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GeorgeWhitesides_2009X-_邮票大小的实验室_
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The problem that I want to talk with you about is really the problem of how does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything. |
今天我想和大家一同探讨的问题是 具有现实意义的 即人们如何获得基本的医疗保障 我们都知道,现在是一个成本至上的社会 |
healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健;
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How do you do that? |
对于此我们应如何取舍? |
And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you, |
首先,我们来讨论这样一种情况 |
paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表;
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I want to suggest to you is, one in which you say that in order to treat disease you have to first know what you're treating -- that's diagnostics -- and then you have to do something. |
这个情况是这样的 如果我们想要治疗某种疾病 我们必须先弄清楚这是什么样的一种病 只有通过诊断,我们才能进行相应的治疗。 |
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数);
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So, the program that we're involved in is something which we call diagnostics for all, or zero-cost diagnostics. |
同样,诊断也是我们这个项目的核心问题 这里,称作诊断为先,或零成本诊断。 |
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
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How do you provide medically relevant information at as close as possible to zero cost? How do you do it? |
在座的各位或许会问 如何才能提供零成本的医疗信息? |
medically:adv.医学上地;医药上地; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
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Let me just give you two examples. |
接下来,我就用两个例子予以说明。 |
The rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world , poor resources , a rigorous environment, a series of problems in light weight, and things of this kind. |
其实,艰苦的随军医疗 与第三世界的医疗情况甚是相像 两者都面临,匮乏的医疗资源、艰苦的生存环境 及一系列因营养失衡、体重不足,而引起的问题。 |
rigors:n.严格;寒颤;酷烈(rigor的复数); military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; dissimilar:adj.不同的; third world:n.第三世界; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); rigorous:adj.严格的,严厉的;严密的;严酷的; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
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And also not so different from the home healthcare and diagnostic system world. |
同样,两者在普通医疗保健 和诊断方面也没有太大的区别。 |
So, the technology that I want to talk about is for the third world, for the developing world, but it has, I think, much broader application , because information is so important in the healthcare system. |
其实,今天我们在探讨的这项新技术 是非常适合第三世界与发展中国家的。 当然,就我个人而言,我认为它还有更广泛的应用。 因为准确的疾病诊断信息对疾病的治疗是至关重要的。 |
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用;
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So, you see two examples here. |
来 我们来看看这两张图片 |
One is a lab that is actually a fairly high end laboratory in Africa. |
第一张图片是位于非洲的一家高级实验室 |
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
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The second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who knows what in a table in a market. |
第二张则是一位企业家 他正一个集市里做着一些检验工作。 |
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; entrepreneur:n.企业家;承包人;主办者;
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I don't know what kind of healthcare is delivered there. |
或许这并没有传达任何有关医疗的信息。 |
But it's not really what is probably most efficient . |
但同时这也说明他所作的并不是最有效的。 |
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
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What is our approach ? |
我们这一项目的目标是什么? |
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
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And the way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost, starting from the perspective of the United States, is to take our solution , and then to try to cut cost out of it. |
其实我们最为关注的问题是 如何降低使用成本。 从美国市场的角度来看, 如果我们想要成功推广某一方案 我们就必须要试图去降低它的成本。 |
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
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No matter how you do that you're not going to start with 100,000 dollar instrument and bring it down to no cost. It isn't going to work. |
因为,无论这一方案是多么有效 市场也不可能把10万美元的仪器费用, 降至零。 这是不可能办到的。 |
instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械;
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So, the approach that we took was the other way around. |
所以,我们采用了另外的方法来出奇制胜。 |
To ask, "What is the cheapest possible stuff that you could make a diagnostic system out of, and get useful information, add function?" And what we've chosen is paper. |
有人问 “世界上什么材料最廉价且适用于制造诊断疾病的仪器, 同时能提供有用的信息, 而且能增添功能?“ 对这一问题,我们的答案是纸张。 |
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
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What you see here is a prototypic device . |
现在大家看到的是,用纸做的诊断设备的模型 |
device:n.装置;策略;图案;
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It's about a centimeter on the side. |
它的宽度约为1厘米 |
It's about the size of a fingernail . |
大小与我们的指甲差不多 |
fingernail:n.手指甲;
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The lines around the edges are a polymer . |
纸上的线条来自于 一种聚合物(可与被测物质相互反应,随后产生一系列的物理、化学变化) |
polymer:n.[高分子]聚合物;
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It's made of paper, and paper of course wicks fluid . |
这是纸质的,而纸是有吸附功能的。 |
wicks:n.灯芯;蜡烛芯;(电)电极芯;导火线;(wick的复数) fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体;
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As you know, paper, cloth, drop wine on the table cloth , and the wine wicks all over everything. |
众所周知,纸啊,布料啊,可以吸收液体。 例如,我们不小心把酒洒在了桌布上,那么桌布会一片狼藉。 |
table cloth:n.桌布;
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Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt. |
如果弄到了衬衣上,那么衬衣也被弄脏了。 |
ruins:n.遗迹(ruin的复数形式);废墟;v.毁灭(ruin的三单形式);
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That's what a hydrophilic surface does. |
这些现象都反应了纸张的亲水特性。 |
hydrophilic:adj.[化学]亲水的(等于hydrophilous);n.软性接触透镜吸水隐形眼镜片;
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So, in this device the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it in a drop of, in this case, urine . |
这也是我们仪器的运作原理。 我们在试片的底部,滴入一滴液体 在这个检测中,我们使用的是尿液 |
drip:n.滴落;滴落(的液体);水滴;v.(液体)滴下; urine:n.尿;
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The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top. |
滴入的尿液集中在这个小槽中, |
chambers:n.内庭(chamber的复数);
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The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine. |
左边棕色部分显示尿液中葡萄糖的含量 |
indicates:v.表明指示,显示;(indicate的第三人称单数) glucose:n.葡萄糖;葡糖(等于dextrose);
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The blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine. |
右边蓝色部分则显示尿液中蛋白质的含量 |
protein:n.蛋白质;
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And the combination of those two, is a first order shot at a number of useful things that you want. |
随后将两部分的信息相结合, 我们便获得 初步所需的检测结果 |
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
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So, this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper. |
这就是一个用简单的纸张制成的分析仪的例子 |
Now, how simple can you make the production? |
现在,我们来看看这类仪器是如何制成的? |
Why do we choose paper? |
第一个问题,为什么选择纸质? |
There is an example of the same thing, on a finger showing you basically what it looks like. |
图片中手指上 呈现的也是类似刚才介绍过的分析仪 |
One reason for using paper is that it's everywhere. |
选择用纸质的首要原因是“纸,无处不在” |
We have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper and wraps , and all kinds of stuff. |
我们可以用纸做成 餐巾纸,卫生纸等类似的许多其他纸类物品 还有用纸来包装,等等。 |
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); napkins:n.餐巾;餐巾纸;(napkin的复数) toilet paper:卫生纸,厕纸; wraps:n.外衣; v.包裹;
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So, the production capability is there. |
所以,产能上基本没有限制。 |
capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量;
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The second is, you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place. |
其次是 “小小一片纸能完成许许多多的测试” |
I'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there would probably hold something like 100,000 tests, something of that kind. |
待会,我会给大家讲解一堆纸张如何 可能被用来进行 10万个检验。 |
in a moment:立刻; stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆);
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And then finally , a point that you don't think of so much in developed world medicine, it eliminates sharps . |
最后一个原因,大家往往比较容易忽略 因为在发达国家 我们不太使用针刺的方法来获取检验样本 |
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; eliminates:消除;排除; sharps:n.细孔长幼缝针; v.使变尖利(sharp的第三人称单数形式);
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And what sharps means in needles , things that stick. |
针刺法就是用针,刺穿皮肤获得检验样本,而残余样本会滞留在针里。 |
needles:n.针数,千针本;[印刷]折页顶针(needle复数形式);
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If you've taken a sample of someone's blood and the someone might have hepatitis C, you don't want to make a mistake and stick it in you. |
如果我们抽取了某人的血液样本 而那个人可能携带丙肝病毒的血液样本 在检测后,样本是不可以随便遗弃的? |
hepatitis:n.肝炎;
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It just, you don't want to do that. |
这时,我们就会考虑, |
So, how do you dispose of that? It's a problem everywhere. |
怎样才能安全有效的清理这些医疗垃圾? |
dispose:v.布置;安排;排列;使倾向于;
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And here you simply burn it. |
最为简单的方法就是焚烧 |
So, it's a sort of a practical approach to starting on things. |
所以,纸质的检测仪确实是一种实用的方法 来采用 |
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
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Now, you say, if paper is a good idea, other people have surely though of it. |
好了 现在 在座的各位都应该认同 |
And the answer is, of course, yes. |
纸是非常好用的一种材料,对。 |
Those half of you, roughly , who are women, at some point may have had a pregnancy test. |
这里的各位 粗粗看来,一半都是女性 相信大家,可能都经历过验孕测试。 |
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长;
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And the most common of these is in a device that looks like the thing on the left. |
大多数的验孕仪, 就像是左边图片中的那样 |
It's something called a lateral flow immunoassay. |
学术上,我们称之为横向流动免疫测定仪。 |
lateral:adj.侧面的,横向的;n.侧部;[语]边音;vt.横向传球;
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And in that particular test urine, either containing a hormone called HCG does or does not flow across a piece of paper. |
在这一检测中 我们让 可能含有HCG(绒毛膜促性腺激素,荷尔蒙的一种)的尿液 渗透一张试纸来进行检测 |
hormone:n.[生理]激素,荷尔蒙;
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And there are two bars. One bar indicates that the test is working. |
试纸上有两条线 |
And if the second bar shows up, you're pregnant . |
一条是用来显示试纸是否起作用的,另一条是用来检测是否怀孕的。 |
pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
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This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world. |
这对于新时代而言,这是一项非常赞的发明。 |
terrific:adj.极好的;极其的,非常的;可怕的; binary:adj.[数]二进制的;二元的,二态的;
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And the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant or you're not pregnant. |
有关怀孕更重要的是 你只能是怀孕了或是没有怀孕 |
You're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant or something of that sort. |
你不可能是不完全的怀孕了,或是正想着而变怀孕了, 或者是其它一些中间状态。 |
partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地;
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So, it works very well there. |
对于上述的问题,验孕试纸能给我们很好的回答 |
But it doesn't work very well when you need more quantitative information. |
但却无法给予更多的量化的信息 |
quantitative:adj.定量的;量的,数量的;
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There are also dipsticks . |
图片中的这些,同样也是试纸。 |
dipsticks:n.量油尺;量油计;
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But if you look at the dipsticks, they're for another kind of urine analysis . |
但,这里的尿样检测 却有了其他的意义 |
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
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There are an awful lot of colors and things like that. |
试纸上有许多的颜色, 在不同的情况下,显示不同的结果 |
What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance ? |
在这种复杂的情况下,我们如何办到? |
circumstance:n.环境,情况;事件;境遇;
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So, the approach that we started with, is to ask, is it really practical to make things of this sort? |
所以我们采用的办法就是,问我们自己 如何实现纸质检测的构想? |
And that problem is now, in a purely engineering way, solved. |
其实,这个问题只要用简单的工程方法即可解决 |
purely:adv.完全;仅仅; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
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And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper. |
原材料我们只用到了纸张 |
procedure:n.步骤;手术;(商业、法律或政治上的)程序;
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You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer. |
然后使用一种叫做“蜡膜打印机”的新型打印机 |
wax:n.蜡; v.给…打蜡; adj.蜡制的;
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The wax printer does what looks like printing. |
这种打印机和普通的打印机,在外表几乎没有区别。 |
It is printing. You put that on, you warm it a little bit. |
启动机器,加温蜡盒 |
The wax prints through so it absorbs into the paper. |
蜡油便会渗透到纸张内 |
absorbs:v.吸收;吸引…的注意(absorb的第三人称单数形式);
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And you end up with the device that you want. |
然后,你想要的测试纸就被打印出来了 |
The printers cost 800 bucks now. |
这类打印机,现在的售价大概是每台800美元。 |
bucks:n.元;雄鹿;(buck的复数)
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They'll make, we estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day they'd make about 10 million tests a year. |
我估算了一下,如果开足马力,连续工作24小时。 那么,打印后的蜡纸可供一千万的试验用量 |
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本;
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So, it's a solved problem. That particular problem is solved. |
所以,这个测试纸的构想很好的实现了 |
And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see. |
这里我有一个具体的实例 |
That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper. |
这是由12张纸组成的,可供8次试验的试纸 |
That takes about two seconds to make. |
仅用2秒钟制成 |
And so I regard that as done. |
十分的迅速 |
There is a very important issue here, which is that because it's a printer, a color printer, it prints colors. That's what color printers do. |
这里还有一个非常重要的问题, 因为我们用的是彩色打印机 众所周知,彩色打印机可以打印出不同的颜色。 |
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
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I'll show you in a moment, that's actually quite useful. |
待会,我再说明这个的具体用处。 |
Now, the next question that you would like to ask is what would you like to measure? What would you like to analyze ? |
大家可能联想到的第二个问题是, 怎样分析、测算试验结果? |
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse);
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And the thing which you'd most like to analyze, we're a fair distance from. |
解答前,我还要先澄清一个观点 一直以来,大家想要分析的东西。其实,与我们想要获得的信息是有出入的。 |
It's what's called "fever of undiagnosed origin ." |
这类似于“发热确诊原因”的情形 |
undiagnosed:adj.[临床]未确诊的;尚未找出原因的; origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
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Someone comes into the clinic , they have a fever, they feel bad, what do they have? |
当病人来到诊所时,他们感到发烧,感到不适 他们得了什么病呢? |
clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
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Do they have T.B.? Do they have AIDS? |
是肺结核?艾滋? |
Do they have a common cold ? |
还是普通感冒? |
common cold:na.感冒;
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The triage problem. That's a hard problem for reasons that I won't go through. |
这是个很复杂的问题 其他的可能性,在此不做深究 |
triage:n.分类;伤员验伤分类;
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There are an awful lot of things that you'd like to distinguish among. |
因为实在是有太多的可能性了 |
distinguish:vt.区分;辨别;使杰出,使表现突出;vi.区别,区分;辨别;
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But then there are a series of things, |
但这些病因 |
AIDS, hepatitis, malaria , |
如艾滋、肝炎、疟疾 |
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气;
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TB, others. |
肺结核,等等 |
And simpler ones such as guidance of treatment . |
还有包括一些简单的因素,譬如疗程指导。 |
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
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Now even that is more complicated than you think. |
还个因素比我们想象的要更复杂。 |
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
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A friend of mine works in trans-cultural psychiatry . |
我有一位朋友负责跨文化精神病学的研究。 |
trans-cultural:跨文化; psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法;
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And he is interested in the question of why people do and don't take their meds . |
他对于病人不按时吃药的问题 十分关注 |
meds:n.药物:
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So, Dapsone, or something like that, you have to take it for a while . |
特别是,例如氨苯砜(抗麻风病的一种药物) 及其他需要长期服用的药物 |
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时;
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There is a wonderful story of talking to a villager in India. |
他告诉我,在印度某个村庄流传着一个非常有意思的故事。 |
And saying, "Have you taken your Dapsone?" "Yes." |
某日,医生问:“你是否服用氨苯砜?”病人答:“是” |
'"Have you taken it every day?" "Yes." |
医生问:“你是每天服用么?”病人答:“是” |
'"Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes." |
医生问:“你是否服用治疗了一个月?”病人答:“是” |
What the guy actually meant was that he'd fed a 30 day dose of Dapsone to his dog, that morning. |
大家知道么,其实,那个病人真正的意思是 他在早晨给自家的狗 喂了30天剂量的氨苯砜 |
dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药;
|
(Laughter) |
|
He was telling the truth. Because in a different culture, the dog is a surrogate for you, you know, "today," "this month," "since the rainy season," |
病人说了实话。 因为在不同的文化背景下, 狗是人类的替代物 对话中使用的,“今天”,“这个月”,“雨季前” |
surrogate:n.代理;代表;代用品;adj.替代的;代用的;v.代理;代替;
|
there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding . |
也会引发很多的歧义 |
misunderstanding:n.误解;误会;意见不一;v.误解;误会(misunderstand的现在分词)
|
And so an issue here is to in some cases to figure out how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting , like compliance . |
这个故事 主要告诉我们 对于枯燥、乏味的沟通 我们更需要明确交流双方的信息详情 |
uninteresting:adj.无趣味的,乏味的;令人厌倦的; compliance:n.顺从,服从;承诺;
|
Now, take a look at what a typical test looks like. |
言归正传,我们来看一例典型的测试 |
take a look at:看一看;检查;
|
Prick a finger, you get some blood, about 50 microliters . |
首先,扎破无名指, 获得50微毫升的血液样本 |
Prick:v.刺,戳;刺伤,刺痛;竖起;n.刺,扎;刺痛,刺伤;阴茎;锥;adj.竖起的; microliters:n.微升;
|
That's about all you're going to get. |
这么多的血液就已经足够 |
Because you can't use the usual sort of systems. |
因为,我们无需再使用常规的检测仪器。 |
You can't manipulate it very well, although I'll show something about that in a moment. |
你一般不能很方便的操纵这么少量的样本 但是,等一下我将具体演示我们是怎样办到的。 |
manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改;
|
So, you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations . |
好了,你只要提供一滴血液样本 |
manipulations:n.操作;管理措施;处理;操纵证券市场;变换;(manipulation的复数)
|
You put it on a little device. |
然后将血液擦拭在试纸仪器上 |
The device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through, and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there. |
仪器过滤了血液中的细胞,唯独让血清得以通过 然后,你在试纸层上 观察到了许多的颜色 |
filters:n.过滤器; v.过滤; (filter的第三人称单数和复数) serum:n.血清;浆液;免疫血清;乳清;树液;
|
And the colors indicate disease or normal. |
这些不用的颜色,显示了相应的疾病信息 |
But even that is complicated. |
但是,这些颜色分析起来有些复杂。 |
Because to you, to me, colors might indicate normal. |
似乎,对你我而言,这些颜色看上去都挺正常的。 |
But after all we're all suffering from probably an excess of education. |
同样,(在仪器推广使用前)我们都没有过多的精力 进行一定的使用培训 |
excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的;
|
What you do about something which requires quantitative analysis? |
那么 我们应如何处理需要定量分析的测试呢? |
And so the solution that we and many other people are thinking about there, and at this point there is a dramatic flourish , and out comes the universal solution to everything these days, which is a cell phone. In this particular case, a camera phone. |
我们和其他很多同行 都想到 当今有一种已非常的流行, 而且已变成能几乎解决所有问题的办法, 那就是手机。在我们的这个例子里,是有拍照功能的手机。 |
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; flourish:n.兴旺; vt.夸耀; vi.繁荣,兴旺; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
|
They are everywhere, six billion a month, in India. |
在印度,每月大概有600万的拍照手机用户。 |
And the idea is that what one does, is to take the device. |
所以,这个设想就很容易实现。 一张纸质分析仪 |
You dip it. You develop the color. |
你涂抹上血样,等到出现检测的颜色。 |
You take a picture. The picture goes to a central laboratory. |
然后,拍照上传到中央实验室。 |
You don't have to send out a doctor. |
你不必麻烦医生 |
You send out somebody who can just take the sample. |
你只要找个能采取这些信息的人 |
And in the clinic either a doctor, or ideally a computer in this case, does the analysis. |
然后,在诊所里,一个医生,或一台智能的电脑 来分析采集到的信息。 |
ideally:adv.理想地;观念上地;
|
Turns out to work actually quite well, particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars that indicate how things work. |
这个办法的效果非常好, 特别是当彩色打印机已打印出彩色线条,这些有颜色的线条 能让测试过程一目了然。 |
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
|
So, my view of the health care worker of the future is not a doctor, but an 18 year old, otherwise unemployed who has two things. He has a backpack full of these tests, and a lancet to occasionally take a blood sample, and an AK47. |
因此,我认为未来的医护人员 并不一定是科班出生的医生 只要他年满18周岁,无其他全职工作。 在背包中有充足的试纸仪器; 一把柳叶刀,可用于突发的采血需要; 还有一把AK47 |
health care:n.卫生保健; unemployed:adj.失业的;下岗的;n.(集合词)失业者; lancet:n.[外科]小刀,柳叶刀;尖顶窗;小枪; occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然;
|
And these are the things that get him through his day. |
就能解决所有的工作需要和人生安全的问题。 |
There is another very interesting connection here. |
这里还有个非常有趣的现象 |
And that is that what one wants to do is to pass through useful information over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system. |
那就是 人们如何通过错综复杂的电话系统 传递有用的信息并得到回馈? |
pass through:穿过;经历;经验;遭受; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
|
It turns out there is an enormous amount of information already available on that subject, which is the Mars rover problem. |
图片中的火星漫步者 已经成功的处理这一系列的问题 |
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; Mars:n.火星 rover:n.漫游者; n.(Rover)人名; n.罗孚(汽车品牌);
|
How do you get back an accurate view of the color on Mars, if you have a really terrible bandwidth to do it with? |
如果你没有足够的带宽来进行测量, 如何才能精确的分析在火星上的颜色呢? |
accurate:adj.精确的; bandwidth:n.[电子][物]带宽;[通信]频带宽度;
|
And the answer is not complicated but it's one which I don't want to go through here, other than to say that the communication systems for doing this are really pretty well understood. |
这个问题的答案并不难, 但我不想在这里再说一遍了, 我想用这个例子说明的是,用来解决这一问题的信息系统, 早已存在了。 |
Also, a fact which you may not know, is that the compute capability of this thing is not so different from the compute capability of your desktop computer . |
还有一点,我需要指明的就是 手机的计算功能 不比你平时使用的台式机 差多少。 |
desktop computer:n.台式机;台式电脑;
|
This is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped. |
因为这是一个神奇的装置,它的巨大潜力才刚刚开启。 |
fantastic:奇异的,空想的
|
I don't know whether the idea of one computer, one child makes any sense. Here is the computer of the future. |
我不确定,“一台电脑,一个孩子“的构想是否可以引起下一场大变革, 但我手上拿的这个就像是未来的电脑, |
Because this screen is already there and they're ubiquitous . |
”电脑屏幕“已经在那里了,而且也有众多的使用者 |
ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的;
|
Alright now let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices. |
现在就让我来演示一下这些新仪器 |
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
|
And we'll start by posing a little problem. |
首先 |
posing:v.造成;引起;产生;提问;摆好姿势;(pose的现在分词)
|
What you see here is another centimeter sized device. |
大家看到的是另一个厘米大小的分析仪。 |
And the different colors are different colors of dye . |
不同的颜色由不同的染料着色而成 |
dye:n.染料;染液;v.染;给…染色;
|
And you notice something which might strike you as a little bit interesting, which is the yellow seems to disappear , get through the blue, and then get through the red. |
大家或许已经注意到 一个非常有趣的现象 似乎黄色的线条,在通过红色和蓝色的线段时, 有些消失部分消失了 |
disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在;
|
How does that happen? How do you make something flow through something? |
这是怎么回事?我们是怎么让某种流体通过另一种流体的? |
And, of course the answer is, "You don't." |
答案是:“当然,没有” |
You make it flow under and over. |
我们只是让一种的流体从其他流体的下面或是上面通过而已 |
But now the question is, how do you make it flow under and over in a piece of paper? |
但现在问题是,你如果让一种流体 流过一张纸的上面或是下面呢? |
And the answer is that what you do, and the details are not terribly important here, is to make something more elaborate , you take several different layers of paper, each one containing its own little fluid system, and you separate them by pieces of, literally , double sided carpet tape, the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor. |
具体的答案与细节原因 并不复杂 为了让信息更加精确, 我们使用多张纸 每张纸都有其自己的流体系统, 然后,我们将其从纸上分开, 再用双面胶,将他们粘在一起。 这里用的双面胶就是我们日常用于地毯粘在地板上的那种。 |
elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: carpets:n.地毯;v.用地毯铺;厚厚地铺上;斥责;(carpet的第三人称单数和复数)
|
And the fluid will flow from one layer into the next. |
这样一来,液体便可以从这层流到那层。 |
It distributes itself, flows through further holes, distributes itself. |
它们会沿着自己的轨道流动。 自我分流 |
distributes:vt.分配;散布;分开;把…分类;
|
And what you see at the lower right-hand side there is a sample in which a single sample of blood has been put on the top, |
你们在右下角看到的是 血液简单测试的样本 血液样本从最高处流入, |
right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的;
|
And it has gone through and distributed itself into these 16 holes on the bottom, in a piece of paper, basically it looks like a chip , two pieces of paper thick. |
然后,自上而下从16个小孔中自我分流, 直到试纸的最后一层。 这个纸张分析仪,看起来有些像芯片, 大概有2张纸张的厚度 |
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
|
And in this particular case we were just interested in the replicability of that. |
在这个例子中,我们只对 检测的可重复性感兴趣。 |
But that is, in principle , the way you solve the "fever of unexplained origin" problem. |
当然,这也是,帮助我们解决 “发热本因”的基本原理。 |
in principle:大体上,原则上; unexplained:adj.未经解释的;未经说明的;不清楚的;
|
Because each one of those spots then becomes a test for a particular set of markers of disease. |
因为,这里的每一个点 可以用来测试 某一种疾病特定含有的一系列生物标记。 |
markers:n.(表示方位的)标记,记号;标识;表示;记号笔;(marker的复数)
|
And this will work in due course . |
然后这种检测在适当的时候下就会发生作用。 |
in due course:及时;顺次;及时地;到一定时候;在适当的时候;在适当时;在适当时机;
|
And here is an example of a slightly more complicated device. |
图片中,是另一个相对复杂的检测仪。 |
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
|
There is the chip. |
这是一粒芯片 |
You dip in a corner. The fluid goes into the center. |
你在它的四个角上,沾上检验样本后,这些液体便会流向中央。 |
It distributes itself out into these various wells or holes, and turns color. |
液体会自动分流, 通过不同的小井或小孔,然后发生颜色变化。 |
And all done with paper and carpet tape. |
在这里, 我们只用到了纸张和地毯胶带。 |
So, I think it's as low-cost as we're likely to be able to come up and make things. |
因此,它的成本仍然非常的低。 所以,我们是可以大力推广这一仪器的。 |
low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的;
|
Now, I have one last, two last little stories to tell you, in finishing off this business. |
最后,我还有些信息要与大家分享。 这样有便于构想得更好实现 |
This is one. One of the things that one does occasionally need to do is to separate blood cells from serum. |
第一是 我们必须先将血液细胞与血清分离 |
And the question was, here we do it by taking a sample. |
通常的做法是 先用针刺获得血样 |
We put it in a centrifuge . |
然后,用离心机分离。 |
centrifuge:vt.用离心机分离;使…受离心作用;n.离心机;[机][化工]离心分离机;
|
We spin it, and you get blood cells out. Terrific. |
这样的做法总有些繁琐 |
spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向;
|
What happens if you don't have an electricity , and a centrifuge, and whatever? |
但问题是,当我们没有电力, 没有离心机时,该怎么办呢? |
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
|
And we thought for a while of how you might do this. |
让我们仔细的想一想 |
And the way, in fact, you do it, is what's shown here. |
事实上,大家看,答案就在这里。 |
You get an eggbeater , which is everywhere. And you saw off a blade . |
我们可以找个打蛋机, 这东西到处都有。 然后,我们把里面的刀片去掉, |
eggbeater:n.搅蛋器;打蛋器; blade:n.叶片;刀片,刀锋;剑;
|
And then you take tubing, and you stick it on that. You put the blood in. You spin it. |
然后,你取一只管子, 把改装过的打蛋鸡贴在上面。然后我们把血输入管子,然后旋转 |
Somebody sits there and spins it. |
谁都可以坐着然后慢慢的搅, |
spins:n.[物]旋转; v.[物]旋转(spin的三单形式);
|
It works really really well. |
慢慢的使血清分离。 |
And we said that we did the physics of eggbeaters and self aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing, sent it off to a journal . |
最后,我们声称我们研究了打蛋器的物理 和可自我调正的试管,和其他一些类似的东西, 我们把这些写成稿子发给了一个杂志社 |
aligning:n.校准;v.调整(align的现在分词形式);使成一行; all the rest:其他所有相关信息; journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报;
|
We were very proud of this, particularly the title which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge." |
我们还很自豪的标榜文章的标题 “打蛋器式的血清分离仪” |
(Laughter) |
|
And we sent it off, and by return mail it came back. |
我们把文章寄出去后,却收到拒绝发表的通知。 |
I called up the editor and I said, "What's going on? How is this possible?" |
我打电话给编辑 问道:“怎么回事?这怎么可能?” |
The editor said, with enormous disdain , "I read this. |
编辑带着巨大的藐视回答道: “我已经读了这篇报道。 |
disdain:n.蔑视;vt.鄙弃;
|
And we're not going to publish it, because we only publish science." |
但是我们不会发表的, 因为我们只会发表科学。” |
publish:v.出版;发表;公布;
|
And it's an important issue because it means that we have to, as a society, think about what we value. |
这是一个非常重要的问题。 因为 作为一个社会 我们必须得想想什么是最重要的。 |
And if it's just papers and phys rev letters, we've got a problem. |
如果我们所做的仅仅是在一些物理期刊上发发文章 那么社会就会出现很大的问题。 |
Here is another example of something which is -- |
这里 |
This is a little spectrophotometer. |
还有个关于分光光度计的例子 |
It measures the absorption of light in a sample |
分光光度计是用来测量光度吸收率的一种仪器。 |
absorption:n.吸收;全神贯注,专心致志;
|
The neat thing about this is, you have light source that flickers on and off at about 1,000 hertz . |
这一仪器使用的前提是, 你需要有一个以接近1000赫兹闪动的光源 |
neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的; flickers:n.[电子][光]闪烁(flicker的复数); v.闪动(flicker的第三人称单数); hertz:n.[物]赫兹(频率单位);
|
Another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz. |
和另一个用来检测频率在1000赫兹光波的光源。 |
detects:发现;
|
And so you can run this system in broad daylight . |
然后你即使在白天也可以使用这个仪器 |
in broad daylight:在大白天;光天化日;在光天化日之下;公开地;
|
It performs about equivalently to a system that's in the order of 100,000 dollars. |
但是,它的功能和 造价 大概是10万美元的设备是几乎等同的 |
performs:v.执行;表演;演出;履行(perform的第三人称单数) equivalently:adv.相等地;相当于;
|
It costs 50 dollars. We can probably make it for 50 cents, if we put our mind to it. |
它的成本仅50美元。我们甚至可以把成本变成只有50分, 要是我们一心想办到的话。 |
Why doesn't somebody do it? And the answer is, "How do you make a profit in a capitalist system, doing that?" |
可为什么没有人做呢?答案是 “在这样的资本世界中,我们这样做怎能获利?” |
profit:n.利润;利益;v.获利;有益; capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的;
|
Interesting problem. |
这的确是有意思的问题。 |
So, let me finish by saying that we thought about this as a kind of engineering problem. |
最后,我们来回顾一下。 今天所讨论的是一个工程问题。 |
And we've asked, what is the scientific unifying idea here? |
我们也问到了什么是科学的统一思想? |
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; unifying:使统一;(unify的现在分词)使成一体;
|
And we've decided that we should think about this not so much in terms of cost, but in terms of simplicity . |
我们也决定我们应该想 这不仅仅是成本控制的问题, 还是简易性的问题。 |
simplicity:n.朴素;简易;天真;愚蠢;
|
Simplicity is a neat word. And you've got to think about what simplicity means. |
简易性是一个简单的词。但是我们得仔细想想 简易性到底意味着什么。 |
I know what it is but I don't actually know what it means. |
我知道简易性,但却不知道它的深层含义。 |
So, I actually was interested enough in this to put together several groups of people. |
我因为太感兴趣了,我集合了 一些不同的人群一同探讨 |
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
|
And the most recent involved a couple of people at MIT, one of them being an exceptionally bright kid who is one of the very few people I would think of who is an authentic genius . |
在与我沟通的一群人中 有位来自麻省理工学院的孩子 他非常的聪明 完全可以被视为纯正的天才 |
exceptionally:adv.异常地;特殊地;例外地; authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的; genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领;
|
We all struggled for an entire day to think about simplicity. |
我们用了一天的时间来讨论什么是纯粹、简易。 |
struggled:v.奋斗;努力;争取;艰难地行进;抗争;(struggle的过去式和过去分词)
|
And I want to give you the answer of this deep scientific thought. |
我也想告诉大家我的 有关这一深刻的科学思想的见解。 |
(Laughter) |
|
So, in a sense , you get what you pay for. |
所以就这么说,大家姑且能从我的演讲中得到一些回报吧。 |
in a sense:在某种意义上;
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Thank you very much. |
谢谢 非常感谢 |
(Laughter) |
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