|
|
FrederickBalagadde_2010U-_微芯片上的生化室_
|
| The greatest irony in global health is that the poorest countries carry the largest disease burden . |
全球医疗事业最大的讽刺在于 那些最为贫穷的国家 同时也是最为病魔缠身的国家 |
|
irony:n.讽刺;反语;具有讽刺意味的事;adj.铁的;似铁的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于;
|
| If we resize the countries of the globe in proportion to the subject of interest, we see that Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst hit region by HIV/AIDS. |
如果我们对全球各国 按各种疾病的严重程度进行排序的话 我们会发现撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲 是艾滋病最为肆虐的地区 |
|
resize:vt.调整大小; in proportion to:与…成比例,与…相称; Sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
|
| This is the most devastating epidemic of our time. |
而这是世界上目前最致命的传染性疾病 |
|
devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
|
| We also see that this region has the least capability in terms of dealing with the disease. |
我们还会发现这一地区 在应对艾滋病方面恰恰是最无能为力的 |
|
capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量;
|
| There are very few doctors and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources that are needed to cope with such epidemics . |
那里缺乏医生 而且老实说,那些国家根本不具备 应对艾滋病的 必要物资 |
|
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); cope:v.处理;n.大圆衣; epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫;
|
| So what the Western countries, developed countries, have generously done is they have proposed to provide free drugs to all people in Third World countries who actually can't afford these medications . |
西方发达国家 为他们慷慨解囊 免费提供药品 给所有第三世界国家 给买不起这些药的人们 |
|
generously:adv.慷慨地;宽大地;丰盛地; proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) Third World:n.第三世界; afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数)
|
| And this has already saved millions of lives, and it has prevented entire economies from capsizing in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
这种义举已经挽救了数以百万计的生命 也把撒哈拉南部非洲各国的经济 从沉没边缘挽救了回来 |
|
economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) capsizing:v.倾覆(capsize的现在分词);翻覆;
|
| But there is a fundamental problem that is killing the efforts in fighting this disease, because if you keep throwing drugs out at people who don't have diagnostic services, you end up creating a problem of drug resistance . |
但还有一个最基本的问题 就是抗艾滋斗争 为此拖了后腿 那就是,假如你不停提供药品 给那些 得不到有效诊断的人们 就会导致病毒抗药性增强的问题 |
|
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
|
| This is already beginning to happen in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
这个现象已开始在萨哈拉以南非洲地区显现 |
| The problem is that, what begins as a tragedy in the Third World could easily become a global problem. |
问题在于 始于第三世界国家的悲剧 很容易就会演变为全球性的问题 |
|
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;
|
| And the last thing we want to see is drug-resistant strains of HIV popping up all over the world, because it will make treatment more expensive and it could also restore the pre-ARV carnage of HIV/AIDS. |
我们最不愿意见到的事情 就是产生了抗药性的艾滋病毒 在全球各地疯狂传播 这样一来要治好它就会逾发昂贵 从而导致人类抗艾斗争重回 抗逆转录病毒药物出现前的黑暗时代 |
|
drug-resistant:adj.耐药的;抗药性的; strains:n.[微]菌株(strain复数); v.[力]拉紧; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; carnage:n.大屠杀;残杀;大量绝灭;
|
| I experienced this firsthand as a high school student in Uganda . |
我在乌干达上中学的时候 就曾亲眼目睹过这样一个时代 |
|
firsthand:adj.直接的;直接采购的;直接得来的;adv.直接地; Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家);
|
| This was in the 90s during the peak of the HIV epidemic, before there were any ARVs in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
那是上世纪90年代 艾滋病流行最高峰时期的事儿了 当时萨南非洲还没有任何的抗逆转录病毒药 |
|
peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的;
|
| And during that time, I actually lost more relatives , as well as the teachers who taught me, to HIV/AIDS. |
那几年中,我大多数的亲人 还有给我上课的老师 都死于艾滋病 |
|
relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数) as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
|
| So this became one of the driving passions of my life, to help find real solutions that could address these kinds of problems. |
所以,我人生中最大的目标之一 就是寻找一个有效的办法 来解决这个问题 |
|
passions:n.强烈情感;激情;盛怒;(passion的复数)
|
| We all know about the miracle of miniaturization . |
我们都见识过微型化技术的神奇 |
|
miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; miniaturization:n.小型化,微型化;
|
| Back in the day , computers used to fill this entire room, and people actually used to work inside the computers. |
从前的电脑能填满这一整个屋子 人们使用它的时候还得钻到它里面去 |
|
Back in the day:在过去,在以前;
|
| But what electronic miniaturization has done is that it has allowed people to shrink technology into a cell phone. |
但是随着电子技术微型化的发展 人们已经可以把最新的科技成果 缩到一个手机那么小的体积 |
|
electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的; shrink:v.收缩;减少;退缩;畏缩;n.精神病学家;心理学家; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
|
| And I'm sure everyone here enjoys cell phones that can actually be used in the remote areas of the world, in the Third World countries. |
我想在座的各位对手机都很有爱吧 这东西在偏远的第三世界国家 能派上大用场 |
|
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的;
|
| The good news is that the same technology that allowed miniaturization of electronics is now allowing us to miniaturize biological laboratories . |
好消息是,我们在微缩电子产品体积的过程中 所使用的技术 也可以用来微缩 生物实验室 |
|
electronics:n.电子学;电子工业; miniaturize:vt.使小型化;使微型化(等于miniaturise); biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; laboratories:n.实验室;(laboratory的复数)
|
| So, right now, we can actually miniaturize biological and chemistry laboratories onto microfluidic chips . |
所以,如今,我们可以把 生化实验室 给微缩到微流体芯片上 |
|
chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数)
|
| I was very lucky to come to the US right after high school, and was able to work on this technology and develop some devices . |
我很幸运 高中毕业之后就直接来到美国 并且还能参与这项技术的研究 为它研发相关设备 |
|
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
|
| This is a microfluidic chip that I developed. |
这就是我发明的一种微流体芯片 |
| A close look at how the technology works: |
我来详细解释一下这种技术的工作原理: |
| These are channels that are about the size of a human hair -- so you have integrated valves , pumps , mixers and injectors -- so you can fit entire diagnostic experiments onto a microfluidic system. |
这些管道跟人的头发差不多粗细 你可以在上面装上阀门、泵、注射器和混合器 把整套诊断化验设备 都装到一个微流体芯片上去 |
|
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) valves:n.[机]阀门; v.装阀于…; pumps:n.[机]泵; v.用泵送; mixers:n.[电影][广播]混合器;混音器;混炼机(mixer的复数); injectors:n.注射器;注射者;注水器;
|
| So what I plan to do with this technology is to actually take the current state of the technology and build an HIV kit in a microfluidic system. |
我想做的是 利用目前的 这种技术 来把一个艾滋病化验室 集成到一个芯片上去 |
|
kit:v.装备;n.成套工具;配套元件;成套设备;全套衣服及装备;
|
| So, with one microfluidic chip, which is the size of an iPhone, you can actually diagnose 100 patients at the same time . |
那样,只要有一个 跟iPhone差不多大小的芯片 就可以同时诊断 上百位病人 |
|
diagnose:vt.诊断;断定;vi.诊断;判断; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
|
| For each patient, we will be able to do up to 100 different viral loads per patient. |
为每位病人做多达百组的 病毒负荷量检测 |
|
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的;
|
| And this is only done in four hours, 50 times faster than the current state of the art , at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper than the current options . |
这一切仅需四小时 比现有方法快五十倍 价格却只有它的 五百分之一 |
|
state of the art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的; options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式)
|
| So this will allow us to create personalized medicines in the Third World at a cost that is actually achievable and make the world a safer place. |
这将允许我们在第三世界国家 创造出个性化治疗的条件 并且价格完全可接受 从而使世界变得更加安全 |
|
personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式) achievable:adj.可完成的;可有成就的;做得成的;
|
| I invite your interest as well as your involvement in driving this vision to a point of practical reality. |
我希望大家能关注这项技术 更希望你们能投入进来 使我们的这个愿景 能够早日实现 |
|
involvement:n.牵连;包含;混乱;财政困难; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
|
| Thank you very much. |
非常感谢 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |