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FrancisDelosReyes_Toilets_2021E-_厕所简史_
On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum . 晴天,奥斯蒂亚的古罗马公民 都会聚集在公共集会场所附近的 一张长条石凳上。
Friends and neighbors exchanged news and gossip while simultaneously attending to more... urgent business. 朋友和邻居间交换新闻和八卦的同时 也进行着一项更迫切的事。
These public latrines could sit up to 20 Romans at a time, draining waste in water conduits below. 这些公共厕所 能通过下面的水管排掉代谢物, 一次可供 20 名罗马公民使用。
Roman:n.罗马人;古罗马语;adj.罗马的;罗马人的; Ostia:n.口(ostium的复数);门; Forum:n.论坛,讨论会;法庭;公开讨论的广场; gossip:n.流言蜚语;闲聊;喜欢传播流言蜚语的人;v.传播流言蜚语;说三道四; simultaneously:adv.同时地; urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; latrines:n.(营地等的)厕所;(尤指)茅坑,便坑;(latrine的复数) draining:v.排空;(使)流光;放干;喝光;喝干;(drain的现在分词) conduits:n.[电]导管,水管;沟渠(conduit的复数);
Today, most cultures consider trips to the restroom to be a more private occasion. 如今,大多数文化认为上洗手间 是一件更为私密的事情。
But even when going alone, our shared sewage infrastructure is one of the most pivotal inventions in the history of humanity . 但即便是一个人去洗手间, 公共的污水基础设施 是人类历史上至关重要的发明之一。
While many ancient religious texts contain instructions for keeping waste away from drinking water and campsites , waste management took a more familiar shape as early as 3000 BCE. 许多古代宗教文本中记载着 将废水 与饮用水以及野营地隔离的方法。 早在公元前 3000 年的废水管理 已具备了当代类似的形态。
sewage:n.污水;下水道;污物; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; pivotal:adj.关键的;中枢的;枢轴的;n.关键事物;中心事物; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; waste away:日渐衰弱;日益消瘦; drinking water:n.饮用水; campsites:n.露营营地(campsite的复数); management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
Ancient Mesopotamian settlements often had clay structures made for squatting or sitting in the most private room of the house. 古老的美索不达米亚定居点 在房子最私密的位置 通常有粘土结构,用于蹲坐。
These were connected to pipes which used running water to move waste into street canals and cesspits . 它们与管道相连, 管道中的流动水将排泄污物排入 街道的水渠和污水坑中。
Water infrastructure like this flourished in the Bronze Age , and in some parts of the Indus Valley, nearly every house had a toilet connected to a citywide sewage system. 例如上述在青铜时代蓬勃发展的例子, 以及在印度河流域的某些地区, 近乎每个房子的厕所都会与 城市污水系统相连。
settlements:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;(settlement的复数) clay:n.黏土;陶土; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); squatting:v.蹲坐;蹲;偷住,擅自占用(房子或地方);(squat的现在分词) cesspits:n.垃圾坑,污水坑;粪坑; flourished:v.繁荣;昌盛;兴旺;茁壮成长;(flourish的过去式和过去分词) Bronze Age:n.青铜时代;青铜器时代; citywide:adj.全市的,全市性的;
Ancient Cretan palaces even offered a manual flushing option . 古代克里特宫殿的厕所 甚至可以手动冲洗。
Researchers can’t say for certain what inspired these early sewage systems, but we do know that waste management is essential for public health. 研究人员并不确定 这些早期的污水设施是怎么被发明的, 但能够确定的是 污水管理是公共卫生的关键。
Untreated sewage is a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms , including those that cause cholera , dysentery , and typhoid . 未经处理的污水能滋养有害微生物, 从而导致霍乱,痢疾以及伤寒等疾病。
manual:n.说明书;指南;使用手册;adj.用手的;手工的;体力的;手动的; flushing:n.洗涤;抽水冲洗;出渣;洒水;v.发红;脸红;冲洗干净;(flush的现在分词) option:n.选择;可选择的东西; for certain:肯定地;确凿地; inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; Untreated:adj.未经处理的;未经治疗的; breeding ground:n.(野生动物的)繁殖地;(尤指坏事物的)滋生地; microorganisms:n.[微]微生物,微生虫(microorganism的复数); cholera:n.[内科]霍乱; dysentery:n.痢疾; typhoid:adj.伤寒的;斑疹伤寒症的;n.伤寒;
It would be several millennia before scientists fully understood the relationship between sewage and sickness. 然而污水与疾病的关系 至少还需要几千年 科学家们才能透彻了解。
But the noxious odors of sewage have recorded associations with disease as early as 100 BCE. 不过恶臭的污水气味 与疾病的关系 早在公元前 100 年就有所记载。
And by 100 AD, more complex sanitation solutions were emerging . 到了公元 100 年, 更复杂的卫生解决方案问世。
millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世; noxious:adj.有害的;有毒的;败坏道德的;讨厌的; odors:气味;名声(odor的复数); associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
The Roman Empire had continuously flowing aqueducts dedicated to carrying waste outside city walls. 罗马帝国采用持续流动的水道, 将废水引至城市外围。
Chinese dynasties of the same period also had private and public toilets, except their waste was immediately recycled . 同时期的中国也有私人和公共厕所, 只是在中国, 这些排泄污物是被即时循环使用的。
Most household toilets fed into pig sties, and specialized excrement collectors gathered waste from public latrines to sell as fertilizer . 家用厕所的粪便大多会用于喂猪, 而公共厕所的代谢物会由 专门的人来收集 并制成肥料卖出。
continuously:adv.连续不断地; aqueducts:n.[水利]渡槽;导水管;沟渠; dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式) dynasties:n.朝代(dynasty的复数); recycled:n.再生纸;回收站;adj.[环境]回收利用的;可循环再造的; household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的; specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) excrement:n.粪便,排泄物; collectors:n.收藏家;收集者;聚集剂;[电子]集电极(collector的复数); fertilizer:n.[肥料]肥料;受精媒介物;促进发展者;
In China, this tradition of waste management continued for centuries, but in Europe the fall of the Roman Empire brought public sanitation into the Dark Ages . 中国的传统粪便污废物处理方法 持续了好几个世纪, 但是在欧洲,罗马帝国的衰落 把公共卫生带入了黑暗时期。
Pit latrines called “gongs” became commonplace , and chamber pots were frequently dumped into the street. 坑式蹲厕（也被称作“Gong”） 司空见惯, 夜壶常常直接往街道上倾倒。
Castles ejected waste from tall windows into communal cesspits. 城堡的高窗向外面的公共粪池 抛弃排泄污物。
Dark Ages:n.黑暗时代(欧洲历史上从罗马帝国衰亡至公元10世纪的时期); commonplace:n.老生常谈;司空见惯的事;普通的东西;adj.平凡的;陈腐的; chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛; adj.室内的; vt.把…关在室内; frequently:adv.频繁地,经常地;时常,屡次; dumped:v.丢弃,扔掉;丢下;抛弃;倾销,抛售;(dump的过去分词和过去式) ejected:adj.射出的;被驱逐的;被放出的;v.喷射;驱逐(eject的过去分词); communal:adj.公共的;公社的;
At night, so-called gong farmers would load up the waste before traveling beyond city limits to dump their cargo . 到了晚上,掏粪工 会把排泄污物装满推车, 将它们运出城外并丢弃。
Europe's unsanitary approach persisted for centuries, but toilets themselves underwent some major changes. 几个世纪以来, 欧洲都没有对排泄污物进行卫生处理, 但是厕所本身 却经历了一些重大变革。
By the late Middle Ages , most wealthy families had commode stools— wooden boxes with seats and lids . 到中世纪后期, 大多数富裕人家都配备了坐便器—— 带有盖子和座椅的木箱子。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; gong:n.锣;钟状物;奖章;v.鸣锣传唤;.鸣锣;发出铜锣般的声音; cargo:n.(船或飞机装载的)货物; unsanitary:adj.不卫生的;有碍健康的; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; persisted:v.持续(persist的过去分词);坚持不懈; underwent:v.经验;遭遇(undergo的过去式); Middle Ages:n.中世纪(欧洲历史上从公元1000年到1450年); commode:n.洗脸台;便桶;衣柜; wooden:adj.木制的;木头的;木头似的;死板的 lids:n.(容器的)盖,盖子;(lid的第三人称单数和复数)
And in the royal court of England, the commodes were controlled by the Groom of the Stool . 在英格兰的皇室宫廷中, 这些座便器由专门的 管理排泄污物的侍从负责。
In addition to monitoring the king’s intestinal health, the Groom’s... intimate relationship with the monarch made him a surprisingly influential figure. 另外,为了监测国王的肠道健康, 这位侍从和国王无比亲密的关系 使得这个职称变得极具影响力。
The next major leap in toilet technology came in 1596, when Sir John Harrington designed the first modern flush toilet for Queen Elizabeth. 厕所科技发展史中的下一个大跃进 出现在 1596 年: 约翰·哈林顿爵士为伊丽莎白女王设计了 第一个现代抽水马桶。
royal:adj.国王的;女王的;皇家的;n.王室成员; commodes:n.洗脸台;便桶;衣柜; Groom:n.新郎;马夫;马倌;马匹饲养员;v.培养;擦洗;理毛;使作好准备;训练;引诱; Stool:n.凳子;大便;粪便;v.长出新枝;排便 In addition to:除…之外; intestinal:adj.肠的; intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的; monarch:n.君主,帝王;最高统治者; surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 influential:adj.有影响的;有势力的;n.有影响力的人物; leap:n.跳越;跳跃;跳高;骤变;v.跳;跳跃;跳越;猛冲; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; Harrington:n.哈灵顿(澳大利亚等国家的地名); flush toilet:抽水马桶;
Its use of levers to release water and a valve to drain the bowl still inform modern designs. 它利用杠杆放水 并用阀门抽干桶中的水, 为现代马桶设计提供了参考。
But Harrington’s invention stank of sewage. 但是哈林顿的发明 没有解决污水臭味的问题。
Thankfully , in 1775, Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming added a bend in the drainpipe to retain water and limit odors. 幸好到了 1775 年,苏格兰发明家 亚历山大·卡明 在排水管道处加了一个弯曲的设计 进行保水限臭。
levers:n.杠杆;手段(lever的复数);v.用杠杆撬动(lever的第三人称单数); release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; valve:n.阀;[解剖]瓣膜;真空管;活门;v.装阀于;以活门调节; inform:v.通知;告诉;报告;告发;告密; stank:n.池塘;水沟;小水坝;v.发出恶臭(stink的过去式); Thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地; Cumming:卡明; drainpipe:n.排水管;瘦裤腿(口语,单复数相同); retain:v.保留;保持;持有;继续拥有;
This so-called S-trap was later improved into the modern U-bend by Thomas Crapper— though the term “crap” predates the inventor by several centuries,. 这个S型设计 尽管“废物”一词比发明者 出现早几个世纪。
By the turn of the 19th century, many cities had developed modern sewage infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants, and today, toilets have a wide range of features, from the luxurious to the sustainable . 到了 19 世纪末, 许多城市都已经有了 现代污水基础设施 以及污水处理厂。 如今,厕所也发展出了广泛的特征—— 从奢华到可持续性。
improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) predates:v.(在日期上)早于,先于;(predate的第三人称单数) wastewater:n.废水,污水; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; luxurious:adj.奢侈的;丰富的;放纵的;特级的; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
But roughly 2 billion people still don’t have their own toilets at home. 然而仍有大约 20 亿的人 在家中没有于个人使用的厕所。
And another 2.2 billion don’t have facilities that properly manage their waste, putting these communities at risk of numerous diseases . 还有另外 22 亿人 没有适当管理废水的设施, 使他们被暴露在无数疾病的威胁下。
To solve this problem, we’ll need to invent new sanitation technologies and address the behavioral , financial , and political issues that produce inequity throughout the sanitation pipeline. 为了解决这个问题, 我们需要发明新的卫生技术, 并解决会造成卫生管道系统不公平的 行为、经济以及政治方面的诸多问题。
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数) communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); behavioral:adj.行为的; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) inequity:n.不公平,不公正; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;