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FransDeWaal_2011X-_动物的道德行为_
I was born in Den Bosch, where the painter Hieronymus Bosch named himself after. 我出生于登博斯, 大画家希罗尼米斯·博斯取名于此城。
And so I've always been very fond of this painter who lived and worked in the 15th century. 我一直很喜欢这位画家 他生活和工作在15世纪。
And what is interesting about him in relation to morality is that he lived at a time where religion's influence was waning , and he was sort of wondering, I think, what would happen with society if there was no religion or if there was less religion. 他与道德的关系很有趣的一点是, 他生活的那个时代宗教的影响在衰弱, 我想,他肯定琢磨过 社会将会发生什么事情 如果没有宗教,或有少一些宗教。
morality:n.道德;品行,美德; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; waning:n.减弱;月亏;adj.渐亏的;逐渐减弱或变小的;
And so he painted this famous painting, "The Garden of Earthly Delights ," 所以,他画了著名的《俗世乐土》,
Earthly:adj.地球的;尘世的;可能的; Delights:n.高兴; v.使高兴; (delight的第三人称单数和复数)
which some have interpreted as being humanity before the Fall, or being humanity without any Fall at all. 有人诠释为 那是人类堕落前的人性, 或者说人性本就是这样,谈不上任何堕落
interpreted:v.诠释;说明;把…理解为;领会;口译;(interpret的过去式和过去分词) humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
And so it makes you wonder, what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak , and what kind of morality would we have? 这会让人惊奇, 如果我们没有尝过智慧树上的果子会怎么样, 也就是说,我们的道德会是什么样呢？
so to speak:可以说;打个譬喻说;
Much later, as a student, 很久以后,我还是个学生的时候,
I went to a very different garden, a zoological garden in Arnhem where we keep chimpanzees . 去过一个与众不同的花园, 是在阿纳姆一个动物花园, 在那里我们饲养着大猩猩。
zoological garden:na.动物园; chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数);
This is me at an early age with a baby chimpanzee. 这就是我年轻时抱着一头小猩猩。
(Laughter) （笑）
And I discovered there that the chimpanzees are very power hungry and wrote a book about it. 在那我发现 黑猩猩权利欲很强,我还写了一本书。
And at that time the focus in a lot of animal research was on aggression and competition . 当时大多数的动物研究 都集中在动物的攻击性和竞争性。
aggression:n.侵略;侵犯;攻击性;好斗情绪; competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
I painted a whole picture of the animal kingdom, and humanity included, was that deep down we are competitors, we are aggressive , we're all out for our own profit basically . 我描述了在动物王国里, 包括人类, 本质上,我们是竞争者, 我们也有攻击性, 全是出于我们自己的利益。
aggressive:adj.侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的; profit:n.利润;利益;v.获利;有益; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
This is the launch of my book. 我的书就这样出版了。
launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射;
I'm not sure how well the chimpanzees read it, but they surely seemed interested in the book. 我不知道这些黑猩猩们读懂多少, 他们看上去对这本书很感兴趣。
Now in the process of doing all this work on power and dominance and aggression and so on, 在做这些 研究权利,统治 和侵犯等等的过程中,
in the process of:在…的过程中; dominance:n.优势;统治;支配;
I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fights. 我发现黑猩猩们争斗之后会和解。
reconcile:v.使和谐一致;调和;使配合;使和解;妥协;
And so what you see here is two males who have had a fight. 这里你看到的是两只雄猩猩打架之后。
They ended up in a tree, and one of them holds out a hand to the other. 他们爬上树,其中的一只伸出手给另一只。
And about a second after I took the picture, they came together in the fork of the tree and they kissed and embraced each other. 我刚拍完这张照片,他们就跳到一棵树枝上, 抱在一起亲吻并且拥抱对方呢。
embraced:v.拥抱;欣然接受,乐意采纳;信奉;包含;(embrace的过去分词和过去式)
Now this is very interesting because at the time everything was about competition and aggression, and so it wouldn't make any sense. 这真的是很有趣, 因为当时的描述猩猩的很多事,都是关于竞争和攻击的, 那么这有点不合常理。
The only thing that matters is that you win or that you lose. 唯一要紧的是你赢了或输了。
But why would you reconcile after a fight? 但为什么打完架再和解呢？
That doesn't make any sense. 没道理的嘛。
This is the way bonobos do it. Bonobos do everything with sex. 这是倭黑猩猩的做法。他们用性交来解决问题。
bonobos:n.倭黑猩猩(bonobo的变形);
And so they also reconcile with sex. 他们也用性交来和解。
But the principle is exactly the same. 但规律是相同的。
principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
The principle is that you have a valuable relationship that is damaged by conflict , so you need to do something about it. 规律便是你有一段 珍贵的关系 往往被冲突破坏, 所以需要想办法来解决。
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
So my whole picture of the animal kingdom, and including humans also, started to change at that time. 所以,当时我对整个动物王国的看法。 也包括人类 开始改变。
So we have this image in political science , economics, the humanities , philosophy for that matter, that man is a wolf to man. 我们有这样的印象, 从政治科学,经济学,人文学, 和哲学来讲, 人对人来说,像一头狼似的。
political science:n.政治学; humanities:n.人文学科(humanity的复数); philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
And so deep down our nature's actually nasty . 所以从根本上来说,我们的本性是凶残的。
nasty:adj.极差的:令人厌恶的:不友好的:n.令人不愉快的事物:
I think it's a very unfair image for the wolf. 我觉得这对于狼来说是不公平的。
The wolf is, after all, a very cooperative animal. 不管怎么说, 狼是一种很有合作精神的动物。
cooperative:adj.合作的;协作的;同心协力的;协助的;n.合作企业;合作社组织;
And that's why many of you have a dog at home, which has all these characteristics also. 这就是为什么很多人在家里养狗, 狗也拥有这些特征。
characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
And it's really unfair to humanity, because humanity is actually much more cooperative and empathic than given credit for. 对人类来说也是不公平的, 因为人类实际上比公认的评价 更会合作和有感情。
empathic:adj.移情作用的;神入的;
So I started getting interested in those issues and studying that in other animals. 所以我开始对这些课题感兴趣 并在其它动物身上做研究。
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
So these are the pillars of morality. 这些就是道德的支柱。
pillars:n.柱子;柱状物;台柱(pillar的复数);v.用柱支持(pillar的第三人称单数);
If you ask anyone, "What is morality based on?" 如果你问一个人,“道德从何而来？”
these are the two factors that always come out. 通常总会有两个因素。
factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
One is reciprocity , and associated with it is a sense of justice and a sense of fairness. 一个是互惠 这与正义感和公正感有关系。
reciprocity:n.相互作用(复数reciprocities);相互性;互惠主义; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
And the other one is empathy and compassion . 另一个是共鸣和怜悯。
empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着; compassion:n.同情;怜悯;
And human morality is more than this, but if you would remove these two pillars, there would be not much remaining I think. 人类道德远不止此, 但是如果你把这两条拿走, 我觉得剩下的就不多了。
And so they're absolutely essential . 所以,它们是绝对必要的。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
So let me give you a few examples here. 这里来举几个例子。
This is a very old video from the Yerkes Primate Center where they train chimpanzees to cooperate . 这是耶基斯灵长类研究中心拍的很旧的录像, 他们在那里训练黑猩猩去合作。
Primate:n.大主教;灵长类的动物;首领;adj.灵长目动物的;首要的; cooperate:v.合作;配合;协作;结合;
So this is already about a hundred years ago that we were doing experiments on cooperation . 我们做合作方面的实验 也有百年历史了。
cooperation:n.合作;配合;
What you have here is two young chimpanzees who have a box, and the box is too heavy for one chimp to pull in. 这里我们看到的是两只年幼的黑猩猩,这里有一个盒子, 盒子太重,一只猩猩拖不动。
And of course, there's food on the box. 当然喽,盒子上面有食物。
Otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so hard. 不然他们也不会卖力来拖。
And so they're bringing in the box. 盒子被拿过来了。
And you can see that they're synchronized . 你看,他们同时在拖。
synchronized:adj.同步的;同步化的;v.使协调(synchronize的过去分词);同时发生;校准;
You can see that they work together, they pull at the same moment. 他们一起工作,同一个时刻拖这个盒子
It's already a big advance over many other animals who wouldn't be able to do that. 这已经比那些不会这样做的动物 高级了很多。
And now you're going to get a more interesting picture, because now one of the two chimps has been fed. 接下来的画面更有趣, 因为这两只的猩猩中,有一只已经吃过东西了。
chimps:n.(非洲的)黑猩猩;
So one of the two is not really interested in the task anymore. 所以说,其中一只对这个任务 是不感什么兴趣的。
(Laughter) （笑）
(Laughter) (笑)
(Laughter) （笑)
Now look at what happens at the very end of this. 现在来看看最后的结局是什么。
(Laughter) （笑）
He takes basically everything. 他把所有的都吃光了。
(Laughter) （笑）
So there are two interesting parts about this. 这里有两点很有趣。
One is that the chimp on the right has a full understanding he needs the partner -- so a full understanding of the need for cooperation. 第一点是,右边的这只猩猩 清楚地知道他需要搭档-- 完全理解需要合作。
The second one is that the partner is willing to work even though he's not interested in the food. 第二点是,它的搭档即使自己对食物不感兴趣, 但还愿意帮忙。
Why would that be? Well that probably has to do with reciprocity. 为什么会这样呢？他们这样做可能是出于互惠。
There's actually a lot of evidence in primates and other animals that they return favors. 实际上也有很多的证据证明, 灵长类和别的动物都会报恩。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; primates:n.灵长类;
So he will get a return favor at some point in the future. 所以,有朝一日 他会得到报恩。
And so that's how this all operates. 所以这是他们的运作方式。
We do the same task with elephants. 我们也在大象的身上做了同样的实验。
Now with elephants, it's very dangerous to work with elephants. 说起大象,跟它们工作也挺危险的。
Another problem with elephants is that you cannot make an apparatus that is too heavy for a single elephant. 大象实验的另一个问题是, 很难找到一个 对大象来说太重的器具。
apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官;
Now you can probably make it, but it's going to be a pretty flimsy apparatus I think. 现在,你能做到的, 但是,是亿个比较脆弱的器具。
flimsy:adj.脆弱的;浅薄的;易损坏的;不周密的;n.薄纸;复写纸;打字纸;
And so what we did in that case -- we do these studies in Thailand for Josh Plotnik -- is we have an apparatus around which there is a rope, a single rope. 我们还是做到了-- 我们在泰国为乔舒亚·帕劳特尼克（Josh Plotnik) 做了些研究--我们用的工具就是单单的一根绳子。
Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名);
And if you pull on this side of the rope, the rope disappears on the other side . 如果你拉着绳子的这头, 那头就看不见了。
disappears:v.消失;不见;消亡;失踪;丢失;(disappear的第三人称单数) on the other side:另一面;在另一边;
So two elephants need to pick it up at exactly the same time and pull. 两头大象必须同时捡起绳子同时拉。
Otherwise nothing is going to happen and the rope disappears. 不然的话,绳子一头不见了, 什么也做不成。
And the first tape you're going to see is two elephants who are released together arrive at the apparatus. 第一个录像上你看到的 是两头大象一起被带到 器具这里。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
The apparatus is on the left with food on it. 工具放在左边,上面放着食物。
And so they come together, they arrive together, they pick it up together and they pull together . 所以,他们要一起来,同时到, 一起拿起绳子,一起拉。
pull together:齐心协力;
So it's actually fairly simple for them. 这对他们来说很简单。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
There they are. 他们过来了。
And so that's how they bring it in. 他们就这样拉过来。
But now we're going to make it more difficult. 现在我们来加点难度。
Because the whole purpose of this experiment is to see how well they understand cooperation. 因为这个实验的目的 是看他们如何理解合作。
Do they understand that as well as the chimps, for example? 譬如,他们会不会像黑猩猩一样来理解合作呢？
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
And so what we do in the next step is we release one elephant before the other, and that elephant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope -- because if he pulls at the rope, it disappears and the whole test is over. 我们下一步做的是 把一头象先放出来, 这家伙必须很聪明 呆在那里等着,不能拉绳子-- 因为如果他一拉,绳子那头不见了,这个实验也就结束了。
Now this elephant does something illegal that we did not teach it. 这头大象做了点不法的事, 不是我们教的。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
But it shows the understanding that he has, because he puts his big foot on the rope, stands on the rope and waits there for the other, and then the other is going to do all the work for him. 他看来有些理解, 他把大脚踩在绳子上, 站在那里等着另外一头大象, 另一头将尽全力来帮他。
So it's what we call freeloading . 我们称之为不劳而获。
freeloading:vi.吃白食;不劳而获;一种离线浏览主页的工具软件;
(Laughter) （笑）
But it shows the intelligence that the elephants have. 这也看出大象的聪明才智。
intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
They develop several of these alternative techniques that we did not approve of necessarily . 他们发展了几种可供选择的技术, 我们不必要都赞成。
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) approve:v.批准;赞成;同意;核准; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
So the other elephant is now coming and is going to pull it in. 看,另一头大象过来了, 要去拉绳子。
Now look at the other. The other doesn't forget to eat, of course. 看看另一头。它可没忘记吃。
(Laughter) （笑）
This was the cooperation, reciprocity part. 这是合作互惠的部分。
Now something on empathy. 再来看一下同感共鸣。
Empathy is my main topic at the moment of research. 共鸣是研究的主要课题。
And empathy has sort of two qualities. 共鸣包含两种品质。
One is the understanding part of it. This is just a regular definition : the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. 一种是理解部分。这只是个普通定义: 理解和分享对方感受的能力。
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
And the emotional part. 另一种是情绪部分。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
And so empathy has basically two channels. 所以,共鸣有两个渠道。
One is the body channel. 一个是身体渠道。
If you talk with a sad person, you're going to adopt a sad expression and a sad posture , and before you know it you feel sad. 如果你跟一位悲伤的人交谈, 在你还没感觉悲伤的时候, 你就在接受它的伤感和态度。
adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过; expression:n.表现,表示,表达; posture:n.姿势;态度;看法;立场;处理方式;v.故作姿态;装样子
And that's sort of the body channel of emotional empathy, which many animals have. 这就是一种情绪共鸣的身体渠道, 很多动物都有的。
Your average dog has that also. 普通的小狗都有的。
That's actually why people keep mammals in the home and not turtles or snakes or something like that who don't have that kind of empathy. 这就是为什么人们喜欢在家里养哺乳动物, 而不是乌龟,蛇 或没有感情表露的动物的原因了。
mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) turtles:n.海龟;龟;陆龟;水龟;鳖;(turtle的复数)
And then there's a cognitive channel, which is more that you can take the perspective of somebody else. 再一个就是认知渠道, 这个渠道更多的是你能接受别人的看法。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
And that's more limited . 这也有更多的限制。
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
There's few animals -- I think elephants and apes can do that kind of thing -- but there are very few animals who can do that. 有很少的动物--大象和猿类可以做得-- 但能做得的动物寥寥无几。
apes:n.[脊椎]猿;猩猩;类人猿(ape的复数);v.模仿;仿效(ape的三单形式);
So synchronization , which is part of that whole empathy mechanism is a very old one in the animal kingdom. 所以说, 同步是整个共鸣体系的一部分, 这动物王国里也有历史了
synchronization:n.[物]同步;同时性; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
And in humans, of course, we can study that with yawn contagion . 对人类呢,我们能够通过 打哈欠传染来研究。
yawn:v.打哈欠;非常宽;难以逾越;n.呵欠;无聊的人或事;无趣的想法; contagion:n.传染病;蔓延;触染;
Humans yawn when others yawn. 当一个人打哈欠时,其他人也会跟着打
And it's related to empathy. 这就跟共鸣有关。
It activates the same areas in the brain. 它可以激活大脑的相同区域。
activates:v.[电子][物]激活;活化(activate的三单形式);
Also, we know that people who have a lot of yawn contagion are highly empathic. 我们对打哈欠传染 有很高的共识。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
People who have problems with empathy, such as autistic children, they don't have yawn contagion. 对那些有共鸣障碍的人,比如患自闭症的孩子, 他们不会有打哈欠传染。
autistic:adj.[心理][内科]孤独症的;孤僻的;n.孤独症患者(常指儿童);
So it is connected. 所以,它是有关联的。
And we study that in our chimpanzees by presenting them with an animated head. 我们通过给黑猩猩看一幅动画头像来研究它们。
animated:adj.栩栩如生的; v.使具活力; (animate的过去分词和过去式)
So that's what you see on the upper-left , an animated head that yawns . 现在看到的左上角是 一幅动画头像在打哈欠。
upper-left:左上角; yawns:v.打呵欠(yawn的第三人称单数);n.[生理]呵欠;豁口(yawn的复数);
And there's a chimpanzee watching, an actual real chimpanzee watching a computer screen on which we play these animations . 一头黑猩猩在看着, 这头真的黑猩猩看着 我们在电脑屏幕上放的动画。
animations:n.[电影]动画片(animation的复数);
(Laughter) （笑）
So yawn contagion that you're probably all familiar with -- and maybe you're going to start yawning soon now -- is something that we share with other animals. 打哈欠传染 大家都很熟悉-- 可能你马上也要打哈欠了-- 这一点我们和动物是一样的。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; yawning:v.打哈欠;非常宽;难以逾越;(yawn的现在分词)
And that's related to that whole body channel of synchronization that underlies empathy and that is universal in the mammals basically. 这就联系到我们身体的同步渠道, 其中蕴藏着共鸣, 这基本是哺乳动物的普遍性。
underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
Now we also study more complex expressions . This is consolation . 现在我们也研究更复杂的表达方式。这是个安慰。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; expressions:表达,表情(expression的复数) consolation:n.安慰;慰问;起安慰作用的人或事物;
This is a male chimpanzee who has lost a fight and he's screaming, and a juvenile comes over and puts an arm around him and calms him down. 这头雄猩猩吃了败仗在大喊大叫, 一头小猩猩过来抱着他, 使他安静下来。
juvenile:adj.青少年的;幼稚的;n.青少年;少年读物;
That's consolation. It's very similar to human consolation. 这就是安慰。跟人类安慰很像的。
And consolation behavior, it's empathy driven. 这种安慰行为 就是来自共鸣。
Actually the way to study empathy in human children is to instruct a family member to act distressed , and then they see what young children do. 事实上,研究人类儿童的共鸣的方法 是让一名家人假装苦恼, 然后看看孩子们会怎样做。
distressed:adj.烦恼的; v.使忧虑; (distress的过去分词和过去式)
And so it is related to empathy, and that's the kind of expressions we look at. 这与共鸣有关, 我们看到的表情是这样。
We also recently published an experiment you may have heard about. 我们最近也发表了一项实验,你们可能也听说过了。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
It's on altruism and chimpanzees where the question is, do chimpanzees care about the welfare of somebody else? 是有关利他主义和黑猩猩的, 问题是黑猩猩 关心别人的幸福吗?
altruism:n.利他;利他主义; welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利;
And for decades it had been assumed that only humans can do that, that only humans worry about the welfare of somebody else. 几十年来人们一直以为 只有人类能做到, 只有人类才关心他人的幸福。
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式)
Now we did a very simple experiment. 我们做了一个非常简单的实验。
We do that on chimpanzees that live in Lawrenceville, in the field station of Yerkes. 在劳伦斯维尔德野的 耶基斯野外观测站的黑猩猩们身上做的。
And so that's how they live. 这是它们的生活。
And we call them into a room and do experiments with them. 我们把它们叫到一个房间,然后给它们做实验。
In this case, we put two chimpanzees side-by-side . 在这个实验中,我们让两只黑猩猩在并排的房间,
side-by-side:adj.并肩的;并行的;
and one has a bucket full of tokens , and the tokens have different meanings. 一只有满满一桶的代用币,这些代用币有着不同的意思。
bucket:n.大桶状物; v.拼命划桨; tokens:n.令牌;代币;标识符;(token的复数)
One kind of token feeds only the partner who chooses, the other one feeds both of them. 一种只能给选定的伙伴, 另一种是两者都给。
So this is a study we did with Vicky Horner . 这个研究是我们和维奇·霍纳尔做的。
Horner:n.角商,吹号角者;
And here you have the two color tokens. 这里有两种颜色的代用币。
So they have a whole bucket full of them. 他们有满满一桶。
And they have to pick one of the two colors. 他们必须从两种颜色里选一种。
You will see how that goes. 让我们来看看吧。
So if this chimp makes the selfish choice, which is the red token in this case, he needs to give it to us. 如果这头猩猩选了红色的, 这个是代表自私的, 他就得把它交给我们。
So we pick it up, we put it on a table where there's two food rewards , but in this case only the one on the right gets food. 我们就会拿起它,放在桌子上,桌上有两种食物奖励, 但如果他选了红色,右边的那头得到了食物。
rewards:n.[劳经]奖励; v.[劳经]奖赏;
The one on the left walks away because she knows already. 左边的那头已经知道了,所以她走开了。
that this is not a good test for her. 这对她来说不太好。
Then the next one is the pro-social token. 下一个就是“利他”代用币。
So the one who makes the choices -- that's the interesting part here -- for the one who makes the choices, it doesn't really matter. 做选择的这个-- 有趣的部分在这-- 对做选择的这位来说, 并不重要。
So she gives us now a pro-social token and both chimps get fed. 她给了我们一枚“利他”的代用币,两者都得到了吃的。
So the one who makes the choices always gets a reward. 所以,做选择的这个总得到奖赏。
So it doesn't matter whatsoever . 没有任何关系的。
whatsoever:pron.无论什么;
And she should actually be choosing blindly . 她只是盲目地选择而已。
blindly:adv.盲目地;轻率地;摸索地;
But what we find is that they prefer the pro-social token. 但是,我们发现 他们都比较喜欢“利他”的代用币。
prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升;
So this is the 50 percent line that's the random expectation . 这是随即可能的50%分界线。
random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;
And especially if the partner draws attention to itself, they choose more. 尤其是,如果这位同伴注意到自己,他们就选的更多。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
And if the partner puts pressure on them -- so if the partner starts spitting water and intimidating them -- then the choices go down. 如果这位同伴对他们施压-- 如果这位同伴开始吐水和威胁他们-- 选择就下降。
intimidating:adj.吓人的;令人胆怯的;v.恐吓;威胁;(intimidate的现在分词)
It's as if they're saying, "If you're not behaving , I'm not going to be pro-social today." 就好像他们在说, “你如果表现不好,我就不会做“利他”的选择。”
behaving:v.表现:表现得体:有礼貌:(behave的现在分词)
And this is what happens without a partner, when there's no partner sitting there. 这里是没有同伴的情形, 没有同伴坐在那儿。
And so we found that the chimpanzees do care about the well-being of somebody else -- especially, these are other members of their own group. 所以我们发现黑猩猩们 真的关心他人的生活-- 特别是他们是同一个群体。
well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
So the final experiment that I want to mention to you is our fairness study. 我想提一下,最后的一个实验 是公正研究。
And so this became a very famous study. 这也是一个很有名的研究。
And there's now many more, because after we did this about 10 years ago, it became very well known . 现在有更多的了, 因为十年前我们做了这个后, 它就出名了。
well known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的;
And we did that originally with capuchin monkeys. 我们最初做实验的是卷尾猴。
originally:adv.原来;起初; capuchin:n.(天主教的)圣方济会托钵僧;
And I'm going to show you the first experiment that we did. 我会给你看一下我们的第一个实验。
It has now been done with dogs and with birds and with chimpanzees. 现在都已经有对狗, 鸟和黑猩猩的实验了。
But with Sarah Brosnan we started out with capuchin monkeys. 最开始,我们是和萨拉·布鲁斯南在卷尾猴身上做的。
So what we did is we put two capuchin monkeys side-by-side. 我们让 两只卷尾猴放在相邻的房间。
Again, these animals, they live in a group, they know each other. 他们这些动物,住在一个群体,都互相认识。
We take them out of the group, put them in a test chamber . 我们把他们分离出来,放在一个实验房间。
chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛; adj.室内的; vt.把…关在室内;
And there's a very simple task that they need to do. 给他们准备 很简单的任务。
And if you give both of them cucumber for the task, the two monkeys side-by-side, they're perfectly willing to do this 25 times in a row. 如果我们给他们两个黄瓜, 他们肩并肩 会一直重复25次。
cucumber:n.黄瓜;胡瓜;
So cucumber, even though it's only really water in my opinion , but cucumber is perfectly fine for them. 黄瓜对我来说只是水分, 但对他们来说非常好。
in my opinion:在我看来;我认为;
Now if you give the partner grapes -- the food preferences of my capuchin monkeys correspond exactly with the prices in the supermarket -- and so if you give them grapes -- it's a far better food -- then you create inequity between them. 如果你给这个同伴葡萄-- 这是我的卷尾猴的特爱, 符合超市里的价钱-- 所以,如果你给它们葡萄--这是它们喜欢的食物-- 那你就在制造不平等。
preferences:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;(preference的复数) correspond:vi.符合,一致;相应;通信; inequity:n.不公平,不公正;
So that's the experiment we did. 我们的实验就是这样做的。
Recently we videotaped it with new monkeys who'd never done the task, thinking that maybe they would have a stronger reaction , and that turned out to be right. 我们最近又拍摄了一些没做过这个任务的猴子, 我们认为他们的反映更强烈, 果然如此。
videotaped:n.录像带;vt.将…录到录像带上; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
The one on the left is the monkey who gets cucumber. 左边的这只猴子拿到了黄瓜。
The one on the right is the one who gets grapes. 右边的这只得到了葡萄。
The one who gets cucumber, note that the first piece of cucumber is perfectly fine. 得到黄瓜的这只猴子, 注意到第一片黄瓜很好。
The first piece she eats. 她就吃掉了第一片。
Then she sees the other one getting grape, and you will see what happens. 接着她看到另一只猴子得到了葡萄,好戏在后头。
So she gives a rock to us. That's the task. 她朝我们扔石头。那就是任务。
And we give her a piece of cucumber and she eats it. 我们给她一片黄瓜,她吃掉了。
The other one needs to give a rock to us. 另一只也朝我们扔石头。
And that's what she does. 她也做了。
And she gets a grape and she eats it. 她得到一颗葡萄,又吃掉了。
The other one sees that. 另一只看在眼里。
She gives a rock to us now, gets, again, cucumber. 她又朝我们扔石头, 又得到了黄瓜。
(Laughter) （笑）
She tests a rock now against the wall. 她在墙上敲她的石头。
She needs to give it to us. 她应该把它给我们。
And she gets cucumber again. 她又得到了黄瓜。
(Laughter) （笑）
So this is basically the Wall Street protest that you see here. 你看到的是就像是华尔街抗议活动。
Wall Street:n.华尔街(美国纽约金融中心和证券交易所所在地); protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩;
(Laughter) （笑）
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Let me tell you -- 听我说--
I still have two minutes left, let me tell you a funny story about this. 我还有两分钟,让我来讲个好笑的故事。
This study became very famous and we got a lot of comments, especially anthropologists , economists, philosophers . 这个研究很有名气, 我们收到很多评论, 尤其是人类学家,经济学家 和哲学家。
anthropologists:[人类]人类学家; philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数);
They didn't like this at all. 他们一点也不喜欢这个。
Because they had decided in their minds, I believe, that fairness is a very complex issue and that animals cannot have it. 因为他们已经在心里打定主意, 公正是个很复杂的问题, 动物是不能够有的。
And so one philosopher even wrote us that it was impossible that monkeys had a sense of fairness because fairness was invented during the French Revolution . 并且有一位哲学家写信给我们说, 猴子不可能有公正感, 因为公正是在法国大革命中才被发明的。
Revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
(Laughter) （笑）
Now another one wrote a whole chapter saying that he would believe it had something to do with fairness if the one who got grapes would refuse the grapes. 还有一位给我们写了一大段 说如果那只得到葡萄的猴子拒绝葡萄, 他才会相信这跟公正有关。
Now the funny thing is that Sarah Brosnan, who's been doing this with chimpanzees, had a couple of combinations of chimpanzees where, indeed, the one who would get the grape would refuse the grape until the other guy also got a grape. 滑稽的是,萨拉·布鲁斯南 在做这个实验期间, 有几次黑猩猩的组合, 实际上,其中一只猴子宁愿不接受葡萄 直到它的伙伴拿到了他才接受。
combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱;
So we're getting very close to the human sense of fairness. 我们离人类的公正很近了。
And I think philosophers need to rethink their philosophy for awhile . 我觉得哲学家们需要重新思考他们的哲学。
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法; awhile:adv.一会儿;片刻;
So let me summarize . 我总结一下。
summarize:v.总结;概述;概括;归纳;
I believe there's an evolved morality. 我相信有一种进化来的道德。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式)
I think morality is much more than what I've been talking about, but it would be impossible without these ingredients that we find in other primates, which are empathy and consolation, pro-social tendencies and reciprocity and a sense of fairness. 道德已远远超过我一直讨论的, 但如果没有别的灵长类的元素 也是不可能的, 正是共鸣,安慰, 亲社会倾向,互惠以及公正感。
ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数) tendencies:趋势;
And so we work on these particular issues to see if we can create a morality from the bottom up, so to speak, without necessarily God and religion involved , and to see how we can get to an evolved morality. 我们也致力于这个特殊的课题, 看看我们是否能从头开始创造一种道德, 也就是说不涉及神圣和宗教, 来看看我们如何去进化道德。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
And I thank you for your attention. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （鼓掌）