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FredrosOkumu_2017G-_我为什么要研究这世上最危险的动物——蚊子_
I guess because I'm from Tanzania 我猜,由于我来自坦桑尼亚
I have a responsibility to welcome all of you once again. 我有责任再次欢迎你们
Thank you for coming. 谢谢你们的到来
So, first of all , before we start, how many of you in the audience have been in the past a victim of this bug here? 在演讲开始前,首先我想问一下 各位在座的朋友 是否都受过蚊虫叮咬之苦？
first of all:adv.首先; victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者; bug:n.臭虫,小虫;故障;窃听器;v.烦扰,打扰;装窃听器;
We apologize on behalf of all the mosquito catchers . 我代表所有捕蚊者向大家道歉
on behalf of:代表;为了; mosquito:n.蚊子 catchers:n.捕手,捕捉者;接球手;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Ladies and gentlemen, imagine getting seven infectious mosquito bites every day. 女士们,先生们 想象一下,如果每天被 携带传染源的蚊子叮咬7次
infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的;
That's 2,555 infectious bites every year. 那一年就是2555次。
When I was in college, I moved to the Kilombero River valley in the southeastern part of Tanzania. 我上大学的时候, 搬到了坐落于坦桑尼亚南部的 基隆贝罗河谷村。
southeastern:adj.东南方的;朝东南的;
This is historically one of the most malarious zones in the world at that time. 在当时,那里是有史以来 全世界疟疾的高发区。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; malarious:adj.患疟疾的;疟的;
Life here was difficult. 那儿的生活很艰辛
In its later stages malaria manifested with extreme seizures locally known as degedege . 在疟疾晚期 它主要表现为极严重的抽搐, 当地称为“degedege
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; manifested:adj.证明的;已显示的;显然的;v.显示;证明(manifest的过去分词); extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; seizures:n.癫痫,痉挛;发作(seizure的复数); locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上; degedege:用法,发音,音标,搭配,同义词,反义词和例句等在线英语服务。;
It's killed both women and men, adults and children, without mercy . 无论男女老少 都难以幸免。
mercy:n.仁慈,宽容;怜悯;幸运;善行;
My home institution , Ifakara Health Institute , began in this valley in the 1950s to address priority health needs for the local communities . 我家乡的研究机构,‘Ifakara研究所‘ 于上世纪50年代在这个村庄成立 为当地社区提供重要的健康保障。
institution:n.制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗; Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
In fact, the name Ifakara refers to a place you go to die, which is a reflection of what life used to be here in the days before organized public health care . 实际上,Ifakara的意思是 人死时会去的地方 它反映了没有公共医疗保障之前 当地的生活状况。
refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) reflection:n.反映;沉思;映像;深思; organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) health care:n.卫生保健;
When I first moved here, my primary role was to estimate how much malaria transmission was going on across the villages and which mosquitoes were transmitting the disease . 当我第一次搬到这里来的时候 我主要的工作就是去估计 在这个村子里有多少疟疾传播的案例 并找出是哪种蚊子在传播疾病。
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本; transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置; mosquitoes:n.蚊子(mosquito的复数); transmitting:v.传送;输送;发射;传播;传染;(transmit的现在分词) disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
So my colleague and myself came 30 kilometers south of Ifakara town across the river. 为此,我和同事来到 跨过河30公里以外的ifakara镇以南。
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
Every evening we went into the villages with flashlights and siphons . 每晚我们都带着手电筒和虹吸管去村子里
siphons:[物]虹吸管(siphon的复数);
We rolled up our trousers, and waited for mosquitoes that were coming to bite us so we could collect them to check if they were carrying malaria. 我们卷起裤管 等着蚊子来叮咬我们 因此,我们可以收集它们 检查它们是否携带疟疾病毒
(Laughter) （笑声）
My colleague and myself selected a household , and we started inside and outside, swapping positions every half hour. 我和同事选了一户人家 然后我们开始屋里屋外站岗, 每隔半小时换一班,
household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的; swapping:v.交换(东西);交换(工作);用…替换;(swap的现在分词)
And we did this for 12 hours every night for 24 consecutive nights. 每晚值班12个小时,连续干了24个晚上。
consecutive:adj.连贯的;连续不断的;
We slept for four hours every morning and worked the rest of the day, sorting mosquitoes, identifying them and chopping off their heads so they could be analyzed in the lab to check if they were carrying malaria parasites in their blood mouthparts . 我们每天早上睡4个小时 其余时间都一直工作 我们将收集到的蚊子分类,辨认它们 并切下它们的头 这样它们就可以被送到实验室里去分析了 看它们带血的口器里是否携带 疟原虫。
identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词) chopping:v.切碎;剁碎;砍;劈;削减,降低;取消;(chop的现在分词) analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨; parasites:n.[基医]寄生虫;[生物]寄生生物(parasite的复数); mouthparts:n.昆虫等的口器;
This way we were able to not only know how much malaria was going on here but also which mosquitoes were carrying this malaria. 这样,我们不仅知道有多少例疟疾发生 也知道是哪种蚊子携带疟疾源
We were also able to know whether malaria was mostly inside houses or outside houses. 我们还可以知道 疟疾是常在屋内感染还是在屋外
Today, ladies and gentlemen, I still catch mosquitoes for a living. 女士们,先生们,如今我还是靠捕蚊为生
But I do this mostly to improve people's lives and well-being . 但主要是为了延长人们的寿命, 改善他们的生活。
improve:v.改进;改善; well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
This has been called by some people the most dangerous animal on earth -- which unfortunately is true. 有些人说,这是世界上最危险的动物 不幸的事, 事实确实如此
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
But what do we really know about mosquitoes? 但是我们又对蚊子了解多少呢？
It turns out we actually know very little. 结果表明,我们对蚊子了解甚微。
Consider the fact that at the moment our best practice against malaria are bednets -- insecticide treated bednets. 事实是我们现在对抗蚊子最实际的做法是 蚊帐－涂有驱蚊剂的蚊帐
best practice:n.(公司或机构的)最佳实践; insecticide:n.杀虫剂; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
We know now that across Africa you have widespread resistance to insecticides . 我们得知,在整个非洲 普遍存在杀虫剂抵抗现象
widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; insecticides:n.[农药]杀虫剂(insecticide的复数);
And these are the same insecticides, the pyrethroid class, that are put on these bednets. 蚊帐用的就是这种杀虫剂 除虫菊素类杀虫剂,它们被用在蚊帐上
pyrethroid:n.拟除虫菊酯;合成除虫菊酯;
We know now that these bednets protect you from bites but only minimally kill the mosquitoes that they should. 我们现在知道,蚊帐能保护我们不受叮咬, 但是杀蚊效果很差,不尽人意。
minimally:adv.最低限度地;最低程度地;
What it means is that we've got to do more to be able to get to zero. 这意味着,我们还要采取更多措施 才能把蚊虫消灭干净。
And that's part of our duty. 而这也是我们的职责。
At Ifakara Health Institute we focus very much on the biology of the mosquito, and we try to do this so we can identify new opportunities. 在Ifakara健康研究机构 我们主要研究蚊子的生物学特性 以便寻找新的机会
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
A new approach . 发现新的途径
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
New ways to try and get new options that we can use together with things such as bednets to be able to get to zero. 新的方法,来寻找其他灭蚊方式 与蚊帐等传统手段结合 一同将蚊子消灭干净。
options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
And I'm going to share with you a few examples of the things that my colleagues and myself do. 我要给你看我和我同事 做的新的东西。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
Take this, for example. 比如说这个,
Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water. 蚊子在小水洼里繁殖
breed:v.繁殖;孕育;培育(动植物);导致;以…方式教育;n.品种;
Not all of them are easy to find -- they can be scattered across villages, they can be as small as hoofprints . 并不是所有的蚊子都容易发现 有的散布在村子各处 有的像蹄印一样小
scattered:adj.零散的; v.撒; (scatter的过去分词和过去式) hoofprints:na.蹄印;(hoofprints是hoofprint的复数);
They can be behind your house or far from your house. 有的就在你家后院, 有的却离你房子很远。
And so, if you wanted to control mosquito larvae , it can actually be quite difficult to get them. 因此要想控制住蚊子卵 也是很困难的。
larvae:n.幼虫;幼体(larva的复数形式);
What my colleagues and I have decided to do is to think about what if we used mosquitoes themselves to carry the insecticides from a place of our choice to their own breeding habitats so that whichever eggs they lay there shall not survive. 我和我的同事决定要做的是 想让蚊子自己 将杀蚊剂从我们指定的地点带到 它们繁殖的栖息地 消灭那个地方所有的蚊卵。
what if:如果…怎么办? breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词) habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式); whichever:pron.任何一个;无论哪个;adj.无论哪个;无论哪些;
This is Dickson Lwetoijera. 这是狄更斯·维托杰亚
This is my colleague who runs this show at Ifakara. 我的同事,在Ifakara展示这一试验
And he has demonstrated cleverly that you can actually get mosquitoes to come to the place where they normally come to get blood to pick up a dose of sterilants or insecticide, carry this back to their own breeding habitat and kill all their progeny . 他聪明的验证了可以让蚊子 从它常去采血的地方 采到带有杀菌剂或者杀虫剂的血液 然后把它们带到它们的繁殖地 杀掉它们所有的虫卵。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) cleverly:adv.聪明地; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; progeny:n.子孙;后裔;成果;
And we have demonstrated that you can do this and crush populations very, very rapidly. 并且, 我们可以证实你可以做到 并很快的减少蚊子的数量
crush:v.压碎;弄皱,变形;使…挤入;n.粉碎;迷恋;压榨;拥挤的人群;
This is beautiful. 这太美了。
This is our mosquito city. 这是我们的蚊子城市。
It is the largest mosquito farm available in the world for malaria research. 这是全世界最大的蚊子养殖基地 用于支持对疟疾的研究。
Here we have large-scale self-sustaining colonies of malaria mosquitoes that we rear in these facilities . 在这个基地里,我们养了一大批 自给自足的疟疾蚊子群体。
large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的; self-sustaining:adj.自立的;自谋生活的;自撑的; rear:adj.后方的;后面的;n.后部;屁股;臀部;v.抚养;培养;饲养;用后腿直立; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数)
Of course, they are disease-free . 当然,它们是不携带任何疾病的
disease-free:adj.无病的;
But what these systems allow us to do is to introduce new tools and test them immediately, very quickly, and see if we can crush these populations or control them in some way. 这些系统使我们可以 引进新技术并立即投入试验 非常快 并看看我们是否能消灭蚊子种群 或者设法控制它们
And my colleagues have demonstrated that if you just put two or three positions where mosquitoes can go pick up these lethal substances , we can crush these colonies in just three months. 我的同事也证明了 只需在两三个地方投放致命物质 让蚊子去采集, 我们就可以将蚊群 在三个月内消灭干净。
lethal:adj.致命的,致死的;n.致死因子; substances:n.[物]物质;基本内容;物品药物(substance的复数);
That's autodissemination, as we call it. 我们称它为:自动化播散
But what if we could use the mosquitoes' sexual behavior to also control them? 但是我们是否可以利用 蚊子的性行为 来控制它们？
sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的;
So, first of all I would like to tell you that actually mosquitoes mate in what we call swarms . 首先,我想跟你们说的是 蚊子其实是聚众交配的,
swarms:n.(昆虫等)群;[蜂]蜂群(swarm的复数);v.蜂拥;云集(swarm的第三人称单数);
Male mosquitoes usually congregate in clusters around the horizon , usually after sunset . 公蚊子通常成群结队的 聚集在地表面,太阳落山后
congregate:vt.聚集;vi.聚集;adj.集合在一起的; clusters:n.[植]簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);[计]群集; horizon:n.地平线;(欲望、知识或兴趣的)范围; sunset:adj.霞红色的; n.日落(时分); v.(使)定期届满废止;
The males go there for a dance, the females fly into that dance and select a male mosquito of their choice, usually the best-looking male in their view. 公蚊子去那里跳舞 母蚊子也过去跳舞, 并挑选一个她们看上的公蚊子, ——通常是那个看起来最英俊的。
They clump together and fall down onto the floor. 它们聚集在一起,然后落到地上
clump:n.丛;笨重的脚步声;土块;v.形成一丛;以沉重的步子行走;
If you watch this, it's beautiful. 你要看到这景象,你也会认为很美。
It's a fantastic phenomenon . 这真是一个太棒的现象了
fantastic:奇异的,空想的 phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
This is where our mosquito-catching work gets really interesting. 这就是我们捕蚊工作的好玩之处
What we have seen, when we go swamp hunting in the villages, is that these swamp locations tend to be at exactly the same location every day, every week, every month, year in, year out. 当我们到村里的沼泽去捕蚊子的时候会发现, 这些沼泽地总是固定不动的 每天,每周,每个月 年复一年。
swamp:v.淹没;使不堪承受;使疲于应对;使应接不暇;n.沼泽(地); locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
They start at exactly the same time of the evening, and they are at exactly the same locations. 它们每晚都在相同的时间开始交配, 它们也去相同的地点。
What does this tell us? 这给我们有什么启发呢？
It means that if we can map all these locations across villages, we could actually crush these populations by just a single blow. 这就意味着,如果我们 可以在村子里找到这些地点 我们就能 把这些蚊子一网打尽。
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them or nuke them out. 就像,用炸弹覆盖或者核武器一样消灭它们
nuke:n.核武器;核能发电厂;核潜艇;vt.以核武器攻击;adj.核武器的;
And that is what we try to do with young men and women across the villages. 那就是我们和青年男女 在村子里尝试做的事
We organize these crews, teach them how to identify the swarms, and spray them out. 我们把这帮人组织起来, 教他们如何去辨认蚊群 并喷洒药物杀死它们。
spray:n.喷雾; v.喷;
My colleagues and I believe we have a new window to get mosquitoes out of the valley. 我和我的同事相信 我们有新的机会 将蚊子赶出村子。
But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes eat blood, human blood, is the reason they are the most dangerous animal on earth. 但是事实是,这些蚊子吸血,吸人类的血 这就是为什么他们是世上最危险的动物
But think about it this way -- mosquitoes actually smell you. 但是,请这样想－ 蚊子实际上是闻到了你的气味
And they have developed incredible sensory organs . 而它们进化出了 不可思议的感觉器官
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
They can smell from as far sometimes as 100 meters away. 它们可以闻到100米开外的气味
And when they get closer, they can even tell the difference between two family members. 它们离你很近的时候 连一家的两个不同成员都能区分出来。
They know who you are based on what you produce from your breath, skin, sweat and body odor . 它们通过你呼出的气体, 皮肤分泌物,汗液,体味 就能知道你是谁。
odor:n.气味;名声;
What we have done at Ifakara is to identify what it is in your skin, your body, your sweat or your breath that these mosquitoes like. 我们在Ifakara做的是 去鉴别来自你皮肤,你身体, 汗液和呼吸中 那些蚊子喜欢的东西。
Once we identified these substances, we created a concoction , kind of a mixture , a blend of synthetic substances that are reminiscent of what you produce from your body. 一旦我们找到这种物质, 我们就可以做一种混合剂 一种合成物质 接近人类的体味。
identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) concoction:n.混合;调合;调合物; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; blend:v.混合;融合;加入;相称;n.混合;混合物;混合种;混合色; synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; reminiscent:adj.怀旧的,回忆往事的;耽于回想的;n.回忆录作者;回忆者;
And we made a synthetic blend that was attracting three to five times more mosquitoes than a human being. 我们做了一个合成的混合物 它吸引蚊子数量是人类能够吸引的3-5倍。
What can you do with this? 你可以用这个做什么？
You put in a trap , lure a lot of mosquitoes and you kill them, right? 你埋下陷阱,吸引大批的蚊子, 然后再杀死它们,对吧？
trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计; lure:n.诱惑;饵;诱惑物;v诱惑;引诱;
And of course, you can also use it for surveillance . 当然,它还可以起到监视作用
surveillance:n.监督;监视;
At Ifakara we wish to expand our knowledge on the biology of the mosquito; to control many other diseases , including, of course, the malaria, but also those other diseases that mosquitoes transmit like dengue, Chik unguny a and Zika virus. 在Ifakara 我们希望可以拓展 我们在蚊子的生物学方面的知识 去控制其它的疾病,当然包括疟疾在内 还有通过蚊子传播的其他疾病 诸如登革热,奇昆古尼亚热病和寨卡病毒。
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
And this is why my colleagues, for example -- we have looked at the fact that some mosquitoes like to bite you on the leg region . 这也是为什么我的同事,比方说 我们发现 某些蚊子喜欢 叮你的大腿。
region:n.地区;范围;部位;
And we've now created these mosquito repellent sandals that tourists and locals can wear when they're coming. 我们为此也发明了驱蚊凉鞋 保护游人和当地人
repellent:adj.排斥的;防水的;弹回的;令人讨厌的;n.防护剂;防水布;排斥力; sandals:n.凉鞋;(sandal的复数)
And you don't get bitten -- this gives you 'round the clock protection until the time you go under your bednet. 免遭蚊虫叮咬 因为这会给你随时随地的保护 直到你回到你的蚊帐里去
(Applause) （掌声）
My love-hate relationship with mosquitoes continues. 我与蚊子的爱恨情仇还在继续
love-hate relationship:n.爱恨交加的感情关系;
(Laughter) （观众笑声）
And it's going to go a long way, I can see. 我也知道灭蚊之路仍然任重道远。
But that's OK. 但是,这也不错。
The African Union has set a goal of 2030 to eliminate malaria from the continent . 非洲联合国家也定了个目标 在2030年将消灭非洲大陆的疟疾。
eliminate:v.消除;排除; continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
At Ifakara we are firmly behind these goals. 在Ifakara, 我们紧随目标
And we've put together a cohort of young scientists, male and female , who are champions, who are interested in coming together to make this vision come true. 我们集合了一大批青年科学家 男女都有 他们是胜利者 愿意聚集在一起实现目标。
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; cohort:n.一群人,一批人;同伙;支持者; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
They do what they can to make it work. 他们尽其所能 去实现目标。
And we are supporting them. 而我们在支持他们。
We are here to make sure that these dreams come true. 我们来到这就是为了 使这个梦想成真。
Ladies and gentlemen, even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime, even if it doesn't happen before you and me go away, 女士们,先生们 即便这一梦想没有 在我们有生之年起作用
I believe that your child and my child shall inherit a world free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes and free of malaria. 我相信你的孩子,我的孩子、 也会享受一个没有传播疟疾的蚊子 也没有疟疾的世界。
inherit:v.继承;接替(责任等);继任;
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们,先生们。非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. 谢谢
Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros. 凯勒·库巴: 好的, 费兰德
Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit. 我们来聊点儿CRISPR吧
(Laughter) （笑声）
It's taken the world by storm, it promises to do amazing things. 这让整个世界很是震撼 它预示着能够做很多不可思议的事情
What do you think of scientists using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes? 你怎么看科学家用CRISPR消灭蚊子
Fredros Okumu: To answer this question, let's start from what the problem is. 费兰德:要回答这个问题, 我们就得先说一下问题的实质
First of all, we're talking about a disease that still kills -- according to the latest figures we have from WHO -- 429,000 people. 首先,我们讲的是一个可以致人死亡的疾病 据世贸卫生组织最新数字表明 已有429,000人因此而死亡
according to:根据,据说;
Most of these are African children. 多数是非洲儿童
Of course, we've made progress, there are countries that have achieved up to 50-60 percent reduction in malaria burden . 当然,我们还是有成效的 有些国家已经 减少了50-60%的疟疾死亡率
reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于;
But we still have to do more to get to zero. 但是要达到零死亡,还需要时间
There is already proof of principle that gene-editing techniques , such as CRISPR, can be used effectively to transform mosquitoes so that either they do not transmit malaria -- we call this population alteration -- or that they no longer exist, population suppression . 已经有证据表明 基因编辑技术,比如CRISPR 可以有效的用来 改造蚊子,是他们不再传播疟疾 我们称它为人口替换 抑或是他们根本就不复存在了 蚊子数量骤减
proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; alteration:n.修改,改变;变更; suppression:n.抑制;镇压;[植]压抑;
This is already proven in the lab. 这些已经通过实验证实了
There is also modeling work that has demonstrated that even if you were to release just a small number of these genetically modified mosquitoes, that you can actually achieve elimination very, very quickly. 有一个样板课题 已经证明了即使你去释放 少量这种经基因改造后的蚊子 就可以让你快速将蚊子消灭光。
release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; genetically modified:adj.(植物等)遗传修饰的; elimination:n.消除;淘汰;除去;
So, CRISPR and tools like this offer us some real opportunities -- real-life opportunities to have high-impact interventions that we can use in addition to what we have now to eventually go to zero. 因此,CRISPR和类似的工具 提供给我们真正的机会－ 存在于现实生活中的高效能干扰机会 可以供我们使用来增强 我们现在所有的 直到最后直到完全消灭
real-life:adj.现实的;实在的; high-impact:高强度的; interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数); in addition to:除…之外; eventually:adv.最后,终于;
This is important. 这很重要
Now, of course people always ask us -- which is a common question, 现在,当然很多人都在问我们 这也是一个很普遍的问题
I guess you're going to ask this as well -- "What happens if you eliminate mosquitoes?" 我猜想你也会这样问 “你们把所有的蚊子都消灭了又怎样？”
KK: I won't ask then, you answer. 凯:那我就不问了,你回答吧
FO: OK. In respect to this, I would just like to remind my colleagues that we have 3,500 mosquito species in this world. 费兰德:好的,鉴于这问题, 我需要提醒我的同事 告诉他们,在这世上有3500种蚊子
remind:v.提醒;使想起; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
Maybe more than that. 或许比这还多。
About 400 of these are Anophelenes, and only about 70 of them have any capacity to transmit malaria. 这其中400种是按蚊 它们当中的70是有能力传播疟疾的。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
In Africa, we're having to deal with three or four of these as the major guys. 在非洲我们要去处理大概3到4个这种大家伙
They carry most -- like 99 percent of all the malaria we have. 它们能够携带我们所拥有的99%的疟疾。
If we were to go out with gene editing like CRISPR, if we were to go out with gene drives to control malaria, we would be going after only one or two. 如果我们要利用像CRISPR基因改造系统, 如果我们要利用基因去控制疟疾, 我们就只需要控制一两种
editing:v.编辑,校订(文章、书籍等);编选;(edit的现在分词)
I don't see a diversity problem with that. 我不认为这有什么多元化的问题。
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
But that's personal view. 但是那仅是我的观点
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
I think it's OK. 我认为这很好
And remember, by the way , all these years we've been trying to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively by spraying them -- our colleagues in America have sprayed with -- really bomb-spraying these insects out of the villages. 要记住,还有, 在这些年来我们一直在尝试去有效率的 通过喷雾来消灭它们－我在美国的同事
by the way:顺便说一下; spraying:v.喷;喷洒;向…扫射(或抛洒);撒尿(以示领地占有);(spray的现在分词) sprayed:adj.喷雾的;v.喷射;散布(spray的过去式和过去分词);
In Africa we do a lot of household spraying. 在非洲,我们用了很多家用喷蚊子的方法
All these are aimed solely at killing the mosquitoes. 所有这些都仅仅只能够杀灭蚊子
solely:adv.单独地,唯一地;
So there's really no problem if we had a new tool. 因此我们再发明个新工具也是没问题的
But having said that, I have to say we also have to be very, very responsible here. 虽然我那样说,但是我还是不得不说 我也该越来越负责的说
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
So there's the regulatory side, and we have to partner with our regulators and make sure that everything that we do is done correctly, is done responsibly 但是,我们也有监管的, 我们要与我们的监管人合作 要确保我们做的所有事都正确, 都做的很负责任
regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; regulators:n.调整者;调节阀(regulator的复数形式); responsibly:adv.负责地,可信赖地;
and that we also have to do independent risk assessments , to just make sure that all these processes do not fall into the wrong hands. 我们还要去做独立的风险测定 仅仅为了确保 整个过程万无一失。
independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); assessments:评价; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
Thank you very much. 十分感谢
KK: Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）