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GeneYang_2016X-_漫画是属于教室的_
When I was in the fifth grade, 我五年级的时候,
I bought an issue of "DC Comics Presents #57" 我从当地书店的旋转架上买下了
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
off of a spinner rack at my local bookstore, and that comic book changed my life. 《DC Comics Presents》 （漫画）第 57 期, 那本漫画书改变了我的人生。
spinner:n.纺纱机;纺纱工人;旋床工人;旋式诱饵; rack:n.架子; v.使痛苦不堪;
The combination of words and pictures did something inside my head that had never been done before, and I immediately fell in love with the medium of comics. 文字和图画的组合, 在我的脑中产生了某种效应, 那是前所未有的, 我马上就爱上了漫画的表现方式。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的;
I became a voracious comic book reader, but I never brought them to school. 我变成了狼吞虎咽级的 漫画书读者, 但我从未带它们去学校。
voracious:adj.贪婪的;贪吃的;狼吞虎咽的;
Instinctively , I knew that comic books didn't belong in the classroom. 我直觉地知道
Instinctively:adv.本能地;
My parents definitely were not fans, and I was certain that my teachers wouldn't be either. 我父母肯定不是漫画书迷, 我很确定我的老师们也不会是。
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
After all, they never used them to teach, comic books and graphic novels were never allowed during silent sustained reading, and they were never sold at our annual book fair. 毕竟,他们从来没有 用漫画书来教书, 在默读课程中,从来就不允许 选读漫画书和图像小说, 在年度的书展也不会贩售它们。
graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的; novels:n.小说;(novel的复数) sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式) annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的;
Even so, I kept reading comics, and I even started making them. 即使如此,我仍持续阅读漫画书, 我甚至开始画漫画。
Eventually I became a published cartoonist , writing and drawing comic books for a living. 最终,我变成了 有作品出版的漫画家, 靠写和画漫画书维生。
Eventually:adv.最后,终于; cartoonist:n.漫画家;
I also became a high school teacher. 我也成了一名高中教师。
This is where I taught: 这是我教书的地方:
Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland , California. 加州奥克兰的主教奥多德高中。
Bishop:n.主教;象; Oakland:n.奥克兰(美国加州西部城市);
I taught a little bit of math and a little bit of art, but mostly computer science , and I was there for 17 years. 我教一点点数学和一点点艺术, 但主要是教资讯科学, 我已经在那里教了 17 年。
computer science:n.计算机科学;
When I was a brand new teacher, 当我还是新老师时,
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
I tried bringing comic books into my classroom. 我试图把漫画书带到我的教室里。
I remember telling my students on the first day of every class that I was also a cartoonist. 我记得,我在每堂课的 第一天就告诉学生 我也是漫画家。
It wasn't so much that I was planning to teach them with comics, it was more that I was hoping comics would make them think that I was cool. 重点不是我打算用漫画来教导他们, 重点比较在于,我希望 漫画会让他们觉得我很酷。
(Laughter) （笑声）
I was wrong. 我错了。
This was the '90s, so comic books didn't have the cultural cachet that they do today. 这是 90 年代, 漫画书不像现今有受到文化认可。
cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; cachet:n.(证明品质的)优良标志;公务印章;私人印戳;标记;威望;纪念邮戳;
My students didn't think I was cool. They thought I was kind of a dork . 我的学生并没有觉得我很酷。 他们觉得我是某种呆子。
dork:n.笨蛋;呆子;阴茎;
And even worse, when stuff got hard in my class, they would use comic books as a way of distracting me. 更糟的是,当我在课堂上 教比较难的内容时, 他们会用漫画书来当作 让我分心的方式。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: distracting:adj.令人分心的; v.转移(注意力); (distract的现在分词)
They would raise their hands and ask me questions like, "Mr. Yang, who do you think would win in a fight, 他们会举手并问我像这样的问题: 「楊老师,你认为若超人和浩克
Superman or the Hulk ?" 对打,谁会赢？」
Hulk:n.废船;笨重的船;船体;vi.庞然大物般出现;赫然显现;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I very quickly realized I had to keep my teaching and my cartooning separate. 我很快就发现, 我得把教学和漫画给切割开。
cartooning:v.卡通漫画制作;卡通(cartoon的ing形式);
It seemed like my instincts in fifth grade were correct. 我五年级时的直觉似乎是正确的。
instincts:n.本能;天性;直觉;(instinct的复数)
Comic books didn't belong in the classroom. 漫画书不属于教室。
But again, I was wrong. 但,我又错了。
A few years into my teaching career , 我的教学职涯开始了几年之后,
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I learned firsthand the educational potential of comics. 我亲身体会到漫画的教育潜力。
firsthand:adj.直接的;直接采购的;直接得来的;adv.直接地; educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的 potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
One semester , I was asked to sub for this Algebra 2 class. 有一个学期,我担任 「代数 2」的代课老师。
semester:n.学期;半年; Algebra:n.代数学;
I was asked to long-term sub it, and I said yes, but there was a problem. 学校希望我长期代课, 我说好,但有个问题。
long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
At the time, I was also the school's educational technologist , which meant every couple of weeks 那时,我也是学校的 教育科学技术人员, 意思就是说,每几个星期,
technologist:n.技术专家;工艺学家;
I had to miss one or two periods of this Algebra 2 class because I was in another classroom helping another teacher with a computer-related activity. 我就无法上一到两堂 这门「代数 2」的课, 因为那个时段我会 在其他教室协助其他老师 进行电脑相关的活动。
For these Algebra 2 students, that was terrible. 对于「代数 2」的学生来说, 这是很糟的状况。
I mean, having a long-term sub is bad enough, but having a sub for your sub? That's the worst. 我是指,有长期的 代课老师已经够糟了, 但还有代课老师的 代课老师？那更糟。
In an effort to provide some sort of consistency for my students, 为了给我的学生能有某种一致性,
consistency:n.[计]一致性;稠度;相容性;
I began videotaping myself giving lectures. 我开始把我自己 教课的过程拍摄下来。
videotaping:n.进行录像;v.将…录在录像带上;录制(videotape的ing形式);
I'd then give these videos to my sub to play for my students. 接着我会把这些影片给我的 代课老师,放给我的学生看。
I tried to make these videos as engaging as possible. 我试着让这些影片 尽可能有互动性和吸引力。
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
I even included these little special effects . 我甚至加入了一些小小的特效。
special effects:特效;
For instance , after I finished a problem on the board , 比如,当我在黑板上 解完了一个问题,
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; on the board:在董事会,将在会上讨论;在那块木板上;
I'd clap my hands, and the board would magically erase . 我会拍手, 然后黑板就会 魔法般地自动擦干净。
clap:n.鼓掌;拍手;掌声;拍手声;v.拍手(表示赞许或欣赏);击掌; magically:adv.用魔法地;如魔法般地; erase:vt.抹去;擦除;vi.被擦去,被抹掉;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I thought it was pretty awesome . 我觉得那样很棒。
awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的;
I was pretty certain that my students would love it, but I was wrong. 我很确定我的学生会喜欢, 但我错了。
(Laughter) （笑声）
These video lectures were a disaster . 影片教学是场灾难。
disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
I had students coming up to me and saying things like, "Mr. Yang, we thought you were boring in person, but on video, you are just unbearable ." 有学生来找我,说这样的话: 「楊老师,我们以为 你本人已经够无趣了, 但在影片中, 你实在让人忍无可忍。」
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词) unbearable:adj.难以忍受的;承受不住的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So as a desperate second attempt , I began drawing these lectures as comics. 我做了绝望的第二次尝试, 我开始把教学画成漫画。
desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试;
I'd do these very quickly with very little planning. 我没做什么计画, 只用很短的时间完成它。
I'd just take a sharpie , draw one panel after the other, figuring out what I wanted to say as I went. 我只是拿起一枝 Sharpie 笔, 一张又一张画下去, 一边画一边想接下来 我想要说什么。
sharpie:n.狡猾的人;骗子;单桅三角帆平底帆船; panel:n.镶板;仪表盘;钣金;(衣服上的)镶条;v.镶板(用木或玻璃板等镶嵌或装饰);
These comics lectures would come out to anywhere between four and six pages long, 完成的漫画教学 长度在四到六页长。
I'd xerox these, give them to my sub to hand to my students. 我会影印它们,拿给我的 代课老师,转交给我的学生。
xerox:n.施乐(商标名,美国办公设备制造公司); vt.用静电复印法复印;
And much to my surprise, these comics lectures were a hit. 出乎我的意料, 这些漫画教学大受欢迎。
My students would ask me to make these for them even when I could be there in person. 我的学生希望我能画更多, 即使是我不用请代课的时候。
It was like they liked cartoon me more than actual me. 彷佛他们喜欢卡通的我 胜过真正的我。
(Laughter) （笑声）
This surprised me, because my students are part of a generation that was raised on screens, so I thought for sure they would like learning from a screen better than learning from a page. 这让我很惊讶, 因为我的学生是属于 看萤幕长大的世代, 我以为他们肯定会 比较喜欢从萤幕上学习, 多于从页面上学习。
But when I talked to my students about why they liked these comics lectures so much, 但当我和我的学生谈到 他们为什么这么 喜欢这些漫画教学时,
I began to understand the educational potential of comics. 我开始了解到漫画的教育潜力。
First, unlike their math textbooks, these comics lectures taught visually . 首先,不像他们的数学教科书, 这些漫画教学以「视觉」方式呈现。
visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地;
Our students grow up in a visual culture, so they're used to taking in information that way. 我们的学生生长在视觉文化当中, 他们很习惯用那种方式 来取得资讯。
But unlike other visual narratives , like film or television or animation or video, comics are what I call permanent . 但不像其他视觉型的叙事方式, 比如电影、电视、动画,或影片, 漫画是我所谓「永久的」。
narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数); animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
In a comic, past, present and future all sit side by side on the same page . 在漫画中,过去、现在,和未来 都能肩併肩出现在同一张页面上。
side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的; on the same page:在同一页上;进度相同;达成共识;
This means that the rate of information flow is firmly in the hands of the reader. 那就表示资讯流的速度 是读者自己能完全掌控的。
in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中;
When my students didn't understand something in my comics lecture , they could just reread that passage as quickly or as slowly as they needed. 如果我的漫画教学中 有某些东西我的学生不了解, 他们可以重读那一段, 要快要慢就看他们的需求。
lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫 reread:vi.重读,再读;vt.重读;再读;n.重读;
It was like I was giving them a remote control over the information. 就像是我给了他们 一个摇控器可以控制那些资讯。
remote control:遥控;
The same was not true of my video lectures, and it wasn't even true of my in-person lectures. 我的影片教学就不是如此了, 连我亲自去做的教学也不是如此。
in-person:亲自;外貌上;
When I speak, I deliver the information as quickly or slowly as I want. 当我说话时,我依照我想要的 快慢速度将资讯传递出去。
So for certain students and certain kinds of information, these two aspects of the comics medium, its visual nature and its permanence , make it an incredibly powerful educational tool. 所以,对某些学生 及某些种类的资讯而言, 漫画媒材的这两个面向, 视觉性的本质以及永久性, 让它成为非常强大的教育工具。
for certain:肯定地;确凿地; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); permanence:n.持久;永久; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
When I was teaching this Algebra 2 class, 当我在教「代数 2」的课时,
I was also working on my master's in education at Cal State East Bay. 我同时也在加州州立大学 东湾分校攻读教育硕士学位。
And I was so intrigued by this experience that I had with these comics lectures that I decided to focus my final master's project on comics. 因为漫画教学带给我的 这项经验让我大感好奇, 我决定我硕士学位的最后一个 专案计画就要用这个题材。
intrigued:adj.感兴趣的; v.密谋; (intrigue的过去式和过去分词)
I wanted to figure out why American educators have historically been so reluctant to use comic books in their classrooms. 我希望能探究为什么美国的教育家 在历史上一直不愿意 把漫画书用在教室中。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; reluctant:adj.不情愿的;勉强的;顽抗的;
Here's what I discovered. 我的发现如下。
Comic books first became a mass medium in the 1940s, with millions of copies selling every month, and educators back then took notice. 漫画书最早是在 40 年代 变成大众媒体, 每个月可以销售出数百万本, 那时的教育家有注意到此事。
mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
A lot of innovative teachers began bringing comics into their classrooms to experiment. 许多创新的老师开始 把漫画带到他们的教室中, 来做实验。
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
In 1944, the " Journal of Educational Sociology " 1944 年,《教育社会学杂志》
Journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; Sociology:n.社会学;群体生态学;
even devoted an entire issue to this topic. 甚至有一期全部都在谈这个主题。
devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式)
Things seemed to be progressing. 一切似乎都在进展中。
Teachers were starting to figure things out. 老师开始想出很多点子。
But then along comes this guy. 但随着漫画,也出现了一个人。
This is child psychologist Dr. Fredric Wertham, and in 1954, he wrote a book called " Seduction of the Innocent ," 弗雷德里克魏特汉 （Fredric Wertham）医生, 1954 年,他写了一本书, 书名叫《诱惑无辜》,
psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者; Seduction:n.诱惑;魅力;(复数)诱惑物; Innocent:adj.无辜的;无罪的;无知的;n.天真的人;笨蛋;
where he argues that comic books cause juvenile delinquency . 书中,他指出漫画书 会造成青少年犯罪。
juvenile:adj.青少年的;幼稚的;n.青少年;少年读物; delinquency:n.行为不良,违法犯罪;失职,怠工;
(Laughter) （笑声）
He was wrong. 他错了。
Now, Dr. Wertham was actually a pretty decent guy. 魏特汉医生其实是个很好的人。
decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
He spent most of his career working with juvenile delinquents , and in his work he noticed that most of his clients read comic books. 他职涯的大部分时间 都在处理青少年犯罪问题, 在他的研究中,他发现 他大部分的客户都会看漫画书。
delinquents:n.流氓;少年罪犯;失职者;(delinquent的复数) clients:n.委托人;当事人;客户机;(client的复数)
What Dr. Wertham failed to realize was in the 1940s and '50s, almost every kid in America read comic books. 魏特汉医生没有了解一件事, 在 40 及 50 年代, 几乎美国的每个小孩都会看漫画书。
Dr. Wertham does a pretty dubious job of proving his case, but his book does inspire the Senate of the United States to hold a series of hearings to see if in fact comic books caused juvenile delinquency. 魏特汉医生未清楚地证明他的论点, 但他的书确实造成美国的参议院 进行了一连串的听证会, 来探讨漫画书是否 真的会造成青少年犯罪。
dubious:adj.可疑的;暧昧的;无把握的;半信半疑的; inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感; Senate:n.参议院,上院;(古罗马的)元老院; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
These hearings lasted for almost two months. 这些听证会前后持续了几乎两个月。
They ended inconclusively , but not before doing tremendous damage to the reputation of comic books in the eyes of the American public. 最后结果并不确定, 但已经重重地伤害了 漫画书在美国大众眼中的名声。
inconclusively:adv.非决定性地; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
After this, respectable American educators all backed away, and they stayed away for decades. 这件事之后,受尊敬的 美国教育家通通都退缩了, 数十年来,他们一直保持距离。
respectable:adj.值得尊敬的;人格高尚的;相当数量的;n.可敬的人;
It wasn't until the 1970s that a few brave souls started making their way back in. 一直到 70 年代, 有少数几个勇敢的人 开始重新回到这条路上。
And it really wasn't until pretty recently , maybe the last decade or so, that comics have seen more widespread acceptance among American educators. 但一直要到近期, 也许是大约前十年, 漫画才比较被美国教育家 广为接受。
recently:adv.最近;新近; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; acceptance:n.验收;接受;认可;承认;
Comic books and graphic novels are now finally making their way back into American classrooms and this is even happening at Bishop O'Dowd, where I used to teach. 漫画书和图像小说终于重新回到 美国的教室中, 甚至发生在我以前教书的 主教奥多德高中。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Mr. Smith, one of my former colleagues , uses Scott McCloud's "Understanding Comics" 我的一位前同事,史密斯老师, 把斯科特麦克劳德的 《漫画原来要这样看》
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
in his literature and film class, because that book gives his students the language with which to discuss the relationship between words and images . 用在他的文学与电影课, 因为那本书能提供他的学生 一种可以用来讨论 文字和影像之间关系的语言。
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
Mr. Burns assigns a comics essay to his students every year. 柏恩斯老师每年都会指派 漫画短文作業给他的学生,
assigns:v.分配,分派(assign的单三形式);n.受让人,接受财产等转让的人(常用复数);
By asking his students to process a prose novel using images, 要求学生用影像来处理散文小说,
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; prose:n.散文;v.用散文写;译成散文;平淡无趣地写;
Mr. Burns asks them to think deeply not just about the story but also about how that story is told. 要他们深思, 不只深思故事本身, 还有说故事的方式。
And Ms. Murrock uses my own "American Born Chinese" 莫拉克老师用我自己 写的《美生中国人》
with her English 1 students. 来教她「英语 1」的学生。
For her, graphic novels are a great way of fulfilling a Common Core Standard . 对她来说,图像小说 是一种很棒的方式, 可以履行「共同核心标准」。
fulfilling:adj.让人感觉有意义的; v.实现; (fulfill的现在分词) Core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; Standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
The Standard states that students ought to be able to analyze how visual elements contribute to the meaning, tone and beauty of a text. 该标准所说的是, 学生应该要能分析 视觉性元素对于一段文字的意义、 调性,以及美有什么贡献。
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse); elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) contribute to:有助于;捐献; tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调:
Over in the library, Ms. Counts has built a pretty impressive graphic novel collection for Bishop O'Dowd. 康兹老师为主教奥多德高中建立了 很了不起的图像小说图书馆馆藏。
impressive:adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的; graphic novel:n.连环画小说;漫画小说;
Now, Ms. Counts and all of her librarian colleagues have really been at the forefront of comics advocacy , really since the early '80s, when a school library journal article 康兹老师和她所有的图书馆同事 都真的一直在最前线拥护漫画, 80 年代初期,有一篇学校 图书馆期刊的文章指出
forefront:n.最前线,最前部;活动的中心; advocacy:n.主张;拥护;辩护;
stated that the mere presence of graphic novels in the library increased usage by about 80 percent and increased the circulation of noncomics material by about 30 percent. 光是在图书馆中出现 图像小说这件事, 就让使用率提升了约 80%, 也让非漫画素材的流通率 增加 30%。
mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; usage:n.使用;利用;利用率;惯用法; circulation:n.流通,传播;循环;发行量;
Inspired by this renewed interest from American educators, 因为美国教育家 再次对漫画产生兴趣,
Inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) renewed:adj.再次发生的; v.重新开始; (renew的过去分词和过去式)
American cartoonists are now producing more explicitly educational content for the K-12 market than ever before. 美国漫画家受到鼓舞, 现在制作出了比以前更多专门为 幼稚园、小学、 中学教育设计的内容。
cartoonists:n.漫画家; explicitly:adv.明确地;明白地; content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
A lot of this is directed at language arts, but more and more comics and graphic novels are starting to tackle math and science topics. 当中许多内容是针对语言艺术题材, 但也有越来越多漫画和图像小说 开始处理数学和科学的主题。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
STEM comics graphics novels really are like this uncharted territory , ready to be explored . 科学、科技、工程,和数学的 图像小说就像是未知的领域, 已经准备好被探索。
STEM:n.花草的茎或梗;高脚酒杯的脚;烟斗柄;词干;v.阻止;封堵;遏止; graphics:n.[测]制图学;制图法;图表算法; uncharted:adj.未知的;图上未标明的; territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; explored:v.探索;勘探;考察;探险;(explore的过去式和过去分词)
America is finally waking up to the fact that comic books do not cause juvenile delinquency. 美国终于意识到 漫画书并不会造成青少年犯罪。
(Laughter) （笑声）
That they really do belong in every educator's toolkit . 它们确实属于每位教育者的工具包。
toolkit:n.工具包,工具箱;
There's no good reason to keep comic books and graphic novels out of K-12 education. 没有任何好理由要阻挡 漫画书和图像小说进入 幼稚园、小学、中学教育。
They teach visually, they give our students that remote control. 它们能以视觉方式教学, 它们给予学生那种遥控器。
The educational potential is there just waiting to be tapped by creative people like you. 教育潜力就在那里, 只等待着被像各位这样的 创意人士给释放出来。
creative:adj.创造性的;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）