返回首页

FioOmenetto_2011-_蚕丝，未来的古老材料_
Thank you. 谢谢
I'm thrilled to be here. 很高兴能来到这里
thrilled:adj.非常兴奋; v.使非常兴奋; (thrill的过去分词和过去式)
I'm going to talk about a new, old material that still continues to amaze us, and that might impact the way we think about material science, high technology -- and maybe, along the way, also do some stuff for medicine and for global health and help reforestation . 我要谈谈一种新的古老的材料 它仍在不断的让我们惊叹 这可能会改变我们对 材料科学和高科技的方式的认识 -- 也许,继续发展下去的话 还会为医学和全球健康做出贡献,还能帮助重新造林
amaze:v.使惊奇;使惊愕;使惊诧;n.(诗)同"amazement"; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; high technology:n.高科技; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; reforestation:n.重新造林;
So that's kind of a bold statement . 这是个大胆的宣言
bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
I'll tell you a little bit more. 我将告诉你更多的信息
This material actually has some traits that make it seem almost too good to be true. 实际上这材料有些特性让它好的令人难以置信
traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数);
It's sustainable; it's a sustainable material that is processed all in water and at room temperature -- and is biodegradable with a clock, so you can watch it dissolve instantaneously in a glass of water or have it stable for years. 可持续性,这是种可持续的材料 仅用水在室温下就能生产 -- 并且是可生物降解的 你能看着它在一杯水里立刻溶解 或是稳定的存在数年
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词) room temperature:室温; biodegradable:adj.生物所能分解的,能进行生物降解的; dissolve:v.溶;使(固体)溶解;解除;终止;解散;消除;n.(电影、电视等画面的)渐隐 instantaneously:adv.即刻;突如其来地; stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
It's edible; it's implantable in the human body without causing any immune response . 它可食用,移植人体 而不会造成任何免疫反应
implantable:adj.可移植的,可植入的; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答);
It actually gets reintegrated in the body. 它事实上还能融入了身体
reintegrated:vt.重建;恢复;使重新完整;
And it's technological , so it can do things like microelectronics , and maybe photonics do. 这是高科技的 它能像微电子元件 或是光电子元件那样运作
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; microelectronics:n.微电子学; photonics:n.光电;光子学;
And the material looks something like this. 这种材料 看起来像这样
In fact, this material you see is clear and transparent . 实际上,你所看到的材料是清晰透明的
transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的;
The components of this material are just water and protein . 这材料的成分只有水和蛋白质
components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); protein:n.蛋白质;
So this material is silk. 这种材料就是蚕丝
So it's kind of different from what we're used to thinking about silk. 这与我们过去 所想到的的蚕丝有些不同
So the question is, how do you reinvent something that has been around for five millennia ? 问题是,如何重新发明一个 已经存在了五千年的事物？
reinvent:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现; millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世;
The process of discovery, generally , is inspired by nature. 发现的过程,通常,也是来自自然的启发
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
And so we marvel at silk worms -- the silk worm you see here spinning its fiber . 我们对桑蚕惊叹不已 -- 各位看到的这只桑蚕正在吐丝
marvel:n.奇迹;vt.对…感到惊异;vi.感到惊讶; worms:n.蠕虫;寄生虫;幼虫;v.蠕动,曲折行进;(worm的第三人称单数和复数) spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词) fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre);
The silk worm does a remarkable thing: it uses these two ingredients , protein and water, that are in its gland , to make a material that is exceptionally tough for protection -- so comparable to technical fibers like Kevlar . 桑蚕所做的了不起的事是: 蚕丝中有两种成分,蛋白质和水 原保存于在桑蚕的腺体中 以此来制造这种异常坚固的保护性材料 -- 可以比得上人造纤维 比如芳纶
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数) gland:n.腺;密封压盖; exceptionally:adv.异常地;特殊地;例外地; comparable to:可比较的,比得上的; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数); Kevlar:n.用在芳族聚酰胺纤维商品上的商标;
And so in the reverse engineering process that we know about, and that we're familiar with, for the textile industry, the textile industry goes and unwinds the cocoon and then weaves glamorous things. 在逆向工程学工程中 根据我们所了解的 根据我们所熟悉的 针对纺织工业 纺织工业从蚕茧中抽丝 然后编织出精美织物
reverse engineering:逆向工程; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; textile:n.纺织品;纺织业; unwinds:vt.放松;解开;[计]展开;vi.放松;解开;松开; cocoon:n.茧;卵囊;vt.把…紧紧包住; weaves:vt.编织;编排;使迂回前进;vi.纺织;编成;迂回行进;n.织物;织法;编织式样; glamorous:adj.迷人的,富有魅力的;
We want to know how you go from water and protein to this liquid Kevlar, to this natural Kevlar. 我们想知道如何由水和蛋白质 产生这种液态的芳纶,这种自然的芳纶
So the insight is how do you actually reverse engineer this and go from cocoon to gland and get water and protein that is your starting material. 因此关键是 如何真正地对其进行逆向工程 从蚕茧回到腺体 并水和蛋白质成为你的原始材料
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
And this is an insight that came, about two decades ago, from a person that I'm very fortunate to work with, 这一关键 来自二十年前 我有幸与其共同工作的一个人
fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的;
David Kaplan. 大卫·卡普兰
And so we get this starting material. 这样我们得到了这些原始材料
And so this starting material is back to the basic building block . 用这些原始材料被还原成基本构件
And then we use this to do a variety of things -- like, for example, this film. 我们用它们做出了各种东西 -- 比如,这个薄膜
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
And we take advantage of something that is very simple. 我们对它构造简单这优点加以利用
take advantage of:利用;
The recipe to make those films is to take advantage of the fact that proteins are extremely smart at what they do. 这些薄膜的制作方法就是 利用了蛋白质在它们所做的这事上 极其聪明这一优点
recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法; proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
They find their way to self-assemble . 它们会自行组装起来
self-assemble:vi.自组装;
So the recipe is simple: you take the silk solution , you pour it, and you wait for the protein to self-assemble. 制作方法很简单:拿出丝绸溶液,倒入容器 等待蛋白质自行组装起来
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; pour:v.倒; n.流出; (已熔金属的)一次浇注量;
And then you detach the protein and you get this film, as the proteins find each other as the water evaporates . 然后分离蛋白质,就得到了这个薄膜 蛋白质找到自己的位置并随着水的蒸发
detach:v.分离;派遣;使超然; evaporates:n.蒸发岩;蒸发盐;v.蒸发;消失;衰退(evaporate的三单形式);
But I mentioned that the film is also technological. 但这薄膜也具有高科技性
And so what does that mean? 这表示什么呢？
It means that you can interface it with some of the things that are typical of technology, like microelectronics and nanoscale technology. 这意味着你能用它作为 一些拥有典型技术的事物的界面 比如微电子和纳米技术
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; nanoscale:n.纳米级;
And the image of the DVD here is just to illustrate a point that silk follows very subtle topographies of the surface, which means that it can replicate features on the nanoscale. 这图片中的DVD光盘 只是说明一点 蚕丝能适应非常精细的表面 意味着它们能复制纳米程度上的细节
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品;
So it would be able to replicate the information that is on the DVD. 它能刻录下信息 在这影碟上
And we can store information that's film with water and protein. 我们利用由水和蛋白质制成的胶片来记录下信息
So we tried something out, and we wrote a message in a piece of silk, which is right here, and the message is over there. 我们尝试了一些,而且我们在这片丝上写下了一条讯息 就在这里,这讯息就在这里
And much like in the DVD, you can read it out optically . 就好像刻录在影碟上,只是你要用光学读取
optically:adv.光学地;眼睛地;视力地;
And this requires a stable hand, so this is why I decided to do it onstage in front of a thousand people. 这要求一个很稳定的手 这也是为什么我决定在这么多人面前展示的原因
onstage:adj.台上的;台上演出的;adv.上台;上场;
So let me see. 让我们来看看
So as you see the film go in transparently through there, and then ... 你能看到透过透明的薄膜 然后...
transparently:adv.显然地,易觉察地;明亮地;
(Applause) （掌声）
And the most remarkable feat is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that. 最关键的技巧 是我的手需要持续足够长时间的静止
feat:n.功绩,壮举;技艺表演;adj.合适的;灵巧的;
So once you have these attributes of this material, then you can do a lot of things. 一旦你有了这材料的 这些特性 接下去你就能做很多事情
attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数)
It's actually not limited to films. 实际上对于这薄膜没有什么限制
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
And so the material can assume a lot of formats. 这材料可以胜任很多的设计样式
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
And then you go a little crazy, and so you do various optical components or you do microprism arrays, like the reflective tape that you have on your running shoes. 你也能做一些疯狂的是,你能做很多视觉元件 或者微型的排列 就像你跑鞋上的反光带
reflective:adj.反射的;反映的;沉思的;
Or you can do beautiful things that, if the camera can capture , you can make. 或者你能做一些漂亮的东西 如果摄像师能捕捉到,你试一下
capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获
You can add a third dimensionality to the film. 你能在薄膜内加注三维的图像
dimensionality:n.维度;幅员;广延;
And if the angle is right, you can actually see a hologram appear in this film of silk. 如果角度正确的哈 你能从这丝制薄膜上看见全息图像
hologram:n.[激光]全息图;全息摄影,全息照相;
But you can do other things. 你也能做其他事情
You can imagine that then maybe you can use a pure protein to guide light, and so we've made optical fibers. 你能想象到你也许能用纯蛋白来引导光线 所以我们做出了光纤
But silk is versatile and it goes beyond optics . 但是丝绸是广泛性 它能做的不仅仅是光学
versatile:adj.多才多艺的;通用的,万能的;多面手的; optics:n.[光]光学;
And you can think of different formats. 你能想出不同的设计
So for instance , if you're afraid of going to the doctor and getting stuck with a needle, we do microneedle arrays. 比如说,如果你害怕去医院讨厌打针的话 我们能做出微型针头
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; microneedle:显微操作针;
What you see there on the screen is a human hair superimposed on the needle that's made of silk -- just to give you a sense of size. 你现在屏幕上看到的是人的头发 上面的就是用丝做的针-- 给大家一个尺寸的概念
superimposed:adj.[地物]叠加的;上叠的;重迭的;叠覆的,重叠的;
You can do bigger things. 你也能做更大型的东西
You can do gears and nuts and bolts -- that you can buy at Whole Foods. 你能做齿轮螺帽螺栓-- 那些你能在全食超市买到的
gears:n.[机]齿轮,[机]传动装置(gear的复数形式); v.以齿轮连起,安排(gear的三单形式); bolts:n.[机]螺栓;[机]螺钉(bolt的复数);膨胀锚钉;角钢螺丝;毛边书;
And the gears work in water as well. 而且齿轮在水里也是能工作的
So you think of alternative mechanical parts. 当你想到替换机械部件的话
alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的;
And maybe you can use that liquid Kevlar if you need something strong to replace peripheral veins , for example, or maybe an entire bone. 如果你想要些牢固的东西的话也许用的到这种液态的纤维 来移植到外周静脉,打个比方说, 或者整根骨头
peripheral:adj.外围的;次要的;(神经)末梢区域的;n.外部设备; veins:n.[解剖]静脉(vein的复数); v.使有脉络;
And so you have here a little example of a small skull -- what we call mini Yorick. 我们已经有了一些制造小型头骨 的经验-- 我们叫它小约里克
skull:n.头盖骨,脑壳;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But you can do things like cups, for example, and so, if you add a little bit of gold, if you add a little bit of semiconductors you could do sensors that stick on the surfaces of foods. 但是你也能制做像杯子一类的东西,打个比方 而且,如果你加点金粉,如果你加点半导体 你就做成了覆盖在事物表面的传感器
semiconductors:n.[电子][物]半导体;半导体组件(semiconductor的复数); sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数);
You can do electronic pieces that fold and wrap . 你能做那种可以夹取和包裹的 电子元件
fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕; wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾;
Or if you're fashion forward, some silk LED tattoos . 或者如果你够前卫,一些丝制发光纹身
tattoos:n.文身; v.给…文身; (tattoo的第三人称单数和复数)
So there's versatility , as you see, in the material formats, that you can do with silk. 这就是广泛性,就如你看到的那样 在材料设计方面 你能用纤维丝来做文章
versatility:n.多功能性;多才多艺;用途广泛;
But there are still some unique traits. 但是它还是有些独特的特征
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
I mean, why would you want to do all these things for real? 我指的是,为什么
I mentioned it briefly at the beginning; the protein is biodegradable and biocompatible . 我在开始的时候简单的提了一下; 蛋白质是生物可降解的也是生物兼容的
briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地; biocompatible:adj.生物适合的;不会引起排斥的;
And you see here a picture of a tissue section. 你这里看到的是一张组织横截图
tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
And so what does that mean, that it's biodegradable and biocompatible? 这代表着什么呢,这就是生物可降解性和生物兼容性吗？
You can implant it in the body without needing to retrieve what is implanted . 你能把它移植到体内而不需要取出
retrieve:v.取回;索回;检索数据;挽回;找回;n.恢复; implanted:植入的;
Which means that all the devices that you've seen before and all the formats, in principle , can be implanted and disappear . 这意味着所有你之前看到的所有的设备和设计 本质上,是会被移除和消除的
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); in principle:大体上,原则上; disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在;
And what you see there in that tissue section, in fact, is you see that reflector tape. 你这里看到的组织截面 是,实际上,你看到的是反射条
reflector:n.[光]反射物,[光]反射镜;
So, much like you're seen at night by a car, then the idea is that you can see, if you illuminate tissue, you can see deeper parts of tissue because there is that reflective tape there that is made out of silk. 这就像你在夜间看到一辆车一样 只要你照射这组织,你就能看到大致的样子 你能看到组织下更深层的 因为这个反光带是用丝做的
illuminate:照明;照亮;照射;解释;使容光焕发;
And you see there, it gets reintegrated in tissue. 你这里看到的,它和组织细胞所融合
And reintegration in the human body is not the only thing, but reintegration in the environment is important. 和人体融合 不是件大事 但是和自然融合才是真正重要的
reintegration:n.重新整合;
So you have a clock, you have protein, and now a silk cup like this can be thrown away without guilt -- 你有时间,有蛋白质 有个像这样的丝质杯子 就能毫无内疚的随手扔掉
(Applause) （掌声）
unlike the polystyrene cups that unfortunately fill our landfills everyday. 不像塑料 那种不幸每天填满我们的垃圾场的杯子
polystyrene:n.[高分子]聚苯乙烯; unfortunately:adv.不幸地; landfills:n.废物填埋地(或场);废物填埋;填埋的废物;(landfill的复数)
It's edible , so you can do smart packaging around food that you can cook with the food. 它是可食用的 你能用这个打包食物 你也能把它和食物一起烹饪
edible:adj.可食用的;n.食品;食物;
It doesn't taste good, so I'm going to need some help with that. 它尝起来不是很好 这方面我还是需要一些帮助
But probably the most remarkable thing is that it comes full circle. 但是也许最重要的事情是它有循环机制
Silk, during its self-assembly process, acts like a cocoon for biological matter. 丝,在自我结合阶段 表现为生物态的虫茧
self-assembly:adj.自己组装的;n.自装配; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
And so if you change the recipe, and you add things when you pour -- so you add things to your liquid silk solution -- where these things are enzymes or antibodies or vaccines , the self-assembly process preserves the biological function of these dopants. 如果你变动下方法 当你倒入的时候加入一点东西-- 加一点让丝液化的东西-- 比如酵素 或者抗体或者疫苗 那自我结合阶段 会保持这些加入物的生化功能
enzymes:n.[生化]酶(enzyme的复数);酶类,酵素; antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数); vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; preserves:n.果酱;蜜饯;
So it makes the materials environmentally active and interactive . 这使得材料能作用 和互相作用
environmentally:adv.有关环境方面; interactive:adj.合作的;相互影响的;互相配合的;交互式的;n.交互式视频设备;
So that screw that you thought about beforehand can actually be used to screw a bone together -- a fractured bone together -- and deliver drugs at the same, while your bone is healing , for example. 所以你先前考虑到的螺丝 就能切实利用 来固定骨头--把断裂的骨头固定在一起 同时也释放出药物 同时让你的骨头愈合,打个比方说
screw:v.旋,拧;压榨;强迫;n.螺旋;螺丝钉;吝啬鬼; beforehand:adv.事先;预先;adj.提前的;预先准备好的; fractured:v.(使)断裂,折断,破裂;(使)分裂;(fracture的过去式和过去分词) healing:n.康复; adj.痊愈中的; v.(使)康复,复原; (heal的现在分词)
Or you could put drugs in your wallet and not in your fridge. 或者你能把药放在你的皮夹里而不是你的冰箱里
So we've made a silk card with penicillin in it. 我们研发出带有青霉素 的丝片
penicillin:n.盘尼西林(青霉素);
And we stored penicillin at 60 degrees C, so 140 degrees Fahrenheit , for two months without loss of efficacy of the penicillin. 我们在60摄氏度下保存 也就是140华氏度下, 大约2个月青霉素都没有失去它的效用
Fahrenheit:adj.华氏的;华氏温度计的;n.华氏温度计;华氏温标; efficacy:n.功效,效力;
And so that could be --- 所以这个可以成为---
(Applause) （掌声）
that could be potentially a good alternative to solar powered refrigerated camels. (Laughter) 这也成为太阳能冷冻骆驼的 的潜在替换品
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; refrigerated:v.使冷却;使变冷;冷藏;(refrigerate的过去式和过去分词)
And of course, there's no use in storage if you can't use [it]. 当然,如果不能使用储存也就没有意义了
And so there is this other unique material trait that these materials have, that they're programmably degradable. 这也是这个材料另一个独特的特性 这个材料,它们可以根据设计来降解
And so what you see there is the difference. 你这里看到的就是区别
In the top, you have a film that has been programmed not to degrade , and in the bottom, a film that has been programmed to degrade in water. 在上排,你有个薄膜是被设计成不能降解的 在下排,薄膜是被设计成能在水中降解的
degrade:v.降低…身份;使受屈辱;(使)退化,降解;分解;降低;
And what you see is that the film on the bottom releases what is inside it. 在下排的薄膜你所看到的 是它释放出了在其内部的物质
releases:n.释放; vt.释放;
So it allows for the recovery of what we've stored before. 所以它是能够恢复到我们之前保存是的状态的
recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
And so this allows for a controlled delivery of drugs and for reintegration in the environment in all of these formats that you've seen. 这就实现了一种可控的药物传输途径 以及所有你所见到的设计 对环境的融合
delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送;
So the thread of discovery that we have really is a thread. 我们发现过程真的是一个曲折的过程
thread:n.螺纹;线索;思路;脉络;v.穿过;穿(针);纫(针);(使)穿过;
We're impassioned with this idea that whatever you want to do, whether you want to replace a vein or a bone, or maybe be more sustainable in microelectronics, perhaps drink a coffee in a cup and throw it away without guilt, maybe carry your drugs in your pocket, deliver them inside your body or deliver them across the desert, the answer may be in a thread of silk. 我们热衷与任何你想做的事情 无论你是想换静脉还是骨头 微电子学领域更加的可持续 或者用被子和一杯咖啡 然后顺手把它丢了也不会内疚 也许用钱包来装你的药物 运送到你体内 或者穿越沙漠来运送它们 答案也许就在丝茧中
impassioned:adj.充满激情的;感激的;v.使充满激情(impassion的过去式和过去分词);
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) （掌声）