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FrederickStreeterBarrett_2020P-_致幻药、音乐和怀旧背后的神经科学_-
At various points over the past 20 years, 在过去的二十年间,
I've studied two fundamental human experiences that have taught me an awful lot about emotion and that may hold the keys to a revolution in psychiatry . 我研究了人类的两种基本体验, 它们不仅加深了我对情绪的了解, 也有可能成为在精神病学界 掀起变革的引子。
The first is how we experience music. 第一种是对音乐的体验,
The second is how we experience psychedelic drugs such as LSD and magic mushrooms, or psilocybin , which is the active component in magic mushrooms. 第二种则是对致幻药物的体验, 例如 LSD、迷幻蘑菇 或裸盖菇素, 也就是迷幻蘑菇中的有效成分。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法; psychedelic:adj.引起幻觉的;n.迷幻剂; psilocybin:n.采自蘑菰的一种迷幻药; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的;
You may be wondering what these two things have in common outside of Woodstock . 你可能会纳闷,这两种东西 在音乐狂欢节之外还有交集吗？
After all, music is not a physical substance . 毕竟,音乐并没有实体,
It can be described as a limited set of vibrations in the air that can be detected by your ear. 它可以被定义为一组 能被耳朵捕捉到的 特定的空气振动。
And music may seem to have more to do with aesthetics than with biology or chemistry. 音乐似乎更加关乎美学, 而不是生物学 或者化学。
Woodstock:n.伍德斯托克音乐节(每年8月在纽约州东南部Woodstock举行的摇滚音乐节); physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) vibrations:n.[力]振动;共鸣;动摇(vibration的复数); detected:v.发现;查明;侦察出;(detect的过去分词和过去式) aesthetics:n.美学;美的哲学; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
Psychedelic drugs, on the other hand , are physical substances . 相对的,致幻药物是实体物质。
They are chemical compounds that you can ingest that directly interact with brain chemistry and change your experience of the world. 它们是一种能够摄入的化合物, 可以直接作用于大脑的化学物质, 并改变你对世界的体验。
This change is temporary , but the effects of this change can alter the course of your life. 这种变化是暂时的, 但这种变化的效果 有可能改变你的人生轨迹。
on the other hand:另一方面; substances:n.[物]物质;基本内容;物品药物(substance的复数); chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式); ingest:vt.摄取;咽下;吸收;接待; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; alter:v.更改;修改(衣服使更合身);
But let's face it: psychedelics have the potential to trigger unexpected and potentially dangerous effects. 但让我们面对现实: 致幻药有可能 触发意想不到的、 具有潜在危险的效果。
So what could these two very different things possibly have in common? 那么这两种迥然不同的事物 究竟能有什么共同点？
I've found that music and psychedelics can impact our well-being in powerful and complementary ways. 我发现音乐和致幻药 能以强大而互补的方式 影响我们的身心健康。
psychedelics:adj.引起幻觉的;n.迷幻剂; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; well-being:n.幸福;康乐; complementary:adj.补足的,补充的;
Music can have a direct impact on our emotions , with measurable impacts in the brain; psychedelic drugs, under the right circumstances , may have therapeutic effects. 音乐能直接影响我们的情绪, 在大脑中产生可测量的作用; 在正确的条件下, 致幻药能够产生治疗效果,
These effects can be manifest in patterns that we can study and document with brain scans. 这些效果能 在大脑模式中体现出来, 我们可以通过扫描大脑 对其进行记录与研究。
And together, and leveraged in a purposeful fashion, music and psychedelics may have an even greater healing impact on patients . 如果合理地配合利用音乐和致幻药, 两者能对患者产生更显着的 治愈作用。
emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) measurable:adj.可测量的;重要的;重大的; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) therapeutic:adj.治疗的;治疗学的;有益于健康的;n.治疗剂;治疗学家; manifest:v.表明;显现;使人注意到;adj.明显的;显而易见的;n.旅客名单; leveraged:adj.杠杆的; v.举债经营; (leverage的过去式和过去分词); purposeful:adj.有目的的;有决心的; healing:n.康复; adj.痊愈中的; v.(使)康复,复原; (heal的现在分词) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
What's more, these effects can be manifest in healthier and happier lives and more integrated personalities . 此外,这些效果能让患者 过上更健康幸福的生活, 发展出更完整统一的人格。
I began my journey into the mental health benefits of music long before I ever intended to make such a journey. 早在我有意探索 音乐对精神健康的益处之前, 我就已开始了这趟探索之旅。
For roughly half of my life, I've been a musician, having played in community orchestras , community theaters , wedding bands , a salsa-merengue band. 我有半辈子都是一名音乐家, 曾在社区乐团、 社区剧院、 婚庆乐队和拉丁舞乐队中演出。
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) personalities:n.性格;个性;人格;气质;名人;(personality的复数) journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; orchestras:n.管弦乐队;乐队演奏处; theaters:n.影剧院,剧院(theater复数); bands:n.乐队;法官;
I was a member of a string band in Philadelphia for many years. 我在费城的一支弦乐队中 担任乐手多年。
And for the better part of my formative years, 而在我长大成人的大半时间里,
I was the drummer in a Weezer-Nirvana cover band that morphed into a hardcore punk band. 我都在一支威瑟-涅盘的 翻唱乐队中担任鼓手, 这支乐队后来演变成了 一支硬核朋克乐队。
(Laughter) （笑声）
string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的; Philadelphia:n.费城(美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市); for the better:好转,向好的方向发展; formative:adj.形成的;造型的;格式化的;n.构词要素; drummer:n.鼓手;旅行推销员;跑街; morphed:在屏幕上变换图像(morph的过去式和过去分词); hardcore:adj.赤裸裸描写性行为的;n.硬核;硬底层;碎砖垫层; punk:n.废物;小阿飞;年轻无知的人;adj.朋客,崩客;无用的,低劣的;
That's right. 没错。
Drummer in a punk band. 我做过朋克乐队的鼓手。
But it wasn't until I really began my career in psychology and neuroscience that I began to also appreciate how widely and how deeply we as a species , both implicitly and explicitly , 但直到我开始了心理学 和神经科学领域的职业生涯时, 我才开始领略到我们人类这个物种 无论在显性还是隐性层面 都如何广泛且深刻地
use music as a tool to try to regulate our emotions and to heal. 使用音乐这种工具 来调节自身的情绪、 治愈心中的创伤。
And for some of us, music keeps us going. 而对一些人而言, 是音乐让我们活下去。
For others, music isn't quite enough. 对另一些人来说, 仅有音乐还不够。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; implicitly:adv.含蓄地;暗中地; explicitly:adv.明确地;明白地; regulate:v.调节;控制;
For me, this led to some fascinating questions. 对我来说,这引出了一些 引人入胜的问题。
I began to use music as a tool to study emotion and memory in the brain. 我开始使用音乐这种工具 来研究大脑中的情绪与记忆。
My first scientific study was focused on music-evoked nostalgia . 我的第一个科学课题 研究了由音乐唤起的怀旧情绪。
Nostalgia's a rich and bittersweet emotion that is intimately tied up with our autobiographical memories. 怀旧是一种苦乐参半的醇厚情绪, 与我们的自传式记忆息息相关。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; nostalgia:n.乡愁;怀旧之情;怀乡病; bittersweet:adj.苦乐参半的;又苦又甜的;n.又苦又甜的东西;蜀羊泉; intimately:adv.熟悉地;亲切地;私下地; autobiographical:adj.自传的;自传体的;自传作家的;
We can often encounter nostalgia in unexpected places. 我们常常能在意想不到的场合 遇到怀旧情绪。
You may have had the experience of driving down the highway, turning on the radio or firing up your favorite music recommendation service, and you hear a song you haven't heard in ages, and you get immediately transported back in time and dumped into this immersive memory -- something you haven't thought about in ages but was very meaningful to you -- maybe wedding day or senior prom or the birth of your first child or the death of a loved one. 你或许有过这样的体验: 在高速公路上开车时 打开电台 或是中意的音乐推荐服务, 听到了一首许久不曾听过的歌, 它让你的时间瞬间倒流, 让你陷进了沉浸式的记忆中—— 某件你许久不曾想起 却对你意义非凡的往事—— 也许是婚礼之日、毕业舞会、 初次为人父母、 或是亲人的逝世。
encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见; recommendation:n.推荐;介绍;提议;正式建议; transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式) dumped:v.丢弃,扔掉;丢下;抛弃;倾销,抛售;(dump的过去分词和过去式) immersive:n.沉浸式;沉浸感;增加沉浸感; meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人; prom:n.毕业舞会
Music can serve as a powerful context cue for deeply meaningful and intensely vivid nostalgic memories such as these. 对于这种意义深远 又极为鲜烈的怀旧记忆, 音乐可以说是一种强烈的情境线索。
Nostalgia, in a sense , is deeply woven into our sense of self. 在某种意义上,怀旧是与 我们的自我意识深深交织的。
Who are we at our most authentic selves? 我们最真实的自我是怎么样的？
By connecting us with our emotional histories, nostalgia can help us to stave off sadness, loneliness, existential threat and even the imminence of death and the approaching horizon of our lives as we age. 通过将我们与自己的情感历史相连, 怀旧能帮助我们抵御悲伤、孤独、 生存危机, 甚至是随着年龄增长迫近的死亡 与人生的尽头。
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; cue:n.暗示;提示;信号;(戏剧的)提示;v.给(某人)暗示(或提示); intensely:adv.强烈地;紧张地;热情地; vivid:adj.生动的;鲜明的;鲜艳的; nostalgic:adj.怀旧的;乡愁的; in a sense:在某种意义上; woven:v.编织;交织(weave的过去分词);编造;adj.织物的;n.机织织物; authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; stave:n.狭板;梯级;诗句;五线谱表;vt.延缓;击穿;凿孔于;压扁;vi.破碎;穿孔; existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的; imminence:n.迫切;急迫,危急;迫近的危险或祸患; approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词) horizon:n.地平线;(欲望、知识或兴趣的)范围;
To try to get a better understanding of how music may tap into nostalgia and what that may be doing in the brain, 为了能更进一步了解 音乐与怀旧的关系 及其在大脑中的作用,
I began to work with computational models of music cognition . 我开始研究音乐认知的计算模型。
I applied these models to interrogate brain activity that was recorded while people were listening to nostalgia-evoking and nonnostalgia-evoking music. 我用这些模型来研究 在人们聆听怀旧音乐 与非怀旧音乐时 记录下来的大脑活动。
And importantly, at least to a brain geek like me, 而对我这样的脑科学迷来说, 重要的是
computational:adj.计算的; cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) interrogate:v.讯问;审问;盘问;查询; geek:n.做低级滑稽表演的人,反常的人; n.(俚)极客,即智力超群,善于钻研但不懂与人交往的怪才;
I found that nostalgia was able to recruit a wide network of brain regions involved in multiple levels of different cognitive processes . 我发现怀旧情绪会调用 一个广域脑区网络, 涉及多层级的不同认知过程。
Whereas nonnostalgic music could recruit brain regions such as Heschl's gyrus , involved in basic auditory processing , or Broca's area, which is involved in processing grammar and syntax not only in language but also in mu sic, nostalgia was able to recruit these brain regions and more. 虽然非怀旧音乐能调用 对听觉进行基本处理的 听觉皮区（Heschl 氏回）, 或是对语言和音乐中的 语法及句法进行处理的 布洛卡区, 但怀旧除这些区域外 还能调用别的脑区,
recruit:n.新兵; v.吸收(新成员); (通过招募)组成; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; gyrus:n.[解剖]脑回(形成大脑半球的组织);回转; auditory:n.听众;礼堂;adj.听觉的;耳朵的; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
Brain regions such as the substantia nigra involved in reward processing or the anterior insula involved in the visceral experience of emotion or brain regions in the inferior frontal gyrus that are involved in autobiographical memories. 例如与处理奖励有关的黑质、 与深切的情感体验相关的前岛叶, 或是额下回里面 与自传体记忆相关的脑区。
Nostalgia was also able to recruit a wide network of brain regions in prefrontal , frontal, cingulate , insular , parietal , occipital and subcortical brain regions that span nearly all of our cognitive faculties . 怀旧还能调用一个横跨了 前额叶、额叶、扣带皮层、 岛叶、顶叶、枕叶和皮层下脑区的 大型脑区网络, 涵盖了我们几乎所有的认知功能。
substantia:n.物质; nigra:n.黑质;黑人(等于niggra); reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; anterior:adj.前面的;先前的; insula:n.[解剖]脑岛; visceral:adj.内脏的;出于本能的;发自肺腑的;粗俗的; inferior:adj.较差的; n.不如别人的人; frontal:adj.额的;正面的,前面的;n.额骨,额部;房屋的正面; prefrontal:adj.[解剖]前额的;额叶前部的;n.[解剖]额前骨; cingulate:adj.有色带的;(昆虫腹部)有色带环绕的; insular:adj.孤立的;与世隔绝的;海岛的;岛民的; parietal:adj.[解剖]腔壁的;颅顶骨的;(美)学院生活的;n.顶骨,头顶骨; occipital:adj.枕骨的,枕部的;n.枕骨; subcortical:adj.皮质下的;[心理]皮层下的; span:n.持续时间; v.持续; faculties:n.系,学院;才能,能力;全体教员(faculty的复数形式);
This may explain why nostalgia can have such an outsized impact on us. 这也解释了为什么怀旧 会对我们产生如此巨大的影响。
But as powerful as it is in the moment, the salve of music-evoked nostalgia eventually fades . 但即使它在那一瞬间十分强烈, 由音乐触发的怀旧体验终会褪去。
Nostalgia may be more of a Band-Aid , less of an antibiotic and typically far from a surgical intervention for our emotional health. 对于我们的情感健康而言, 怀旧更像是一枚创可贴, 而不是一剂抗生素,离手术干预就相去更远了。
outsized:特大的,特大号的; salve:n.药膏;软膏;油膏;vt.使良心得到宽慰;减轻内疚感 eventually:adv.最后,终于; fades:v.褪色;逝去;[生物]衰老;淡接(fade的第三人称单数形式); Band-Aid:n.创可贴;adj.补缀的; antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; surgical:adj.外科的;外科手术的; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍;
Music can draw out nostalgia and music and nostalgia can move our feelings, but how do we make these feelings stick? 音乐能够引出怀旧, 音乐与怀旧能够触动我们的情感, 但我们如何让这些情感更加持久呢？
After studying the nostalgic brain, 在对怀旧与大脑进行研究之后,
I joined a team at Johns Hopkins University that was studying the effects of psychedelic drugs, and I quickly began to learn how deeply a piece of music could impact a person during a psychedelic experience. 我加入了约翰·霍普金斯大学 一支研究致幻药效果的团队, 并很快地开始了解到 音乐在致幻体验中 能对人产生多么深刻的影响。
I was previously vexed by the difficulty in predicting precisely what musical stimulus would evoke precisely what response within a given individual . 之前一个令我深感苦恼的问题是, 很难预测音乐刺激 究竟会让特定个体 产生怎样的反应。
A song that evokes nostalgia in one person could just as easily evoke disinterest or disgust in another person. 让一个人感到怀旧的歌, 同样可能让另一个人 感到无趣或厌恶。
I began to learn how deeply most music seemed to impact most people during psychedelic experiences. 我开始发现在致幻体验中,
previously:adv.先前;以前; vexed:adj.生气的,烦恼的,恼怒的;为难的;焦急的; predicting:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的现在分词) stimulus:n.刺激;激励;刺激物; evoke:vt.引起,唤起;博得; response:n.响应;反应;回答; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; evokes:vt.引起,唤起;博得; disinterest:n.不关心;无兴趣;vt.使不关心; disgust:n.厌恶;反感;憎恶;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;
Since at least the late '50s, the value of using music to help people to navigate psychedelic experiences was clear. 至少从 1950 年代末期开始, 音乐就很明确地被用来 帮助人们经历致幻体验。
We continue this tradition in our modern research, asking volunteers to listen to music during the course of a psychedelic therapy session, and despite most people being mostly naive to the music that we play before they get into the sessions , after these sessions , our volunteers practically beg us for the playlists . 我们在现代研究中沿用了这种做法, 请志愿者在一次迷幻心理治疗中 聆听音乐。 虽然大多数人在开始疗程前 并没有听过我们播放的音乐, 在进行疗程之后, 这些志愿者简直就是在 央求我们提供歌单。
navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) therapy:n.治疗,疗法; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的; sessions:n.会议;会期(session的复数); practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上; playlists:n.播放列表;演出剧目表(playlist的复数);
And some of them report returning to the songs that were most impactful to them during their psychedelic experience weeks, months and even many years after the experience. 有些人说,在这次体验之后的 数周、数月甚至数年之后, 他们仍会重温那些 在致幻体验中 对他们影响最大的歌曲。
Somehow , these songs can turn into touchstones that can rekindle the most powerful and impactful and insightful experiences that people encountered during their psychedelic sessions. 这些歌曲似乎成为了燧石, 能够重新点燃 这些人在迷幻心理疗程中 经历的最为强烈、 震撼、深邃的体验。
impactful:adj.有效的;有力的; Somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; touchstones:n.试金石;(检验)标准; rekindle:v.使重新活跃;使复苏; insightful:adj.有深刻见解的,富有洞察力的; encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式)
Of course, I had to know what was going on here. 我自然想要知道其中的缘由。
I began to deploy my batteries of questionnaires and my carefully crafted experiments and my big, fancy MRI machines to try to determine just what could be happening during these experiences that could explain the depth of impact that people were encountering . 我开始投放问卷、 精心设计的实验、 又大又高端的磁共振仪器, 试图辨明在这些经历中 究竟发生了什么 才能解释人们体验到的深刻影响。
At a basic psychological level, my colleagues and I determined that, for instance , LSD can increase positive emotions that are uniquely encountered during music listening. 我和同事们发现, 在基础心理学的层面, LSD 致幻剂能增加 在听音乐时独有的那些正面情绪。
deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开; batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数) questionnaires:n.问卷,调查表(questionnaire的复数形式); crafted:adj.精心制作的;v.精巧地制作(craft的过去分词); fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; encountering:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的现在分词) psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; uniquely:adv.独特地;珍奇地;
This may have relevance just by itself for healthy individuals as well as people suffering from mood and substance-use disorders . 这一点本身对健康人 和情绪及成瘾障碍患者 都很受用。
But what was happening in the brain? 但在大脑里发生了什么？
Earlier we learned that the entire brain listens to nostalgic music. 之前我们发现了整个大脑 都参与了聆听怀旧音乐。
When applying computational models of music cognition to interrogate brain activity that was recorded during music listening under the effects of LSD, we found that the entire brain was listening to music and psychedelics were turning up the gain. 我们用音乐认知的计算模型 来研究在服用 LSD 后 听音乐时的大脑活动, 我们发现整个大脑都在听音乐, 而致幻剂能提升增益效果。
relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; substance-use:物质使用;易有物质使用;药物滥用; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词)
Where nostalgia could recruit brain regions involved in language, memory and emotion, psychedelics were recruiting these brain regions at least twice as strongly. 怀旧能调动和语言、 而致幻剂对这些脑区的激活强度 而致幻剂对这些脑区的激活强度 至少还要高出一倍。
Brain regions such as the thalamus , that's involved in basic sensory processing or the medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior singular cortex, which can be involved in memory and emotion and mental imagery . 其它脑区, 例如对感觉信息 进行基本处理的丘脑, 或是与记忆、情绪 和心理意象有关的 或是与记忆、情绪 和心理意象有关的 内侧前额叶皮质和后扣带皮层。
recruiting:v.吸收(新成员);征募(新兵);动员;(recruit的现在分词) thalamus:n.[解剖]丘脑;花托; sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的; medial:adj.中间的;平均的;普通的;n.[语]中间字母; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; posterior:adj.其次的;较后的;n.后部;臀部; singular:adj.单数的;单一的;非凡的;异常的;n.单数; imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化;
These brain regions were recruited up to four times as strongly during the effects of LSD than without LSD. 在 LSD 的影响下, 这些脑区的激活强度 高达没有 LSD 时的四倍。
Psychedelics turn the knob up to 11. 致幻剂能让激活程度更上一层楼。
Sensory information is more richly experienced in the brain; emotions, memories and mental imagery are supercharged , and it may be the wholesale and strong recruitment 大脑能体验到更加丰富的感觉信息; 情绪、记忆和心理意象都大幅增强。 在致幻体验中对广域脑区进行的
recruited:v.招聘,雇佣;招募;(recruit的过去分词和过去式) knob:n.把手;瘤;球形突出物;vi.鼓起;vt.使有球形突出物; richly:adv.丰富地;富裕地;完全地; supercharged:adj.超动力的; v.过份给与; wholesale:n.批发; v.大量地,大批地; v.批发; adj.批发的; recruitment:n.补充;征募新兵;
of a wide range of brain regions during these experiences that is the necessary key to unlocking change that sets these drugs and these experiences apart from others. 大规模、高强度的调用, 可能才对解锁变化不可或缺, 从而让这些药物和体验与众不同。
And the effects can be long-lasting . 而这些效果可以是持久的。
In a study of healthy individuals, 在一项对健康个体的研究中,
I demonstrated that a single high dose of psilocybin could reduce negative affect in volunteers for at least a week after psilocybin, and increase positive affect for at least a month after a single high dose of psilocybin. 我发现一次高剂量的裸盖菇素 就能让被试志愿者 在之后至少一星期内 减少负面情绪, 并在用药后至少一个月内
unlocking:v.(用钥匙)开…的锁;发现;揭示;揭开;(unlock的现在分词) long-lasting:adj.持续时间长的; demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
The reduction in negative affect that we observed after psilocybin administration was accompanied by a reduction, one week after psilocybin, in the response of a primitive brain region called the amygdala to emotional stimuli. 在服用裸盖菇素一周后观察到 负面情绪减轻的同时, 我们发现一个 叫做“杏仁核”的原始脑区 对情绪刺激的反应 也有所减弱。
In a separate study in patients with major depressive disorder, not only did we observe a substantial decrease in depression severity in most of our patients after two doses of psilocybin, 在另一项针对 重度抑郁症患者的研究中, 我们不仅发现大多数患者 在使用两剂裸盖菇素后, 抑郁程度产生了大幅缓解,
reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); accompanied:v.陪同;陪伴;与…同时发生;为…伴奏;(accompany的过去式和过去分词) primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人; depressive:adj.抑郁的;压抑的; substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; severity:n.严重;严格;猛烈; doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数);
but we also observed a reduction in the amygdala response to negative affective stimuli, specifically , one week after psilocybin. 我们还发现 在服用裸盖菇素一星期后, 患者的杏仁核 对负面情绪刺激的反应 有所减弱。
This reduction in amygdala response was associated with an enduring reduction in depression severity for at least three months after psilocybin administration, but frankly, we're still counting. 杏仁核反应的减弱 和服用裸盖菇素后至少三个月后 抑郁程度的持续缓解相关联, 而且这个时间还在延长。
affective:adj.情感的;表达感情的; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) enduring:adj.持久的;耐久的;v.忍耐;忍受;持续;持久;(endure的现在分词)
So what does this all mean? 那这一切意味着什么呢？
It means that music and psychedelics may be able to alter the entire brain for a period of time, and that may lead to a change in neural circuitry that may be stuck in patterns of negative emotional bias . 这意味着音乐和致幻药物 可能在一段时间内改变整个大脑, 从而改变早已深陷于 负面情绪模式的 神经回路。
This may be able to give people a period of relief from the grip and the claws of negative emotion. 这有可能让人们 从负面情绪的爪牙之下 获得喘息之机。
And that may be just enough to give someone access to new perspectives on their selves and their lives and begin on the road to healing from years of depression. 而这可能刚好足以让患者 获得看待自身和人生的新视角, 并踏上从多年的抑郁中 恢复的疗伤之路。
neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; circuitry:n.电路;电路系统;电路学;一环路; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕; grip:n.紧握;柄;支配;握拍方式;拍柄绷带;vt.紧握;夹紧;vi.抓住; claws:n.(动物或禽类的)爪,脚爪; v.(用爪子或手指甲)抓,撕,挠(claw的第三人称单数和复数) perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式);
These drugs are early in stages of research, but they're now being researched for a wide range of medical indications . 这些药物还在研究的早期阶段, 很多广泛的医学用途研究 正在进行当中。
There's evidence growing that psychedelics may be effective in helping to treat mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression and the depression and anxiety that accompany a late-stage cancer diagnosis . 越来越多的证据表明, 致幻药物对辅助治疗情绪障碍 可能有效, 比如重度抑郁症、 以及伴随晚期癌症的 抑郁症和焦虑症。 抑郁症和焦虑症。
indications:n.适应症,显示;标志(indication复数形式); evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; treatment-resistant:抗治疗; anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事; accompany:v.陪同;陪伴;与…同时发生;为…伴奏; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; diagnosis:n.诊断;
There's also evidence accumulating that psychedelics may be effective in helping to treat a wide range of substance-use disorders, including smoking, drinking and cocaine use. 还有日益增长的证据显示, 致幻药能帮助治疗物质成瘾障碍, 例如烟瘾、酗酒和可卡因滥用。
Additional studies are either being planned or are already underway to determine whether psychedelics may be effective in treating an even wider range of intractable disorders such as OCD, PTSD , opioid-use disorder and anorexia . 还有更多在筹备阶段 或进行中的课题 旨在研究致幻药是否能有效治疗 更大范围的难治性疾病, 比如强迫症、创伤后应激障碍、 阿片使用障碍和厌食症。
accumulating:n.[数]累加;v.积累(accumulate的ing形式); cocaine:n.[药]可卡因; Additional:adj.附加的,额外的; underway:adj.进行中的;起步的;航行中的;n.[公路]水底通道; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) intractable:adj.棘手的;难治的;倔强的;不听话的; PTSD:abbr.创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍(post-traumaticstressdisorder); anorexia:n.厌食;神经性厌食症;
At this point it might be reasonable to take a step back and say, "Are psychedelics being sold as a panacea ?" 这时我们或许应该后退一步, 质疑一下,“致幻药难道 是一种万灵药吗？”
And if so, we should be rightfully skeptical . 倘若如此,我们有理由持怀疑态度。
Why should we expect such a small family of compounds to be so effective in treating such a wide range of disparate disorders? 我们为什么能指望一小类化合物 可以如此有效地治疗 各种不同的疾患呢？
reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的; panacea:n.灵丹妙药;万能药; rightfully:adv.正当地;正直地; skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的; disparate:adj.不同的;不相干的;全异的;n.无法相比的东西;
Here's a perspective we might consider. 我们或许可以从这个角度考虑:
Some of these disorders share a common thread . 有些疾病是有共通之处的。
At some level, mood disorders and substance-use disorders involve negative affect and a disconnection from our most authentic selves. 某种程度上, 情绪障碍和物质成瘾障碍 都关乎负面情感 以及与真正自我的脱节。
Psychedelics may break that mold . 致幻药也许能打破这个桎梏。
thread:n.螺纹;线索;思路;脉络;v.穿过;穿(针);纫(针);(使)穿过; disconnection:n.[电]断开;分离,切断; mold:n.模具;模型;霉菌;类型;v.用可塑材料塑成;浇铸;发霉;
Psychedelics and music may represent a one-two punch that can operate on psychological neural processes such as negative affect that cut across and contribute to multiple disorders. 致幻药物和音乐的组合拳 能作用于像负面情绪这样 贯穿多种疾病的心理神经进程。
It may be that targeting such transdiagnostic processes is what's necessary to really help people to develop the resources that they need to begin to recover from years of depression and substance use. 或许只有针对这些 跨诊断的进程进行治疗, 才能真正帮助人们开发 从多年的抑郁与物质滥用中康复 所需的资源。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; punch:n.冲床; v.拳打; (用打孔器等)打孔; contribute to:有助于;捐献; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
They say you never get a second chance to make a first impression , and that may be true for psychedelic drugs. 有人说,你没有第二次机会 给人留下第一印象。 对于致幻药物而言或许的确如此。
After all, no matter how much data come out for the potential of therapeutic effects of these drugs, there are still some who are stuck on the stigma from the '60s and '70s: 毕竟,无论有多少数据 论证这些药物的治疗潜力, 仍会有人固执于 60 和 70 年代的污名:
impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; stigma:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征;
myths of the wildly addictive properties of these drugs or myths of genetic abnormalities or birth defects after being exposed to these drugs, or fears that people are going to lose their minds and go insane -- or maybe even most pervasive 这些药物令人疯狂上瘾的传言, 接触这些药物后产生基因变异 或先天缺陷的传闻, 或是对人们会失去理智、 陷入癫狂的恐惧—— 或是最为普及的想法:
is the sense that these effects are necessarily real and that they're a necessary outcome of having been exposed to these compounds. 这些效果必定是真实的, 是接触了这些化合物的必然后果。
It may be time to change our thinking on that point. 是时候改变我们的固有看法了。
myths:神话;谬见; wildly:adv.野生地;野蛮地;狂暴地;鲁莽地; addictive:adj.使人上瘾的;使人入迷的; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; abnormalities:n.畸形;异常情况(abnormality的复数形式); defects:n.缺点;瑕疵;不合格品(defect的复数);v.叛变(defect的三单形式); exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) insane:adj.疯狂的;精神病的;极愚蠢的; pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
No one should expect psychedelic drugs to work for everyone. 我们不应该期望致幻药物 对所有人有用、
No one should expect psychedelic drugs to work for everything. 对所有问题起效。
They're powerful compounds that need to be administered under carefully controlled circumstances. 它们是一类强力的化合物, 需要在严格控制的条件下进行使用。
And there are almost certainly people in this world for whom psychedelics are incredibly dangerous. 世界上几乎肯定存在一些人, 致幻药物对他们来说极为危险。
But ... 不过……
antibiotics administered to the wrong person under the wrong conditions can be incredibly dangerous, if not worse. 如果在错误的条件下 给错误的人使用抗生素, 后果会极其危险,甚至更加严重。
administered:v.管理;治理(国家);执行;给予;提供;(administer的过去分词和过去式) incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
But administered to the right person under the right conditions, antibiotics save lives. 但如果在正确的条件下 给正确的人使用, 抗生素便能拯救生命。
Administered to the right people under the right conditions, psychedelic drugs may save lives. 在正确的条件下给正确的人使用, 致幻药物或许也能拯救生命。
It can often feel like it's impossible to heal our hearts and our minds and to grow, but I truly believe that we all have the resources within ourselves to do just that. 我们时常会觉得, 心灵与精神是无法治愈、 难以成长的。 但我真心相信, 我们原本就拥有 做到这一点的资源。
The challenge is often identifying and connecting with those resources, and it may be that psychedelics and music can help people to do just that. 辨认并连接这些资源 往往是我们最大的挑战, 而致幻药物和音乐 或许正好能帮助我们做到这一点。
Together, psychedelics and music may be able to open our minds to change and direct that change, reconnect us with our most authentic selves and allow us access to the things that really allow us to make meaning in this world and reconnect with our most authentic selves. 致幻药物和音乐的携手 或许能让我们的心灵直面改变、 引导改变, 让我们和最真实的自己 重新建立联系, 并让我们能够运用 那些帮助我们在世界上 创造意义的事物, 与最真实的自我 重新建立连接。
identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词) reconnect:v.使再接合;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）