助者 正在寻找方法更多的将钱从机构 转向家庭支持,增强社区能力 来照顾他们自己的孩子。
European Commission:n.欧盟委员会; donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主; divert:v.使转向;使绕道;转移;使分心;娱乐; empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词) communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
But there is still much to be done to end the systematic institutionalization of children. 但是仍然有许许多多的事需要去做来终结 对孩子们系统化制度化的管理。
systematic:adj.系统的;体系的;有系统的;[图情]分类的;一贯的,惯常的;
Awareness-raising is required at every level of society. 认知的提升需要社会的每一个阶层。
Awareness-raising:意识提升;
People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children, and the better alternatives that exist. 人们需要知道机构对孩子们产生的伤害, 并且现在存在更好的选择。
alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
If we know people who are planning to support orphanages, we should convince them to support family services instead. 如果我们知道有谁计划支持孤儿院, 我们需要劝说他们转而去支持家庭服务。
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
Together, this is the one form of child abuse that we could eradicate in our lifetime. 行动起来,这是一种我们可以在有生之年 消除的对孩子的虐待。
child abuse:n.摧残儿童;虐待儿童; eradicate:vt.根除,根绝;消灭;
Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢。（鼓掌）
(Applause) （鼓掌）