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FranceVillarta_2020S-_菲律宾性别流动的历史_-
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| I was an eight-year-old kid in the mid-1990s. |
90 年代中期时,我才 8 岁, |
| I grew up in southern Philippines . |
在菲律宾南部长大。 |
| At that age, you're young enough to be oblivious about what society expects from each of us but old enough to be aware of what's going on around you. |
在那个年纪, 你稚嫩得难以察觉 社会对于每个人的期望, 但也已懂事到能知晓 周围发生的一切。 |
| We lived in a one-bedroom house, all five of us. |
我们一家五口都住在只有一间 卧室的房子里, |
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Philippines:n.菲律宾; oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的;
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| Our house was amongst clusters of houses made mostly of wood and corrugated metal sheets . |
夹在一群主要由 木头和瓦楞金属板 建成的房子中间。 |
| These houses were built very close to each other along unpaved roads. |
这些房子沿着 未铺砌的土路建造, 一座紧挨着一座, |
| There was little to no expectation of privacy . |
几乎没有任何隐私。 |
| Whenever an argument broke out next door, you heard it all. |
每当隔壁发生争吵时, 你都能听得一清二楚。 |
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amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among); clusters:n.[植]簇;丛(cluster的复数形式);[计]群集; corrugated:adj.波纹的;缩成皱纹的;有瓦楞的;v.(使)起皱纹(corrugate的过去式); sheets:n.床单;被单;薄片,薄板;(sheet的复数) unpaved:adj.未铺砌的;没有铺柏油的;没有铺石砖的; expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望; privacy:n.隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处;
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| Or, if there was a little ... something something going on -- |
或者,如果有人······ 在做这样那样的事情······ |
| (Laughter) |
(笑声） |
| you would probably hear that, too. |
你大概也能听见。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Like any other kid, I learned what a family looked like. |
像其他孩子一样, 我了解了一个家庭是什么样的。 |
| It was a man, a woman, plus a child or children. |
它由一个男人,一个女人, 外加上一个或一群孩子组成。 |
| But I also learned it wasn't always that way. |
但我也学到了, 事实并非总是如此。 |
| There were other combinations that worked just as well. |
还有其他的家庭组合 也同样有效。 |
| There was this family of three who lived down the street. |
有一个三口之家 就住在我们这条街上。 |
| The lady of the house was called Lenie. |
这家的女主人名叫蕾妮。 |
| Lenie had long black hair, often in a ponytail , and manicured nails. |
蕾妮有一头长长的黑发, 通常扎着马尾, 指甲修剪得整整齐齐。 |
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combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱; ponytail:n.马尾辫; manicured:adj.整修的;修剪整齐的;v.修剪(manicure的过去式和过去分词);
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| She always went out with a little makeup on and her signature red lipstick . |
她出门的时候总是化着淡妆, 涂着标志性的口红。 |
| Lenie's other half , I don't remember much about him except that he had a thing for white sleeveless shirts and gold chains around his neck. |
蕾妮的另一半, 我不太记得他了, 只记得他热衷穿 白色无袖衬衫, 脖子上戴着金链子。 |
| Their daughter was a couple years younger than me. |
他们的女儿比我小几岁。 |
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makeup:n.化妆品;组成;补充;补考; signature:n.署名;签名;信号; lipstick:n.口红;唇膏; other half:n.另一半(指配偶或男友,女友); sleeveless:adj.无袖的;
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| Now, everybody in the village knew Lenie. |
村子里的每个人都认识蕾妮。 |
| She owned and ran what was the most popular beauty salon in our side of town. |
她拥有并经营着我们这边 最受欢迎的美容院。 |
| Every time their family would walk down the roads, they would always be greeted with smiles and occasionally stopped for a little chitchat . |
每次他们一家人走在路上, 人们总会对他们抱以微笑, 偶尔还会停下来聊聊天。 |
| Now, the interesting thing about Lenie is that she also happened to be a transgender woman. |
蕾妮有意思的地方在于, 她是一位变性女人。 |
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beauty salon:n.美容院; occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然; chitchat:n.闲聊;v.聊天; transgender:n.跨性别;跨性别者;
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| She exemplified one of the Philippines' long-standing stories about gender diversity . |
她是菲律宾历史悠久的 性别多元化故事 的一个例证。 |
| Lenie was proof that oftentimes we think of something as strange only because we're not familiar with it, or we haven't taken enough time to try and understand. |
蕾妮证明了,往往 我们觉得某件事物古怪, 只是因为我们对其不熟悉, 或者没有花足够的时间 尝试去理解。 |
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exemplified:v.举例说明;例证;例示;(exemplify的过去式和过去分词) long-standing:adj.长期存在的;存在已久的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护; oftentimes:adv.时常地; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
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| In most cultures around the world, gender is this man-woman dichotomy . |
在世界上大多数文化中, 性别是男女的二元划分, |
| It's this immovable , nonnegotiable , distinct classes of individuals . |
是无法改变、毋容置疑、 泾渭分明的两组个体。 |
| We assign characteristics and expectations the moment a person's biological sex is determined . |
在一个人的生物性别 确定的那一刻, 我们便对其赋予了特质与期望。 |
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dichotomy:n.二分法;两分;分裂;双歧分枝; immovable:adj.不动的;固定的;不改变的; nonnegotiable:adj.不可谈判的,禁止转让的; distinct:adj.明显的;独特的;清楚的;有区别的; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); assign:v.指定;指派;转让;分派;n.[法]受让人; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数) biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式)
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| But not all cultures are like that. |
但并非所有的文化都是如此。 |
| Not all cultures are as rigid . |
并不是所有的文化都这么死板。 |
| Many cultures don't look at genitalia primarily as basis for gender construction , and some communities in North America , Africa, the Indian subcontinent |
很多文化并不将生殖器 作为性别建构的主要基础。 在北美、非洲、 印度次大陆、太平洋诸岛, |
| and the Pacific Islands, including the Philippines, have a long history of cultural permissiveness and accommodation of gender variances . |
包括菲律宾的一些社区, 有着对文化宽容、 对性别差异适应的悠久历史。 |
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rigid:adj.严格的;僵硬的,死板的;坚硬的;精确的; genitalia:n.[解剖]生殖器,外阴部; primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) North America:n.北美洲; subcontinent:n.次大陆; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; permissiveness:n.放任;许可; accommodation:n.住处;办公处;住宿;调解; variances:n.差异(variance的复数);总体的方差;变动;
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| As you may know, the people of the Philippines were under Spanish rule for over 300 years. |
各位或许知道, 菲律宾人民被西班牙 统治了 300 多年。 |
| This explains why everyday Filipino conversations are peppered with Spanish words and why so many of our last names, including mine, sound very Spanish. |
这就解释了为什么 菲律宾的日常对话 会夹杂着西班牙语, 为什么我们的这么多姓氏, 包括我的,听起来很像西班牙语。 |
| This also explains the firmly entrenched influence of Catholicism . |
这也解释了根深蒂固的 天主教影响。 |
| But precolonial Philippine societies, they were mostly animists . |
但是前殖民社会的菲律宾社会, 大多数人都是万物有灵论者。 |
| They believed all things had a distinct spiritual essence : plants, animals, rocks, rivers, places. |
他们相信一切事物 有着独特的精神本质: 植物,动物,岩石,河流,地点。 |
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Filipino:n.(西)菲律宾人;菲律宾语;adj.菲律宾的; peppered:adj.用胡椒调味的; v.在(食物上)撒胡椒粉(pepper的过去式); entrenched:adj.根深蒂固的;v.使处于牢固地位;牢固确立;(entrench的过去式和过去分词) influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; Catholicism:n.天主教;天主教义; animists:n.万物有灵论者; spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精;
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| Power resided in the spirit. |
力量存在于精神之中, |
| Whoever was able to harness that spiritual power was highly revered . |
能够驾驭这种精神力量的人 会备受尊崇。 |
| Now, scholars who have studied the Spanish colonial archives also tell us that these early societies were largely egalitarian . |
研究西班牙殖民档案的学者 也告诉我们, 这些早期社会大体上是平等的。 |
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resided:居住;存在; Whoever:任何人:无论是谁: harness:vt.治理; n.马具; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; revered:v.崇敬,尊崇,敬畏(revere的过去式和过去分词); scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数); colonial:n.殖民地居民;adj.殖民地的,殖民的; archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数) largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; egalitarian:adj.平等主义的;n.平等主义;平等主义者;
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| Men did not necessarily have an advantage over women. |
男人不一定比女人有优势。 |
| Wives were treated as companions , not slaves. |
妻子被视作同伴,而不是奴隶。 |
| And family contracts were not done without their presence and approval . |
家庭合同的生效必须要有 她们在场并批准。 |
| In some ways, women had the upper hand . |
在某些方面,女性占了上风。 |
| A woman could divorce her husband and own property under her own name, which she kept even after marriage. |
一个女人可以和丈夫离婚, 拥有自己名下的财产, 甚至在婚后仍能保留。[04:23] |
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necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; have an advantage over:胜过,优于; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) companions:n.同伴;同事(companion的复数);伴随物;v.陪伴;伴随(companion的三单形式); contracts:n.[经]合同; v.使收缩; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; approval:n.批准;认可;赞成; upper hand:上风;优势;先手;占上风; divorce:n.离婚;分离;v.与某人离婚;使分离;
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| She had the prerogative to have a baby or not and then decide the baby's name. |
她有决定是否生孩子、 并为孩子命名的特权。 |
| But the real key to the power of the precolonial Filipino woman was in her role as "babaylan," |
但前殖民社会的菲律宾女人 拥有权力的关键在于 她担任的“巴巴伊兰”一职, |
| a collective term for shamans of various ethnic groups. |
这是不同民族对萨满的统称。 |
| They were the community healers , specialists in herbal and divine lore . |
她们是社区医师, 是草药和传说的专家。 |
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prerogative:n.特权;adj.有特权的; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; shamans:n.萨满教巫医(Shaman的复数); ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; healers:n.医治者;治疗物(healer的复数); herbal:adj.草药的;草本的;n.植物志;草本书; divine:adj.神圣的;非凡的;天赐的;极好的;v.占卜;预言;用占卜勘探;n.牧师;神学家; lore:n.知识;学问;全部传说;(动物的)眼光知识;
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| They delivered babies and communicated with the spirit world. |
她们接生婴儿, 与灵界沟通。 |
| They performed exorcisms and occasionally, and in defense of their community, they kicked some ass. |
她们进行驱魔仪式, 偶尔,为了保护她们的社区, 她们还能暴打犯事者。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| And while the babaylan was a female role, there were also, in fact, male practitioners in the spiritual realm . |
虽说巴巴伊兰是女性的职责, 事实上,在精神领域 也有男性从业者。 |
| Reports from early Spanish chroniclers contain several references to male shamans who did not conform to normative Western masculine standards . |
西班牙早期编年史作家的记载中 有几处提到了一些 不符合西方男性标准的男性萨满。 |
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performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) exorcisms:n.驱魔;驱邪;用魔法召鬼魂; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; practitioners:n.实践者;开业者;实习者(practitioner的复数); realm:n.领域,范围;王国; chroniclers:n.记录者;年代史编者; references:n.提到; v.查阅; (reference的第三人称单数和复数) conform:v.遵守;相一致;顺从;相符合; normative:adj.规范的,标准的; masculine:adj.男性的;阳性的;男子气概的;n.男性;阳性,阳性词; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
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| They cross-dressed and appeared effeminate or sexually ambiguous . |
他们穿着女装, 看上去偏女性化 或中性化。 |
| A Jesuit missionary named Francisco Alcina said that one man he believed to be a shaman was "so effeminate that in every way he was more a woman than a man. |
一位名叫弗朗西斯科·阿尔西纳 （Francisco Alcina）的耶稣会传教士说, 一位他认为是萨满的男性 “如此女性化, 以至于在所有方面, 他都更像女人,而非男人。 |
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effeminate:adj.柔弱的; n.女子气的男人; vt.使柔弱; vi.变得无男子汉气概; sexually:adv.性,性欲 ambiguous:adj.模糊不清的;引起歧义的; Jesuit:n.[天主]耶稣会会士;虚伪狡诈的人(等于jersuit); missionary:adj.传教的;传教士的;n.传教士;
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| All the things the women did he performed, such as weaving blankets, sewing clothes and making pots. |
女人做的所有事情 他都会做, 比如编织毯子、 缝衣服和制作陶艺。 |
| He danced also like they did, never like a man, whose dance is different. |
男女的舞蹈不同, 他也和她们跳同样的舞, 从来不跳男人的舞蹈。 |
| In all, he appeared more a woman than a man." |
总之,他表现得更像女人, 而不是男人。” |
| Well, any other juicy details in the colonial archives? |
在殖民地档案里 还有什么更劲爆的细节吗？ |
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weaving:v.编,织;(用…)编成;编造(故事等);(weave的现在分词) sewing:n.缝纫;缝制中的衣物;v.缝;做针线活;缝制;缝补;(sew的现在分词)
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| Thought you'd never ask. |
还以为你们不会问呢。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| As you may have deduced by now, the manner in which these precolonial societies conducted themselves didn't go over so well. |
你们现在或许已经推断出了, 这些前殖民社会的行为方式 不太受（殖民者的）欢迎。 |
| All the free-loving, gender-variant-permitting, gender equality wokeness clashed viciously with the European sensibilities at the time, so much so that the Spanish missionaries spent the next 300 years trying to enforce their two-sex, two-gender model. |
所有那些热爱自由、 对多元化性别宽容 的性别平等觉醒意识, 都与当时欧洲人的感性 发生了剧烈冲突, 导致西班牙传教士 在接下来的 300 年里, 一直试图强制实施 他们的那套两性模式。 |
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deduced:v.推论;推断;演绎(deduce的过去分词和过去式) conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) clashed:v.打斗;冲突;比赛;争论;(clash的过去分词和过去式) viciously:adv.邪恶地;敌意地; sensibilities:n.感情;感受能力;鉴赏力;(sensibility的复数) missionaries:n.传教士;工作人员(missionary的复数); enforce:v.强制执行;强迫;迫使;
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| Many Spanish friars also thought that the cross-dressing babaylan were either celibates like themselves or had deficient or malformed genitals . |
许多西班牙修士也认为, 异装的巴巴伊兰 要么和他们一样独身禁欲, 要么有生殖器官缺陷或畸形。 |
| But this was pure speculation . |
但这纯粹是臆测。 |
| Documents compiled between 1679 and 1685, called "The Bolinao Manuscript ," |
1679 年至 1685 年间 编纂的文件《波里瑙手稿》中 |
| mentions male shamans marrying women. |
提到了男性萨满和女性结婚。 |
| The Boxer Codex , circa 1590, provide clues on the nature of the male babaylan sexuality . |
约 1590 年编写的《谟区查抄本》 （又名《马尼拉手稿》） 提供了关于男性巴巴伊兰 性取向的线索:[07:08] |
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friars:n.修道士(friar的复数形式); cross-dressing:n.穿着异性服装; celibates:n.独身者;禁欲者;(celibate的复数) deficient:adj.不足的;有缺陷的;不充分的; malformed:adj.畸形的,难看的; genitals:n.生殖器;外阴部; speculation:n.投机;推测;思索;投机买卖; compiled:adj.编译的;v.编辑(compile的过去分词); Manuscript:n.[图情]手稿;原稿;adj.手写的; Codex:n.法典;古抄本;药典; circa:prep.大约于;adv.大约; clues:n.(调查,研究等的)线索;迹象;(故事的)关键情节;(clue的复数) sexuality:n.[胚]性别;性欲;性征;性方面的事情(比如性行为或性能力);
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| It says, " Ordinarily they dress as women, act like prudes and are so effeminate that one who does know them would believe they are women. |
“他们平时打扮成女人, 表现得很禁欲, 而且女性化到 不认识他们的人 会以为他们是女人。 |
| Almost all are impotent for the reproductive act, and thus they marry other males and sleep with them as man and wife and have carnal knowledge ." |
他们几乎全员都生殖无能, 因此他们和别的男性结婚, 像夫妻一样共寝, 并拥有肉体知识。” |
| Carnal knowledge, of course, meaning sex. |
“肉体知识”当然 指的是性行为。 |
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Ordinarily:adv.通常地;一般地; prudes:n.拘守礼仪的人;故做正经的女人; impotent:adj.无力的;无效的;虚弱的;阳萎的; reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; carnal knowledge:na.性经验;[法律]性关系;
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| Now, there's an ongoing debate in contemporary society about what constitutes gender and how it should be defined . |
在当代社会中, 关于性别是什么, 以及如何定义性别的争论 一直在持续。 |
| My country is no exception . |
我的国家也不例外。 |
| Some countries like Australia, New Zealand , Pakistan, Nepal and Canada have begun introducing nonbinary options in their legal documents, such as their passports and their permanent resident cards. |
一些国家,比如澳大利亚、 新西兰、巴基斯坦、尼泊尔和加拿大, 已经开始在法律文件中, 引入男女性别之外的选项了。 比如他们的护照 和永久居民卡。 |
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ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; contemporary:n.同时代的人;同时期的东西;adj.当代的;同时代的;属于同一时期的; constitutes:v.被算作;组成;构成;(合法或正式地)成立,设立;(constitute的第三人称单数) defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; exception:n.例外;异议; Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛) nonbinary:n.非二进制; options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式) legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; resident:adj.居住的;住院医师;定居的;n.居民;
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| In all these discussions about gender, |
在所有这些关于性别的讨论中, |
| I think it's important to keep in mind that the prevailing notions of man and woman as static genders anchored strictly on biological sex are social constructs . |
我认为有一点很重要: 主流观点中, 严格以生理性别为基础 的男女静态性别, 是一种社会建构。 |
| In my people's case, this social construct is an imposition . |
以我的国家为例, 这种社会建构是强行施加的。 |
| It was hammered into their heads over hundreds of years until they were convinced that their way of thinking was erroneous . |
几百年以来,这种建构 都被强行灌输给他们, 直到他们深信自己原本 的思想是错误的。 |
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keep in mind:记住; prevailing:adj.流行的;一般的;占优势的;v.盛行,流行;获胜;(prevail的现在分词形式) notions:n.观念(notion的复数);小商品; static:adj.静止的; n.[物]静电(干扰); genders:n.性别;性; constructs:n.构念(construct的复数);建筑物;构图;v.设计(construct的三单形式);建造; imposition:n.征收;强加;欺骗;不公平的负担; hammered:adj.烂醉;v.锤打;反复敲打;猛踢;猛击;(hammer的过去分词和过去式) convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式) erroneous:adj.错误的;不正确的;
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| But the good thing about social constructs is they can be reconstructed to fit a time and age. |
但社会建构的好处是, 它们可以被重建, 以适应时代。 |
| They can be reconstructed to respond to communities that are becoming more diverse . |
它们可以被重建, 以响应变得更加多样化的社区。 |
| And they can be reconstructed for a world that's starting to realize we have so much to gain from learning and working through our differences. |
它们可以被重建, 因为这个世界 已经开始意识到, 从差异中学习、在差异中合作, 能够让我们受益匪浅。 |
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reconstructed:adj.重建的;改造的;v.重建;改造(reconstruct的过去式); respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的;
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| When I think about this subject, |
当我思考这个话题时, |
| I think about the Filipino people and an almost forgotten but important legacy of gender equality and inclusivity . |
我会想到菲律宾的人民, 和我们几乎被遗忘、 却无比重要的 性别平等与包容的遗产。 |
| I think about lovers who were some of the gentlest souls I had known but could not be fully open. |
我想起了一对对恋人, 拥有最温柔的灵魂, 却不能完全公开。 |
| I think about people who have made an impact in my life, who showed me that integrity , kindness and strength of character are far better measures of judgment , |
我想起了对我的人生 产生过影响的人们, 是他们教会我,正直、 善良和坚强的品格 才是评判一个人更好的标准, |
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legacy:n.遗赠,遗产; inclusivity:n.包容性; lovers:n.情人(lover的复数形式); impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; integrity:n.完整;正直;诚实;廉正; judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力;
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| far better than things that are beyond a person's control such as their skin color, their age or their gender. |
远远优于那些不在 个人掌控下的东西, 比如肤色、年龄 或者性别。 |
| As I stand here today, on the shoulders of people like Lenie, |
今天我站在这里, 站在像蕾妮这样的人的肩上, |
| I feel incredibly grateful for all who have come before me, the ones courageous enough to put themselves out there, who lived a life that was theirs and in the process , made it a little easier for us to live our lives now. |
我深深地感谢那些先驱者, 那些有足够勇气 坦露自我的人们, 那些过着属于自己生活的人们, 在这个过程中,他们也让 我们现在的生活轻松了些许。 |
| Because being yourself is revolutionary . |
因为“做你自己”是革命性的。 |
| And to anyone reeling from forces trying to knock you down and cram you into these neat little boxes people have decided for you: don't break. |
如果有人试图击垮你,把你塞进 早已为你设计好的 精美的小盒子里,我想对你说: 不要屈服。 |
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incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; courageous:adj.有胆量的,勇敢的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者; reeling:v.踉跄;摇摇晃晃地挪动;蹒跚;感到震惊;(reel的现在分词) cram:v.把…塞进; n.填塞; neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的;
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| I see you. |
我看得见你。 |
| My ancestors see you. |
我的祖先们也看得见你。 |
| Their blood runs through me as they run through so many of us. |
他们的血在我的体内流淌, 也在我们许多人的体内流淌。 |
| You are valid , and you deserve rights and recognition just like everyone else. |
你的存在方式是合理的, 你值得获得权利和认可, 就像任何人一样。 |
| Thank you. |
谢谢大家。 |
| (Applause) |
（鼓掌） |
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run through:n.贯通;从头到尾读一遍;排练; valid:adj.有效的;有根据的;合法的;正当的; deserve:vi.应受,应得; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
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