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GaryHaugen_2015-_贫穷的真正根源，全世界应该一起解决_
To be honest, by personality , 说实话,从性格上来讲,
personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色;
I'm just not much of a crier . 我并不是一个容易流泪的人。
not much of:不太好的; crier:n.哭泣者;传唤者;叫卖的小贩;
But I think in my career that's been a good thing. 但考虑到我的职业,能有这个性格是件好事。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I'm a civil rights lawyer, and I've seen some horrible things in the world. 我是一名民权律师, 我见过一些发生在全球各地的可怕的事情。
civil rights:na.公民权; horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
I began my career working police abuse cases in the United States. 我的第一份职业是在美国处理警察滥用职权的案子。
abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda to be the director of the U.N.'s genocide investigation. 后来,1994年,我被派往卢旺达, 领导联合国种族灭绝调查组。
genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀;
It turns out that tears just aren't much help when you're trying to investigate a genocide. 我发现,当你调查种族灭绝的惨案时, 泪水派不上多大用场。
investigate:v.调查;研究;审查;
The things I had to see, and feel and touch were pretty unspeakable . 那些我不得不面对的事实,那些令我感触深刻的故事, 都难以名状。
unspeakable:adj.无法形容的;不能以言语表达的;坏透了的;
What I can tell you is this: that the Rwandan genocide was one of the world's greatest failures of simple compassion . 我可以明确告诉你们的是: 卢旺达种族灭绝是 缺乏同情导致的全世界最惨的惨案之一。
compassion:n.同情;怜悯;
That word, compassion, actually comes from two Latin words: cum passio, which simply mean "to suffer with." 同情 这个词来源于两个拉丁词汇: cum和passio,其含义是“同甘苦”。
Latin:adj.拉丁语的;用拉丁语写成的;n.拉丁语;
And the things that I saw and experienced in Rwanda as I got up close to human suffering, it did, in moments, move me to tears. 目睹卢旺达的惨案, 我感受到了那里的人们所承受的苦难, 这让我落下泪水。
But I just wish that I, and the rest of the world, had been moved earlier. 我多么希望,我,以及整个世界, 可以在一切发生前就投以同情。
And not just to tears, but to actually stop the genocide. 不单单是落下同情的泪水, 更要切实阻止这场惨案。
Now by contrast , I've also been involved with one of the world's greatest successes of compassion. 与之对比,我也经历了 同情带来的最美好的硕果之一。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
And that's the fight against global poverty . 这就是全世界范围内拯救贫困的运动。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
It's a cause that probably has involved all of us here. 这场运动或许跟在座的每个人都相关。
I don't know if your first introduction might have been choruses of "We Are the World," 我不知道是什么让你们初次了解到世界贫困问题, 是 天下一家 这一合唱曲,
choruses:n.合唱曲; v.合唱; (chorus的第三人称单数和复数)
or maybe the picture of a sponsored child on your refrigerator door, or maybe the birthday you donated for fresh water. 还是你们家冰箱门上贴着的受到救济的儿童的照片, 还是你把过生日的钱拿去捐给了水质净化项目？
sponsored:adj.(活动或比赛)为慈善筹款而举办的; v.赞助(活动、节目等); (sponsor的过去式和过去分词) donated:v.捐赠,赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);(donate的过去分词和过去式)
I don't really remember what my first introduction to poverty was but I do remember the most jarring. 我不记得是什么让我第一次了解到贫困问题, 但我记得给我留下最深刻印象的一次经历,
It was when I met Venus -- she's a mom from Zambia. 那一次我见到了Venus, 她是来自赞比亚的一位母亲,
Venus:n.[天]金星;维纳斯(爱与美的女神);
She's got three kids and she's a widow . 她是一个遗孀,有三个孩子。
widow:n.寡妇;遗孀;vt.使丧偶;使成为寡妇(或鳏夫);
When I met her, she had walked about 12 miles in the only garments she owned, to come to the capital city and to share her story. 她走了大概12英里才到了我们碰面的地方, 她穿着唯一的一套衣服, 来到首都,向我讲述她的故事。
garments:n.[服装]服装,衣着(garment的复数);
She sat down with me for hours, just ushered me in to the world of poverty. 她坐着跟我聊了好几个小时, 让我深刻体会到了贫穷世界究竟是何等模样。
ushered:n.引座员,带位员; vt.引导,招待; vi.作招待员;
She described what it was like when the coals on the cooking fire finally just went completely cold. 她向我描述着一幅幅贫困的画面: 煮食炉火的煤烧尽、凉透,
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
When that last drop of cooking oil finally ran out. 最后一滴食用油消耗殆尽,
When the last of the food, despite her best efforts, ran out. 尽管她极力节衣缩食,依然耗尽了 最后一口食物。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
She had to watch her youngest son, Peter, suffer from malnutrition , as his legs just slowly bowed into uselessness . 她不得不眼睁睁地看着小儿子 Peter 遭受营养不良的折磨, 他的双腿渐渐萎缩,丧失了行走的能力。
malnutrition:n.营养失调,营养不良; uselessness:n.无用,无效;
As his eyes grew cloudy and dim . 他的眼睛变得黯淡无光,
dim:adj.暗淡的,昏暗的; v.使暗淡,使失去光泽; n.笨蛋,傻子;
And then as Peter finally grew cold. 直到最后,他的身子变冰冷了。
For over 50 years, stories like this have been moving us to compassion. 过去的五十多年间,这样的故事激起了我们的同情心,
We whose kids have plenty to eat. 同情那些吃不饱饭的孩子。
And we're moved not only to care about global poverty, but to actually try to do our part to stop the suffering. 我们不只是在心里默默关心全球贫困问题, 还尽了自己的一份力,让贫困的人不再受苦受难。
Now there's plenty of room for critique that we haven't done enough, and what it is that we've done hasn't been effective enough, but the truth is this: 有很多方面我们做的还不够, 我们做的很多事情效果还不够显着, 但事实是:
critique:n.评论文章;评论;v.写评论;对…发表评论;评判; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
The fight against global poverty is probably the broadest, longest running manifestation of the human phenomenon of compassion in the history of our species . 抗击世界贫困的运动很可能是 人类出于同情心而发起的有史以来涉及范围最广, 持续时间最为长久的运动。
manifestation:n.表现;显示;示威运动; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
And so I'd like to share a pretty shattering insight that might forever change the way you think about that struggle. 我会给你们分享一些我的见解, 或许会永远改变大家对这场运动的认识。
shattering:adj.给人以极大打击的; v.(使)破碎,碎裂; (shatter的现在分词) insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
But first, let me begin with what you probably already know. 但首先,我来谈一下你们大多已经知道的一些事实。
Thirty-five years ago, when I would have been graduating from high school, they told us that 40,000 kids every day died because of poverty. 35年前,我快要从高中毕业的时候, 有数据表明每天有四万个儿童死于饥饿。
That number, today, is now down to 17,000. 今天,这个数字下降到一万七千。
Way too many, of course, but it does mean that every year, there's eight million kids who don't have to die from poverty. 当然,还是很多, 但这确实表明, 每年都有八百万名儿童不会因饥饿而离开这个世界。
Moreover , the number of people in our world who are living in extreme poverty, which is defined as living off about a dollar and a quarter a day, that has fallen from 50 percent, to only 15 percent. 而且,全世界生活在 极度贫困状态的人数 ——极度贫困的定义是每天用于糊口的钱不超过1.25美金—— 已经从世界人口的50% 下降到只有15%。
Moreover:adv.而且;此外; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
This is massive progress, and this exceeds everybody's expectations about what is possible. 这是卓越的进步, 超出了所有人的预期。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; exceeds:v.超过;胜过; expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数)
And I think you and I, 我认为我们所有人,
I think, honestly, that we can feel proud and encouraged to see the way that compassion actually has the power to succeed in stopping the suffering of millions. 说实话,我们应当为此而感到自豪, 能够见证同情迸发出的力量 如何解救了数以百万计的人们。
But here's the part that you might not hear very much about. 但后面这个数据你们可能没听说过。
If you move that poverty mark just up to two dollars a day, it turns out that virtually the same two billion people who were stuck in that harsh poverty when I was in high school, are still stuck there, 35 years later. 如果把贫困线稍稍上移,设为一天2美金, 你就会发现世界上仍然有20亿人 生活在极度贫困的状态下, 我上高中时有这么多人, 35年后的今天依然是。
virtually:adv.事实上,几乎;实质上; harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的;
So why, why are so many billions still stuck in such harsh poverty? 为什么呢？为什么有好几十亿人深陷贫困的深渊？
Well, let's think about Venus for a moment. 让我们再回到Venus的故事。
Now for decades, my wife and I have been moved by common compassion to sponsor kids, to fund microloans, to support generous levels of foreign aid. 数十年来,我的夫人和我出于同情 帮助孩子,资助小额贷款, 慷慨地支持国外援救行动。
fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的;
But until I had actually talked to Venus, 但直到我亲身跟Venus攀谈后,
I would have had no idea that none of those approaches actually addressed why she had to watch her son die. 我才知道以前所做的一切都没有切中要害, 以致于她不得不眼睁睁地看着她的孩子死去。
approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式)
'"We were doing fine," Venus told me, "until Brutus started to cause trouble." “本来我们过得挺好,”Venus告诉我, ”直到Brutus开始惹麻烦。“
Brutus:n.布鲁特斯(罗马政治家);
Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor and "cause trouble" Brutus是Venus的邻居,”惹麻烦“是指
is what happened the day after Venus' husband died, when Brutus just came and threw Venus and the kids out of the house, stole all their land, and robbed their market stall . Venus丈夫去世后的第二天, Brutus将Venus和她的孩子们赶出了家门, 掠去了所有的土地,抢走了值钱的东西。
stall:n.摊位;牲畜棚;小隔间,淋浴室,洗手间;v.(使)熄火,抛锚;故意拖延;
You see, Venus was thrown into destitution by violence . 是暴力让Venus陷入贫困。
destitution:n.穷困;缺乏; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
And then it occurred to me, of course, that none of my child sponsorships , none of the microloans, none of the traditional anti-poverty programs were going to stop Brutus, because they weren't meant to. 这让我突然间意识到, 我的儿童资助、小额贷款、 传统的抗击贫困的运动, 都无法阻止Brutus, 因为所做的一切都没切中要害。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) sponsorships:n.赞助;赞助商;赞助广告(sponsorship的复数形式); traditional:传统的,惯例的,
This became even more clear to me when I met Griselda. 当我遇到Griselda后,我更加清晰地意识到这个问题。
She's a marvelous young girl living in a very poor community in Guatemala . 她是一个美丽的年轻女子,住在危地马拉一个贫困不堪的社区。
marvelous:adj.了不起的;非凡的;令人惊异的;不平常的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; Guatemala:n.危地马拉(拉丁美洲国家);危地马拉人;
And one of the things we've learned over the years is that perhaps the most powerful thing that Griselda and her family can do to get Griselda and her family out of poverty is to make sure that she goes to school. 根据我们过去的经验, 我们认为让Griselda和她的家庭 走出贫困的最有效的办法, 或许就是确保 Griselda能够完成学业。
The experts call this the Girl Effect. 专家称之为“女孩效应”。
But when we met Griselda, she wasn't going to school. 但当我们遇到Griselda时,她并没有上学。
In fact, she was rarely ever leaving her home. 事实上,她几乎走不出家门。
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
Days before we met her, while she was walking home from church with her family, in broad daylight , men from her community just snatched her off the street, and violently raped her. 在我们遇见她的几天前, 当她离开教堂,跟家人走在回家的路上时, 光天化日之下, 她所在社区的几个男人把她从街道上拉走, 强暴了她。
in broad daylight:在大白天;光天化日;在光天化日之下;公开地; snatched:v.一把抓起;一下夺过;夺去;抢走;偷窃;(snatch的过去分词和过去式) violently:adv.猛烈地,激烈地;极端地; raped:v.强奸;强暴(rape的过去分词和过去式)
See, Griselda had every opportunity to go to school, it just wasn't safe for her to get there. 所以,Griselda并不缺少上学的机会, 只是上学的路上太不安全了。
And Griselda's not the only one. Griselda并不是唯一面临这个问题的孩子。
Around the world, poor women and girls between the ages of 15 and 44, they are -- when victims of the everyday violence of domestic abuse and sexual violence -- 全世界,在15到44岁之间的 贫困的妇女和女孩中, 因日常家庭暴力和性暴力侵犯 而丧生或残疾的人数
domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的;
those two forms of violence account for more death and disability than malaria , than car accidents, than war combined. 要超过因疟疾、交通事故、战争 而死亡或残疾的妇女数量之和。
account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占; disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件; malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气;
The truth is, the poor of our world are trapped in whole systems of violence. 真相是,全世界的穷人都深陷暴力的牢笼。
trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式)
In South Asia, for instance , I could drive past this rice mill and see this man hoisting these 100-pound sacks of rice upon his thin back. 比如说,在南亚,我开车驶过一片稻田, 看到这个男人用他瘦弱的后背 驼着100磅重的米袋。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; mill:n.磨坊;工厂;磨粉机;面粉厂;v.磨成粉; hoisting:n.提升;起重;v.升高;举起(hoist的ing形式); sacks:n.麻布袋; v.解雇; (sack的第三人称单数和复数)
But I would have no idea, until later, that he was actually a slave, held by violence in that rice mill since I was in high school. 但当时我根本就没想到, 他原来是一个奴隶, 在我上着高中时,他就被迫碾米作坊劳作。
Decades of anti-poverty programs right in his community were never able to rescue him or any of the hundred other slaves from the beatings and the rapes and the torture of violence inside the rice mill. 数十年来,他所在社区的抗击贫困的运动 都没能解救他,也没能解救作坊中其他 遭受殴打、强暴、酷刑的 百余名奴隶。
rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救; beatings:n.打;[纸]打浆;敲打;失败;v.打(beat的ing形式); rapes:v.强奸;强暴(rape的第三人称单数) torture:v.折磨;拷问;歪曲;n.折磨;拷问;歪曲;
In fact, half a century of anti-poverty programs have left more poor people in slavery than in any other time in human history. 事实上,相对于人类历史上其他任何时刻, 近半世纪以来的抗击贫困的运动, 让人类历史上沦为奴隶的人数达到了顶峰。
slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的;
Experts tell us that there's about 35 million people in slavery today. 专家告诉我们,世界上目前大概有三千五百万奴隶。
That's about the population of the entire nation of Canada, where we're sitting today. 这大概相当于加拿大整个国家人口的数量, 这就是目前的状况。
This is why, over time, I have come to call this epidemic of violence the Locust Effect. 这就是为什么,我将这遍布的暴力称之为 “蝗虫效应”。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; Locust:n.[植保]蝗虫,[昆]蚱蜢;
Because in the lives of the poor, it just descends like a plague and it destroys everything. 因为,穷人们就像遭受了一场瘟疫般, 家庭支离破碎,生活惨不忍睹。
descends:下降; plague:n.瘟疫;灾祸;麻烦;讨厌的人;vt.折磨;使苦恼;使得灾祸;
In fact, now when you survey very, very poor communities , residents will tell you that their greatest fear is violence. 事实上,如今当你跟那些极度贫困的社区居民交流时, 他们会告诉你他们最大的恐惧,就是暴力。
survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数)
But notice the violence that they fear is not the violence of genocide or the wars, it's everyday violence. 注意,他们恐惧的暴力 不是种族灭绝或战争, 而是日常暴力。
So for me, as a lawyer, of course, my first reaction was to think, well, of course we've got to change all the laws. 因此,对我而言,作为一个律师,我的第一个反应理所当然是, 我们必须要修正法律。
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
We've got to make all this violence against the poor illegal . 我们必须以法律作为武器严惩暴力行为。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
But then I found out, it already is. 但我随即发现,相关法律条文已经有了。
The problem is not that the poor don't get laws, it's that they don't get law enforcement . 问题不在于没有保护穷人的法律条文, 而在于法律得不到实施。
enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制;
In the developing world, basic law enforcement systems are so broken that recently the U.N. issued a report that found that "most poor people live outside the protection of the law." 在发展中国家, 践行法律的机构系统腐朽不堪, 联合国最近的报告显示, ”绝大多数穷人得不到法律保障。“
recently:adv.最近;新近; issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式)
Now honestly, you and I have just about no idea of what that would mean because we have no first-hand experience of it. 说实话,你我都想象不到, 没有法律保障意味着什么, 因为我们都没有切身体会过。
first-hand:adj.第一手的;直接的;adv.直接地;
Functioning law enforcement for us is just a total assumption . 在我们心目中,法律的践行完全是理所当然的,
assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取;
In fact, nothing expresses that assumption more clearly than three simple numbers: 9-1-1, which, of course, is the number for the emergency police operator here in Canada and in the United States, 事实上,给我们吃定心丸的就是那三个数字: 不用说,这就是加拿大和美国 通用的紧急报警号码,
expresses:表达(express的动词单数第三人称形式);[交]快车;快递(express的名词复数); emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; operator:n.算子;接线员;操作人员;骗子;
where the average response time to a police 911 emergency call is about 10 minutes. 拨打911的警方平均响应时间 大概是10分钟。
response time:n.反应时间;回应时间;
So we take this just completely for granted . 我们认为这完全是理所当然的。
granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式)
But what if there was no law enforcement to protect you? 但是,如果没有法律保护你,会发生什么？
what if:如果…怎么办?
A woman in Oregon recently experienced what this would be like. 俄勒冈州的一名女子最近就有过这样的切身经历。
Oregon:n.俄勒冈州(美国州名);
She was home alone in her dark house on a Saturday night, when a man started to tear his way into her home. 在一个周六的夜晚,她独自呆在灯光昏暗的家中, 此时一名男子试图撬门而入。
This was her worst nightmare , because this man had actually put her in the hospital from an assault just two weeks before. 这是她一段噩梦般的经历, 因为就在两周前,这个男子袭击了她, 让她受伤住进了医院。
nightmare:n.恶梦;梦魇般的经历;adj.可怕的;噩梦似的; assault:v.袭击;殴打;威胁;非议;(assault的现在分词)
So terrified, she picks up that phone and does what any of us would do: 惊慌失措中,她拿起电话,像所有人都会做的那样:
She calls 911 -- but only to learn that because of budget cuts in her county , law enforcement wasn't available on the weekends. 她拨打了911—— 但却发现她所在的郡县为节约资金, 周末并不提供警力援助。
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; county:n.郡,县;
Listen. 请听。
Dispatcher : I don't have anybody to send out there. 话务员:这边没有人可以过去。
Dispatcher:n.调度员;[计]调度程序;[计]分配器;
Woman: OK 女子:好吧。
Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes inside the residence and assaults you, can you ask him to go away? 话务员:嗯,如果他要闯入你家侵犯你, 你能跟他说,让他走吗？
residence:n.住宅,住处;居住; assaults:n.攻击(assault的复数);vt.攻击;袭击(assault的第三人称单数);
Or do you know if he is intoxicated or anything? 或者,你知道他是不是喝醉了之类的吗？
intoxicated:adj.喝醉的; v.(酒)使喝醉; (intoxicate的过去分词和过去式)
Woman: I've already asked him. I've already told him I was calling you. 女子:我已经跟他说不要进来了。我已经告诉他我拨911了。
He's broken in before, busted down my door, assaulted me. 以前他就闯入过我家,侵犯了我。
busted:adj.被当场逮住;v.打破;突击搜查;(使)降级;(bust的过去分词和过去式) assaulted:v.猛烈攻击,袭击,侵犯人身;使(感官)难受;(assault的过去分词和过去式)
Dispatcher: Uh-huh. 话务员:呃,嗯。
Woman: Um, yeah, so ... 女子:呃,这样,那么......
Dispatcher: Is there any way you could safely leave the residence? 话务员:你有没有办法安全地逃出家门？
Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking pretty much my only way out. 女子:没有,没办法,因为他堵在我唯一的出口。
Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do is give you some advice, and call the sheriff's office tomorrow. 话务员:好吧,我唯一能做的就是给你一些建议, 明天我会报告给警官。
Obviously, if he comes in and unfortunately has a weapon or is trying to cause you physical harm, that's a different story. 当然,如果他闯进来,还拿着武器, 或试图给你造成身体伤害,那就是另一回事了。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
You know, the sheriff's office doesn't work up there. 你也知道,警局今天休息,
I don't have anybody to send."
Gary Haugen: Tragically , the woman inside that house was violently assaulted, choked and raped because this is what it means to live outside the rule of law. 不幸的是,这名女子在自己家里 被残暴地殴打,窒息,强奸, 这就是生活在法律保障之外的情形。
Tragically:adv.悲剧地;悲惨地; choked:adj.堵塞的; v.使窒息; (choke的过去分词和过去式)
And this is where billions of our poorest live. 这就是数十亿穷人所生活的环境。
What does that look like? 具体是什么样的呢？
In Bolivia, for example, if a man sexually assaults a poor child, statistically , he's at greater risk of slipping in the shower and dying than he is of ever going to jail for that crime. 比如,在玻利维亚,如果一个男人对一个穷人家的孩子性骚扰, 从统计数字来看,他被逮捕的概率 还没有洗澡跌倒致死的概率高。
sexually:adv.性,性欲 statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上; slipping:n.滑动;adj.渐渐松弛的;v.滑动;(slip的现在分词); jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱;
In South Asia, if you enslave a poor person, you're at greater risk of being struck by lightning than ever being sent to jail for that crime. 在南非,如果你奴役一个穷人, 你更可能遭到雷劈, 而不是被逮捕。
enslave:v.使成为奴隶;奴役;使受控制;征服; lightning:n.闪电;adj.闪电般的;飞快的;突然的
And so the epidemic of everyday violence, it just rages on. 日常暴力如瘟疫般席卷着穷人的世界。
rages:v.肆虐;发怒(rage的第三人称单数);n.狂怒;凶猛;激情(rage的复数);
And it devastates our efforts to try to help billions of people out of their two-dollar-a-day hell. 这让我们为帮助数十亿穷人脱离贫困线 所付出的一切努力化为泡影。
devastates:v.彻底破坏;摧毁;毁灭;使震惊;使极为忧伤;(devastate的第三人称单数)
Because the data just doesn't lie. 因为数据不会说谎。
It turns out that you can give all manner of goods and services to the poor, but if you don't restrain the hands of the violent bullies from taking it all away, you're going to be very disappointed in the long-term impact of your efforts. 你可以倾尽所有,为穷人提供 救济品和服务设施, 但如果你不遏制抢走 这一切的暴徒, 你所付出的努力会让你失望透顶。
restrain:v.抑制;阻止;控制;约束(自己); bullies:n.仗势欺人者;横行霸道者;v.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;(bully的第三人称单数和复数) long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
So you would think that the disintegration of basic law enforcement in the developing world would be a huge priority for the global fight against poverty. 因此,你们会觉得抗击全球贫困的头等要事 是解决发展中国家最基本的 法律实施问题。
disintegration:n.瓦解,崩溃;分解; priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事;
But it's not. 但并不是这样的。
Auditors of international assistance recently couldn't find even one percent of aid going to protect the poor from the lawless chaos of everyday violence. 国际援助的审查者发现, 穷人的援助金中, 用在帮助穷人逃脱暴力方面的部分连百分之一都不到。
Auditors:n.审计员;听者(auditor的复数); lawless:adj.非法的;无法律的; chaos:n.混沌,混乱;
And honestly, when we do talk about violence against the poor, sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways. 当我们谈论穷人面对的暴力问题时, 状况却奇怪得让人匪夷所思。
weirdest:adj.奇异的;不寻常的;离奇的;(weird的最高级)
A fresh water organization tells a heart-wrenching story of girls who are raped on the way to fetching water, and then celebrates the solution of a new well that drastically shortens their walk. 一个纯净水援助组织先是讲述了一个揪心的故事, 女孩们在打水的路上遭到强暴, 然后便为在她们家附近修建了水井, 解决了她们长途取水的问题而沾沾自喜。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; heart-wrenching:令人心痛的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; drastically:adv.彻底地;激烈地; shortens:vt.缩短;减少;变短;vi.缩短;变短;
End of story. 一切就这样到此为止了。
But not a word about the rapists who are still right there in the community. 压根儿就没有提到活跃在她们社区的暴力分子。
rapists:n.强奸犯;强奸者;(rapist的复数)
If a young woman on one of our college campuses was raped on her walk to the library, we would never celebrate the solution of moving the library closer to the dorm . 如果我们这有一个女大学生 在去图书馆的路上遭人强暴, 我们绝对不会赞扬将图书馆移到宿舍附近的解决办法。
campuses:(大学)校园;大学;校园内的草地(campuse的复数); dorm:n.(美口)宿舍;
And yet, for some reason, this is okay for poor people. 但是出于某种原因,对于穷人而言,这种办法却是可行的。
Now the truth is, the traditional experts in economic development and poverty alleviation , they don't know how to fix this problem. 事实上, 并不知道如何解决这个问题。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; alleviation:n.缓和;镇痛物;
And so what happens? 那要怎么办呢？
They don't talk about it. 他们只好对此保持沉默。
But the more fundamental reason that law enforcement for the poor in the developing world is so neglected , is because the people inside the developing world, with money, don't need it. 但发展中国家的穷人 其更深层次的原因在于, 发展中国家的富人们 根本不需要法律援助。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; neglected:adj.被忽略的; v.忽略; (neglect的过去分词和过去式)
I was at the World Economic Forum not long ago talking to corporate executives who have massive businesses in the developing world and I was just asking them, "How do you guys protect all your people and property from all the violence?" 不久之前,在一个世界经济论坛上, 我与几位跟发展中国家有广泛商业往来的高管们交谈, 我问他们, “你们这些人怎么保护家人和财产不受侵害？”
Forum:n.论坛,讨论会;法庭;公开讨论的广场; corporate:adj.公司的;组成公司(或团体)的;法人的;社团的; executives:n.经理,主管领导,管理人员;领导层;行政部门(executive的复数)
And they looked at each other, and they said, practically in unison , "We buy it." 他们面面相觑,几乎异口同声地说, “我们拿钱买保障。”
practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上; unison:n.和谐;齐唱;同度;[声]同音;
Indeed, private security forces in the developing world are now, four, five and seven times larger than the public police force . 事实上,发展中国家私人保卫力量 是公共警力的五倍、六倍,甚至八倍。
police force:n.警察部队;
In Africa, the largest employer on the continent now is private security. 在非洲这片大陆上,目前最大的生意就是私人警卫。
employer:n.雇主,老板; continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
But see, the rich can pay for safety and can keep getting richer, but the poor can't pay for it and they're left totally unprotected and they keep getting thrown to the ground. 富人可以用金钱买来安全,并能不断积累财富, 但穷人买不起,只能深陷在危险的环境中, 这种情况愈演愈烈。
unprotected:adj.无保护的;未设防的;v.无保护;(unprotect的过去式和过去分词);
This is a massive and scandalous outrage . 这种无处不在的丑闻简直让我怒不可遏。
scandalous:adj.可耻的;诽谤性的; outrage:n.愤怒,愤慨;暴行;侮辱;vt.凌辱,强奸;对…施暴行;激起愤怒;
And it doesn't have to be this way. 事实完全不必这样发展下去。
Broken law enforcement can be fixed. 腐朽的法律实施系统可以修复。
Violence can be stopped. 暴力可以被停止。
Almost all criminal justice systems, they start out broken and corrupt , but they can be transformed by fierce effort and commitment . 几乎所有惩治罪犯的系统, 起初都难免会有漏洞和腐败, 但不懈的努力和坚定的决心可以让系统走向完善。
justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判; corrupt:v.损坏;破坏;使腐化;使堕落;adj.贪污的;受贿的;腐败的;营私舞弊的; transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) fierce:adj.凶猛的;猛烈的;暴躁的; commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺;
The path forward is really pretty clear. 前方要走的路非常清晰。
Number one: We have to start making stopping violence indispensable to the fight against poverty. 第一,我们必须让抗击暴力 成为抗击贫困斗争中不可缺少的一部分。
indispensable:adj.不可缺少的;绝对必要的;责无旁贷的;n.不可缺少之物;必不可少的人;
In fact, any conversation about global poverty that doesn't include the problem of violence must be deemed not serious. 事实上,如果在谈论贫困时 不涉及暴力问题,那必然就没有抓住问题的实质。
deemed:v.认为;视为;相信;(deem的过去分词和过去式)
And secondly, we have to begin to seriously invest resources and share expertise to support the developing world as they fashion new, public systems of justice, not private security, that give everybody a chance to be safe. 其次,我们必须大力 提供资源和专家援助, 为发展中国家建立新的公共保障系统, 而不是私人保卫, 这样才会尽可能保障每个人的安全。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
These transformations are actually possible and they're happening today. 这种转变是切实可行的, 并且已经在进行中了。
transformations:n.[晶体]转变(transformation的复数形式);转换;
Recently, the Gates Foundation funded a project in the second largest city of the Philippines , where local advocates and local law enforcement were able to transform corrupt police and broken courts so drastically, that in just four short years, they were able to measurably reduce the commercial sexual violence against poor kids by 79 percent. 最近,盖茨基金会资助了 在菲律宾第二大城市的一个项目, 当地的积极分子和法律工作者 成功地改革了腐败的执法系统和不作为的法院, 在短短的四年间, 针对贫穷儿童的 性暴力事件就有效地减少了79%。
Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); Philippines:n.菲律宾; advocates:n.拥护者; vt.主张(advocate的第三人称单数); measurably:adv.可以测定的程度;可视地; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
You know, from the hindsight of history, what's always most inexplicable and inexcusable are the simple failures of compassion. 有了前车之鉴, 最说不过去、最令人无法容忍的事实 就是同情心的丧失。
hindsight:n.后见之明;枪的照门; inexplicable:adj.费解的;无法说明的;不能解释的; inexcusable:adj.不可原谅的;没法辩解的;不可宽恕的;
Because I think history convenes a tribunal of our grandchildren and they just ask us, "Grandma, Grandpa, where were you? 因为,历史之镜会照出我们的良心, 我们的子孙后代会质问我们, “爷爷奶奶,你们那时在干什么？
convenes:vt.召集,集合;传唤;vi.聚集,集合; tribunal:n.法庭;裁决;法官席;
Where were you, Grandpa, when the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany and were being rejected from our shores? 爷爷,当犹太人逃离纳粹德国, 却在我们的海岸线遭到拒绝时,
fleeing:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的现在分词) rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词)
Where were you? 您在哪儿？
And Grandma, where were you when they were marching our Japanese-American neighbors off to internment camps? 奶奶,当他们践踏日裔美国人, 将他们关押起来时,您在哪儿？
internment:n.拘留;收容;
And Grandpa, where were you when they were beating our African-American neighbors just because they were trying to register to vote?" 爷爷,当那些非洲裔美国人 只是因为想要获得投票权
African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人); register:v.登记;注册;记录;n.登记簿;登记表;注册簿;
Likewise , when our grandchildren ask us, "Grandma, Grandpa, where were you when two billion of the world's poorest were drowning in a lawless chaos of everyday violence?" 诸如此类,当我们的孙辈问我们, “爷爷,奶奶, 当世界上最穷的二十亿人遭受日常暴力却得不到法律保障时, 您在哪儿？”
Likewise:adv.同样地;也; drowning:v.溺水;淹没;淹死,溺死;浸泡;(drown的现在分词)
I hope we can say that we had compassion, that we raised our voice, and as a generation, we were moved to make the violence stop. 我希望我们可以回答说:我们赋予了同情心、发出了呼吁, 我们这一代人都为之动容,也尽力去制止了暴力行为。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued. Chris Anderson:这真是个震撼人心的演讲。
powerfully:adv.强大地;强烈地;非常;
Talk to us a bit about some of the things that have actually been happening to, for example, boost police training. 告诉我们一些 正在开展的行动吧,比如,警力的训练。
boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃;
How hard a process is that? 这样的过程有多难？
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
GH: Well, one of the glorious things that's starting to happen now is that the collapse of these systems and the consequences are becoming obvious . GH: 现在正在进行的最令人赞叹的事情之一就是 这些体系的坍塌及其后果已浮出水面,
glorious:adj.光荣的;辉煌的;极好的; collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
There's actually, now, political will to do that. 政客们正着力解决。
But it just requires now an investment of resources and transfer of expertise. 但现在正需要资源和专业技能的投入。
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁; transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移;
There's a political will struggle that's going to take place as well, but those are winnable fights, because we've done some examples around the world at International Justice Mission that are very encouraging. 政治上也会有些阻力, 但这些都是可以解决的, 因为全世界范围内已有先例, 比如“国际正义行动”就很鼓舞人心。
take place:发生;举行; winnable:adj.能赢得的;可成功的; Mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
CA: So just tell us in one country, how much it costs to make a material difference to police, for example -- CA: 告诉我们,在一个国家, 比如,要彻底革新警力系统,需要多少投入——
I know that's only one piece of it. 我知道这只是其中一小部分。
GH: In Guatemala, for instance, we've started a project there with the local police and court system, prosecutors , to retrain them so that they can actually effectively bring these cases. GH: 比如在危地马拉,我们开展了一项运动, 训练当地的警力、司法系统和检察官, 提升他们的执行能力,以有效地将罪犯绳之以法。
prosecutors:n.检查官;告发者(prosecutor的复数); retrain:vt.重新教育;再教育;vi.再训练;再教育;
And we've seen prosecutions against perpetrators of sexual violence increase by more than 1,000 percent. 我们已经得知,此后对性暴力罪犯的诉讼 增加了十倍之多。
prosecutions:n.(被)起诉,检举;诉讼;原告,控方;实施;从事;进行;(prosecution的复数) perpetrators:n.作恶者;行凶者;犯罪者;(perpetrator的复数)
This project has been very modestly funded at about a million dollars a year, and the kind of bang you can get for your buck in terms of leveraging a criminal justice system 这项运动所需的资金大概是每年一百万美金, 从中得到的丰硕的回报就是, 如果可以训练出一只强大的队伍,激励并有效地引领他们,
modestly:adv.谨慎地;适当地; bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好; buck:n.(美)钱,元;雄鹿;纨绔子弟;年轻的印第安人或黑人; leveraging:v.利用贷款进行投机;(leverage的现在分词)
that could function if it were properly trained and motivated and led, and these countries, especially a middle class that is seeing that there's really no future 打击罪犯、维护正义的体系就可以高效地运作起来, 在这些国家,尤其是中产阶层 过去看到这不安定的局势、
motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; middle class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的;
with this total instability and total privatization of security 完全私人化的警力时是多么无助,
instability:n.不稳定(性);基础薄弱;不安定; privatization:n.私有化;
I think there's an opportunity, a window for change. 但我认为现在已经有了去改变这一现状的机会了。
CA: But to make this happen, you have to look at each part in the chain -- the police, who else? CA: 要让这成为现实,你需要关注整条链上的每一个环节—— 警方,还有呢？
GH: So that's the thing about law enforcement, it starts out with the police, they're the front end of the pipeline of justice, but they hand if off to the prosecutors, and the prosecutors hand it off to the courts, GH: 关于法律的实施, 从警方开始, 他们维护正义,奋斗在前线, 他们将罪犯送到检察官手里, 检察官再将罪犯送上法庭,
and the survivors of violence have to be supported by social services all the way through that. 惨遭暴力的幸存者始终都需要 得到社会的保障与支持。
social services:n.社会福利制度(由当地政府组织,向困难者提供帮助的制度);
So you have to do an approach that pulls that all together. 所以你需要做的就是把这几方面结合在一起。
In the past, there's been a little bit of training of the courts, but they get crappy evidence from the police, or a little police intervention that has to do with narcotics or terrorism 过去,对法院的培训很少, 法院只能从警方得到蹩脚的证据, 姑且不说这对惩治毒贩和恐怖分子有多少帮助,
crappy:adj.蹩脚的;糟糕的;没价值的; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍; narcotics:n.麻醉剂(narcotic的复数);麻醉毒品; terrorism:n.恐怖主义;
but nothing to do with treating the common poor person with excellent law enforcement, so it's about pulling that all together, and you can actually have people in very poor communities experience law enforcement like us, 他们在建立完善的法律实施体系来 保障广大穷人的利益方面几乎没有任何作为, 因此,我们需要把每一个环节有机地结合起来, 让那些生活在贫困中的人们 像我们一样得到法律的切实保障,
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
which is imperfect in our own experience, for sure, but boy, is it a great thing to sense that you can call 911 and maybe someone will protect you. 或许我们还对身边的问题满腹牢骚, 但是当你知道只要拨打911, 就会有人来保护你了,是多么的不容易。
imperfect:adj.有缺点的; n.未完成体; v.有瑕疵地;
CA: Gary, I think you've done a spectacular job of bringing this to the world's attention in your book and right here today. CA: Gary, 你太了不起了, 通过你的书还有今天的演讲, 你会让全世界都开始关注这个问题。
spectacular:adj.壮观的;壮丽的;令人惊叹的;n.壮观的场面;精彩的表演;
Thanks so much. 非常感谢,
Gary Haugen.
(Applause) （掌声）