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FrancisCollins_2012P-_我们需要更好地药物——就是现在_
So let me ask for a show of hands. 請用舉手的方式回答我。
How many people here are over the age of 48? 多少人超過48歲？
Well, there do seem to be a few. 看來並不多。
Well, congratulations, because if you look at this particular slide of U.S. life expectancy , you are now in excess of the average life span of somebody who was born in 1900. 恭喜大家, 因為如果當你看到這張幻燈片上美國人的預期壽命, 現在各位的壽命都超過 1900 年出生的一些人。
life expectancy:预期寿命; excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的; span:n.持续时间; v.持续;
But look what happened in the course of that century. 但看看在這個世紀裏發生了什麼事。
in the course of:在…过程中;在…期间;
If you follow that curve , you'll see that it starts way down there. 如果各位沿著這條曲線, 可以看到它從這下降了。
curve:n.曲线;弯曲;曲面;弧线;v.(使)沿曲线移动;呈曲线形;
There's that dip there for the 1918 flu. 那就是因爲 1918 年大流感。
dip:n.游一游; v.蘸;
And here we are at 2010, average life expectancy of a child born today, age 79, and we are not done yet. 這是 2010 年的數據, 這一年出生的小孩,預估平均壽命為 79 歲, 而且還會繼續增長。
Now, that's the good news. 目前,這是個好消息。
But there's still a lot of work to do. 但還有很多工作要做。
So, for instance , if you ask, how many diseases do we now know the exact molecular basis? 舉例來說,如果你問, 我們現在到底知道多少疾病的 精確的分子基礎？
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的;
Turns out it's about 4,000, which is pretty amazing, because most of those molecular discoveries have just happened in the last little while. 說穿了大概就是 4,000 種,這是非常了不起的, 而且發現這些分子大部分都是 最近前發生的。
It's exciting to see that in terms of what we've learned, but how many of those 4,000 diseases now have treatments available? 從已知的觀點,很興奮可以看到這樣的結果, 但是 4000 種疾病中,有多少疾病 現在有治療方法？
treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
Only about 250. 大概祇有 250 種。
So we have this huge challenge, this huge gap . 所以我們面對著非常巨大的挑戰,巨大的差距。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
You would think this wouldn't be too hard, that we would simply have the ability to take this fundamental information that we're learning about how it is that basic biology teaches us about the causes of disease and build a bridge across this yawning gap between what we've learned about basic science and its application , 您可能會想這件事也不會太困難, 我們很容易就能 獲取基本資訊, 關於基礎生物學是如何告訴我們的 關於疾病的生成原因 以及在一條大壕溝的上面蓋一座橋樑, 一邊是我們學到的基礎科學, 另外一邊是它的應用。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; yawning:v.打哈欠;非常宽;难以逾越;(yawn的现在分词) application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用;
a bridge that would look maybe something like this, where you'd have to put together a nice shiny way to get from one side to the other. 一座橋,看起來也許像這樣, 我們必須建一條優良的康莊大道 從一側連結到另一側。
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; shiny:adj.闪亮的;光亮的;反光的;有光泽的;
Well, wouldn't it be nice if it was that easy? 嗯,是不是如果這麼簡單就太好了?
Unfortunately , it's not. 不幸的是,事與願違。
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
In reality, trying to go from fundamental knowledge to its application is more like this. 在現實中,試圖從基礎知識 走向該知識的實際應用,更像是這樣。
There are no shiny bridges. 沒有閃亮的橋樑。
You sort of place your bets . 如同你在下賭注。
bets:v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿(bet的第三人称单数)
Maybe you've got a swimmer and a rowboat and a sailboat and a tugboat and you set them off on their way, and the rains come and the lightning flashes , and oh my gosh, there are sharks in the water and the swimmer gets into trouble, and, uh oh, the swimmer drowned and the sailboat capsized , and that tugboat, well, it hit the rocks, and maybe if you're lucky, somebody gets across. 也許你會得到一位泳將和划艇 一艘拖船和一艘帆船 然後你開始給他們方向, 開始下雨、雷電交加 唉呦喂呀,水中還有鯊魚 你的泳將陷入大麻煩, 喔哦,你的泳將溺水了 帆船翻船了, 這艘拖船,撞到大石頭, 如果你幸運的話,剛好有人要過去。
swimmer:n.游泳者; rowboat:n.划艇;小船; sailboat:n.帆船; tugboat:n.拖船(等于towboat或tug); lightning:n.闪电;adj.闪电般的;飞快的;突然的 flashes:n.闪光灯;光芒;披峰;v.闪光;反射;(flash的第三人称单数和复数) drowned:v.(使)淹死,溺死;浸透;淹没;浸泡;(drown的过去分词和过去式) capsized:v.倾覆(capsize的过去分词);翻船;覆没;adj.翻覆的;
Well, what does this really look like? 事實上這樣看起來像什麼？
Well, what is it to make a therapeutic , anyway? 到底什麼東西可以有療效?
therapeutic:adj.治疗的;治疗学的;有益于健康的;n.治疗剂;治疗学家;
What's a drug? A drug is made up of a small molecule of hydrogen , carbon , oxygen, nitrogen , and a few other atoms all cobbled together in a shape, and it's those shapes that determine whether, in fact, that particular drug is going to hit its target. 藥是什麼? 藥是由 氫分子、碳分子、 氧分子、 氮分子、 和其它幾個原子 組合而成的特定形狀, 正是靠這些形狀,事實上, 決定是否某種特定的藥物可擊中目標。
made up of:由…组成,由…构成; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒; hydrogen:n.氢;氢气; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; atoms:n.[物]原子(atom的复数); cobbled:adj.铺有鹅卵石的;v.铺鹅卵石(cobbled的过去式和过去分词); determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
Is it going to land where it's supposed to? 它會到達它應該去的地方嗎?
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
So look at this picture here -- a lot of shapes dancing around for you. 看看這張照片 -- 各位的周遭都有很多這種形狀在跳舞。
Now what you need to do, if you're trying to develop a new treatment for autism or Alzheimer's disease or cancer is to find the right shape in that mix that will ultimately provide benefit and will be safe. 現在你需要做什麼,如果你想要探索 自閉症的新治療法 或阿茲海默症、或癌症 是在混和之中找到正確的形狀, 最終會帶來好處,而且很安全。
autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
And when you look at what happens to that pipeline, you start out maybe with thousands, tens of thousands of compounds . 當你觀察這些管線, 你也許從成千上萬, 上億的化合物開始。
compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式);
You weed down through various steps that cause many of these to fail. 你釐清各個的步驟 這導致許多失敗。
weed:v.除草;铲除;n.杂草,野草;菸草;
Ultimately, maybe you can run a clinical trial with four or five of these, and if all goes well, 14 years after you started, you will get one approval . 最終,也許您可以對其中的 4~5 項做臨床試驗, 如果一切順利,在你開始14 年後, 你得到一個批准。
clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; approval:n.批准;认可;赞成;
And it will cost you upwards of a billion dollars for that one success. 它將花費超過 10 億美金 就為了一次成功。
upwards:adv.向上;在上部;向上游;
So we have to look at this pipeline the way an engineer would, and say, "How can we do better?" 所以我們必須用一種工程師的思維看看這條管線, 並說, 可以做得更好嗎?
And that's the main theme of what I want to say to you this morning. 這就是今天早上要對各位說的主題。
How can we make this go faster? 如何讓整件事進行得更快?
How can we make it more successful? 我們如何讓它更成功？
Well, let me tell you about a few examples where this has actually worked. 讓我告訴你幾個例子 實際有效的例子。
One that has just happened in the last few months is the successful approval of a drug for cystic fibrosis . 一個案例是幾個月前才發生的事情 一項針對 囊狀纖維化 的藥物成功取得審批。
cystic fibrosis:n.囊性纤维化;
But it's taken a long time to get there. 但是已經花了很長一段時間才得到。
Cystic fibrosis had its molecular cause discovered in 1989 by my group working with another group in Toronto , discovering what the mutation was in a particular gene on chromosome 7. 囊狀纖維化 已於1989 年發現其分子層的成因。 經由我的團隊與位於多倫多的團隊一起合作 發現一個特定的基因突變 在7 號染色體。
Toronto:n.多伦多(加拿大城市); mutation:n.[遗]突变;变化;元音变化; gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子; chromosome:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(形容词chromosomal,副词chromosomally);
That picture you see there? 看到的那幅畫了嗎？
Here it is. That's the same kid. 是的。這就是同一的孩子。
That's Danny Bessette, 23 years later, because this is the year, and it's also the year where Danny got married, where we have, for the first time, the approval by the FDA 他叫丹尼班賽特,23 年之後, 就是這一年 也是在丹尼結婚的一年 我們第一次通過 FDA 批准
of a drug that precisely targets the defect in cystic fibrosis based upon all this molecular understanding. 一種藥物可精確地修復 囊狀纖維化 的缺陷 基於所有對分子的認識的基礎上。
defect:n.缺陷;缺点;毛病;v.叛变;背叛;投敌;
That's the good news. 這是個好消息。
The bad news is, this drug doesn't actually treat all cases of cystic fibrosis, and it won't work for Danny, and we're still waiting for that next generation to help him. 壞消息是,這種藥物並不真的可以治療所有的 囊狀纖維化 對丹尼就無效,然而我們仍然在等待 希望下一代可以幫助到他。
But it took 23 years to get this far. That's too long. 但歷經了 23 年才到這邊。實在太長太久。
How do we go faster? 我們如何加速?
Well, one way to go faster is to take advantage of technology , and a very important technology that we depend on for all of this is the human genome, the ability to be able to lo ok at a chromosome, to unzip it, to pull out all the DNA, 嗯,一種加速方式是利用科技, 一種我們非常看重的技術 適用於全人類的基因組, 能够看到一對染色體, 解開它,並拔出所有的 DNA,
take advantage of:利用; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
and to be able to then read out the letters in that DNA code, the A's, C's, G's and T's that are our instruction book and the instruction book for all living things, and the cost of doing this, 然後能夠解讀該 DNA 代碼中的密码子 A、 C、 G 的和 T 的 這是我們人類的指令書和一切生物的建構組成指導書, 做到這一點的成本
which used to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars, has in the course of the last 10 years fallen faster than Moore's Law, down to the point where it is less than 10,000 dollars today to have your genome sequenced , or mine, and we're headed for the $1,000 genome fairly soon. 曾經需要好幾億美元 在過去 10 年中 下降的速度已超越摩爾定律, 今天做一份你我的基因體定序已經低於一萬美元 我們正快速朝向1,000 美元基因體定序前進。
sequenced:[数][计]序列; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
Well, that's exciting. 嗯,真令人興奮。
How does that play out in terms of application to a disease? 應用於疾病的觀點,這件事是如何演變的?
I want to tell you about another disorder . 我要告訴你另一個障礙。
disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱;
This one is a disorder which is quite rare. 這是非常罕見的一種紊亂。
It's called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria , and it is the most dramatic form of premature aging. 它被稱為哈欽森-吉爾福德（早衰症）, 它是最具戲劇性的過早老化現象。
progeria:早老症;早衰症;儿童早衰症; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; premature:adj.早产的;不成熟的;比预期早的;n.早产儿;过早发生的事物;
Only about one in every four million kids has this disease, and in a simple way, what happens is, because of a mutation in a particular gene, a protein is made that's toxic to the cell and it causes these individuals to age at about seven times the normal rate. 大約每個 400 萬孩子中只有 1位有這種疾病, 一種簡單的方式發生,發生的情況是, 因為在一個特定的基因突變 產生一種對細胞有毒的蛋白質 造成這些人老化 老化的速度比一般人快 7 倍。
protein:n.蛋白质; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
Let me show you a video of what that does to the cell. 透過一段影片說明這個突變對細胞做了什麼事。
The normal cell, if you looked at it under the microscope , would have a nucleus sitting in the middle of the cell, which is nice and round and smooth in its boundaries and it looks kind of like that. 正常的細胞,如果你在顯微鏡下看它是這樣 會有一個核心在細胞中央, 邊緣是是漂亮、圓潤、平滑 和它看上去有點像。
microscope:n.显微镜; nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
A progeria cell, on the other hand , because of this toxic protein called progerin, has these lumps and bumps in it. 另一方面,早衰症細胞 因為這種有毒蛋白質,稱為 早衰蛋白 (progerin), 有這些腫塊與凹凸不平整。
on the other hand:另一方面; lumps:n.肿块(lump的复数); v.结块; bumps:碰撞(bump的第三人称单数);碰撞(bump的复数);
So what we would like to do after discovering this back in 2003 is to come up with a way to try to correct that. 發見這件事後,最想做的事 早在 2003 年 就是找出修正它的方法。
come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
Well again, by knowing something about the molecular pathways , it was possible to pick one of those many, many compounds that might have been useful and try it out. 同樣,透過瞭解分子途徑, 是有可能 從許多化合物中找出有用的一個 然後試試看。
pathways:n.小路;小径(pathway的复数);
In an experiment done in cell culture and shown here in a cartoon, if you take that particular compound and you add it to that cell that has progeria, and you watch to see what happened, in just 72 hours, that cell becomes, for all purposes that we can determine, almost like a normal cell. 培養細胞時做的一個實驗 在此以動畫方式秀出來, 如果把特定化合物 將其加到具有早衰症的細胞, 你看發生什麼事, 在短短 72 小時內,那個細胞變成 可由我們控制的所有目標。 幾乎就是一個正常細胞。
Well that was exciting, but would it actually work in a real human being? 真令人興奮,但在實際人體中是否也有效?
This has led, in the space of only four years from the time the gene was discovered to the start of a clinical trial, to a test of that very compound. 僅四年的空間裡 從發現基因到臨床實驗測試 到測試那個非常複合物。
And the kids that you see here all volunteered to be part of this, 28 of them, and you can see as soon as the picture comes up that they are in fact a remarkable group of young people all afflicted by this disease, all looking quite similar to each other. 然後看到這些孩子 全部都是自願參加的, 一共有28位, 从照片上可以看出 他們事實上是一群非常突出的年輕人。 他们都患有這種疾病, 每個人都很相似。
volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) as soon as:一…就; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; afflicted:v.折磨;使痛苦;(afflict的过去式和过去分词)
And instead of telling you more about it, 與其告訴你更多資訊,
I'm going to invite one of them, Sam Berns from Boston , who's here this morning, to come up on the stage and tell us about his experience as a child affected with progeria. 不如邀請其中之一,從波士頓來的 山姆· 伯恩斯 他早上來到這裡,站上這舞台 告訴我們他的經歷。 身為早衰症的患童。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); on the stage:在舞台上;现阶段;当演员;
Sam is 15 years old. His parents, Scott Berns and Leslie Gordon, both physicians , are here with us this morning as well. 山姆現在15 歲。他的父母,斯科特 · 伯恩斯和萊斯利 · 戈登 和兩位醫生早上也都和我們在一起。
physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数);
Sam, please have a seat. 山姆,請坐。
(Applause) （掌聲）
So Sam, why don't you tell these folks what it's like being affected with this condition called progeria? 山姆,你何不告訴大家 身受早衰症所苦的的感覺是什麼?
Sam Burns: Well, progeria limits me in some ways. 山姆伯恩斯: 嗯,早衰症限制我某些發展。
I cannot play sports or do physical activities, but I have been able to take interest in things that progeria, luckily, does not limit. 我不能運動或肢體活動 但是我一直可以對事物感到興趣 幸運的是,早衰症並不侷限我的興趣。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
But when there is something that I really do want to do that progeria gets in the way of , like marching band or umpiring , we always find a way to do it, and that just shows that progeria isn't in control of my life. 但當我真正想做某件事 早衰症有點像鼓號樂隊般介入 或像主審,我們總是找方法去做, 只是要說明早衰症並沒有控制我的人生。
in the way of:妨碍;关于…方面; marching band:n.行进乐队;边行走边演奏的乐队; umpiring:v.裁判; n.公断人; (umpire的现在分词)
(Applause) （掌聲）
Francis Collins: So what would you like to say to researchers here in the auditorium and others listening to this? 法蘭西斯 · 柯林斯: 所以,您想要對研究人員說什麼 在這個禮堂及所有聆聽的人？
auditorium:n.礼堂,会堂;观众席;
What would you say to them both about research on progeria and maybe about other conditions as well? 你會針對早衰症的研究說什麼 也許其他有關的狀況說時麼?
SB: Well, research on progeria has come so far in less than 15 years, and that just shows the drive that researchers can have to get this far, and it really means a lot to myself and other kids with progeria, and it shows that if that drive exists, anybody can cure any disease, SB: 嗯,研究早衰症至今 不少於15年, 只要研究者有一條路 撐到目前為止,有非常的意義 對我自己和所有早衰症的孩子們, 只要還有一條路, 任何人都可以治癒任何疾病,
and hopefully progeria can be cured in the near future, and so we can eliminate those 4,000 diseases that Francis was talking about. 期望早衰症在不久的將來是可以被治癒的, 因此,我們可以消除這 4,000 種疾病 這就是法蘭西斯所言。
eliminate:v.消除;排除;
FC: Excellent. So Sam took the day off from school today to be here, and he is ?? (Applause) -- FC: 很棒。山姆今天向學校請假一天。 來到這裡,他是 -- (掌聲) --
He is, by the way , a straight-A+ student in the ninth grade in his school in Boston. 順便說明,他是成绩一直優等的九年級學生 在他的學校在波士頓。
by the way:顺便说一下;
Please join me in thanking and welcoming Sam. 請和我一起感謝並歡迎山姆。
SB: Thank you very much. FC: Well done . Well done, buddy. SB: 非常感謝你。FC: 非常好。非常好,朋友。
Well done:好样的,干得好;
(Applause) （掌聲）
So I just want to say a couple more things about that particular story, and then try to generalize how could we have stories of success all over the place for these diseases, as Sam says, these 4,000 that are waiting for answers. 我想要再講一、兩件事, 關於特別的故事,進而希望推廣 我們如何能有成功的故事呢 如同山姆所說,這些疾病片佈各地, 這4,000種疾病在等待解答。
generalize:vt.概括;推广;使...一般化;vi.形成概念;
You might have noticed that the drug that is now in clinical trial for progeria is not a drug that was designed for that. 您可能已經注意到這個藥物 正在做早衰症的臨床試驗 並不是為了這個目的而製成的藥。
It's such a rare disease, it would be hard for a company to justify spending hundreds of millions of dollars to generate a drug. 這麼罕見的疾病,很難找到公司 願意花上億美元研發藥物。
justify:v.证明合法;整理版面;替…辩护; generate:v.产生;引起;
This is a drug that was developed for cancer. 這是一種治療癌症的藥物。
Turned out, it didn't work very well for cancer, but it has exactly the right properties, the right shape, to work for progeria, and that's what's happened. 事實證明,這藥對癌症沒有很有效, 但是這藥有完全相同的屬性與形狀 對早衰症有效,就是這麼回事。
Wouldn't it be great if we could do that more systematically ? 如果我們能更有系統地這樣做,不是很棒嗎？
systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地;
Could we, in fact, encourage all the companies that are out there that have drugs in their freezers that are known to be safe in humans but have never actually succeeded in terms of being effective for the treatments they were tried for? 事實上,我們可以鼓勵所有市場上的公司 公司冷凍櫃中的藥物 只要是對人類是安全的 但從來沒有真正成功地 有效治療他們原來被試驗的目的？
freezers:n.冷冻机;冷冻箱(freezer的复数); effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
Now we're learning about all these new molecular pathways -- some of those could be repositioned or repurposed , or whatever word you want to use, for new applications, basically teaching old drugs new tricks. 現在我們正在學習這些新的分子途徑 -- 其中一些這種藥物可以被重新定位或改變用途, 若用你想要用的字眼用在新的應用上, 就是讓老藥玩新把戲。
repositioned:v.使复位;改变…的位置;使变换阵地;n.复位;贮藏;放回; repurposed:vt.改换意图;重新目的化; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
That could be a phenomenal , valuable activity. 有可能變成非常驚人的、有價值的活動。
phenomenal:adj.现象的;显著的;异常的;能知觉的;惊人的,非凡的; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
We have many discussions now between NIH and companies about doing this that are looking very promising. 我們目前對美國國家衛生研究院和藥廠之間有很多討論, 認為往此方向前進非常有前途。
And you could expect quite a lot to come from this. 你可以對此滿懷期望。
There are quite a number of success stories one can point to about how this has led to major advances. 任何人都可以說出一堆成功的故事 有關這種方法已經引起的重大進展。
The first drug for HIV/AIDS was not developed for HIV/AIDS. 愛滋病毒/愛滋病的第一款藥物 並不是為愛滋病毒/愛滋病所發展。
It was developed for cancer. It was AZT. 是為了癌症而研發的藥物。它就是AZT。
It didn't work very well for cancer, but became the first successful antiretroviral , and you can see from the table there are others as well. 當時對癌症並不有效,但成為 但卻首次成功對 抗反轉病毒 有效, 您可以從表格中看到還有很多其他案例。
antiretroviral:adj.抗逆转录病毒的,抗后病毒的;
So how do we actually make that a more generalizable effort? 所以我們實際上如何讓這種方法更普及而努力？
generalizable:adj.可归纳的;可概括的;
Well, we have to come up with a partnership between academia , government, the private sector , and patient organizations to make that so. 嗯,我們必須拿出一種夥伴關係 學術界、 政府、 私營部門之間 及病人組織,成為夥伴。
partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约; academia:n.学术界;学术生涯; private sector:n.(国家经济的)私营部分; patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
At NIH, we have started this new 在美國國家衛生研究院,我們已經開始
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. 新的國家推進轉化科學研究中心。
Translational:adj.平移的,直移的;
It just started last December, and this is one of its goals. 去年 12 月剛開始,其目標之一就是今日討論的概念。
Let me tell you another thing we could do. 讓我告訴你另一件我們能做的事。
Wouldn't it be nice to be able to a test a drug to see if it's effective and safe without having to put patients at risk, because that first time you're never quite sure? 能做藥物測試不是很好嗎? 看看它是否有效和安全 而無需置病人於風險之中, 因為你對第一次永遠不敢確保無事？
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
How do we know, for instance, whether drugs are safe before we give them to people? We test them on animals. 例如,我們怎麼知道藥物在我們 給人們使用之前是否安全？我們在動物上測試它們。
And it's not all that reliable , and it's costly , and it's time-consuming . 並不完全可靠,而且代價很高, 而且很耗時。
reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; costly:adj.昂贵的;代价高的; time-consuming:adj.耗时的;旷日持久的;
Suppose we could do this instead on human cells. 假設我們可以在人體細胞上做試驗。
You probably know, if you've been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us. 如果你很關注,您可能已經知道, 對一些科學文獻 您現在可以採一個皮膚細胞 並培養成為肝細胞 或一個心臟細胞、腎細胞、或腦細胞給我們任何一個人。
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性;
So what if you used those cells as your test for whether a drug is going to work and whether it's going to be safe? 所以如果您使用這些細胞作為您的測試,對 一種藥物是否會有效?和安全?
what if:如果…怎么办?
Here you see a picture of a lung on a chip . 這裡您看到一張照片,肺在一個晶片上。
chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
This is something created by the Wyss Institute in Boston, and what they have done here, if we can run the little video, is to take cells from an individual, 這是由 Wyss 研究所(在波士頓)所創造的 他們在這裡完成了什麼,如果我們播放這短片, 從一個人身上取得細胞,
Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
turn them into the kinds of cells that are present in the lung, and determine what would happen if you added to this various drug compounds to see if they are toxic or safe. 把他們變成類似肺裡面出現的細胞 並控制可能的結果 如果您添加到這各種藥物化合物 以查看它們是否有毒或安全。
You can see this chip even breathes. 您可以看到這晶片甚至會呼吸。
It has an air channel. It has a blood channel. 它具有空氣通道。它有一個血通道。
And it has cells in between that allow you to see what happens when you add a compound. 細胞在中間 這使您可以看到當您添加一種化合物時會發生什麼反應。
Are those cells happy or not? 這些細胞開心嗎?
You can do this same kind of chip technology for kidneys , for hearts, for muscles , all the places where you want to see whether a drug is going to be a problem, for the liver. 你可以做這種晶片技術 給腎臟、 心臟、 肌肉、 和所有你想要知道的地方,是否某種藥物 對肝臟而言會是一個問題。
kidneys:n.[解剖]肾脏;转炉的附着物;肾形矿脉(kidney的复数); muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
And ultimately, because you can do this for the individual, we could even see this moving to the point where the ability to develop and test medicines will be you on a chip, what we're trying to say here is 最終,您可以為個人這麼做 我們甚至可以看見一個重點 在開發和測試藥物的能力上 你就在晶片上,我們要說的是
the individualizing of the process of developing drugs and testing their safety. 個人化 的藥品開發過程 以及 個人化 的測試安全性。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So let me sum up. 所以讓我總結一下。
We are in a remarkable moment here. 我們正處於一個重要的時刻。
For me, at NIH now for almost 20 years, there has never been a time where there was more excitement about the potential that lies in front of us. 對我來說,在美國國家衛生研究院將近20年 對於位於前面我們的潛力 從來沒有更興奮過。
excitement:n.兴奋;刺激;令人兴奋的事物; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
We have made all these discoveries pouring out of laboratories across the world. 我們讓這些發現 走出實驗室到世界各地。
pouring:v.倾倒;倾泻;连续流出;倒出;喷发;(pour的现在分词) laboratories:n.实验室;(laboratory的复数)
What do we need to capitalize on this? First of all , we need resources . 我們需要利用什麼？首先,我們需要的資源。
capitalize on:利用; First of all:adv.首先; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
This is research that's high-risk , sometimes high-cost. 這是高風險、 有時高成本的研究。
high-risk:adj.高危险度的;
The payoff is enormous , both in terms of health and in terms of economic growth. We need to support that. 為了巨大的回報,可以從健康的角度和 經濟增長的角度。我們都需要支持。
payoff:n.报酬;结果;发工资;结算;adj.支付的;决定性的;产生结果的; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
Second, we need new kinds of partnerships between academia and government and the private sector and patient organizations, just like the one I've been describing here, in terms of the way in which we could go after repurposing new compounds. 第二,我們需要各種新的夥伴關係 學術界、政府、私營部門之間 、病人組織,就像我剛剛說明的一 用一種我們能去重新提出新化合物的方法。
partnerships:n.伙伴关系;合伙;(partnership的复数) describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) repurposing:n.再利用;v.为…改变用途(repurpose的ing形式);
And third, and maybe most important, we need talent. 第三,可能是最重要的,我們需要人才。
We need the best and the brightest from many different disciplines to come and join this effort -- all ages, all different groups -- because this is the time, folks. 我們需要最好和最聰明的人 從許多不同的學科來參加這項工作 -- 來自所有年齡、 所有不同群體 -- 因為現在正是時候,夥伴。
disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导;
This is the 21st-century biology that you've been waiting for, and we have the chance to take that and turn it into something which will, in fact, knock out disease. That's my goal. 這是 21 世紀您一直在等待的生物學, 我們有機會得到 並把它變成某東西,事實上 殲滅疾病。這就是我的目標。
knock out:n.淘汰赛;引人注目的人或物;将对方击倒而获胜的一击;
I hope that's your goal. 我希望這也是你的目標。
I think it'll be the goal of the poets and the muppets and the surfers and the bankers and all the other people who join this stage and think about what we're trying to do here and why it matters. 我想它也會是詩人和木偶的目標 衝浪者者和銀行家們 和所有其他的人加入這舞台 想想我們可以試著做些什麼 和為什麼它很重要。
muppets:n.提线木偶; surfers:n.冲浪运动员,乘冲浪板冲浪的人;
It matters for now. It matters as soon as possible. 它現在很重要。它馬上就很重要
If you don't believe me, just ask Sam. 如果你不相信我,問問山姆吧。
Thank you all very much. 感謝大家。
(Applause) （掌聲）