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FaithOsier_2018U-_提高疟疾疫苗的关键_
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| There are 200 million clinical cases of falciparum malaria in Africa every year, resulting in half a million deaths. |
在疟疾肆虐的非洲, 每年都有两万亿临床病例, 导致了将近50万人的死亡。 |
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clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; falciparum:恶性疟 malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气;
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| I would like to talk to you about malaria vaccines . |
我想和你们谈谈疟疾疫苗。 |
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vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
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| The ones that we have made to date are simply not good enough. |
这是我们迄今为止 做的不够好的地方。 |
| Why? |
为什么呢？ |
| We've been working at it for 100 plus years. |
人类已为此奋斗了100多年。 |
| When we started, technology was limited . |
在一开始,科技受限。 |
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technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
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| We could see just a tiny fraction of what the parasite really looked like. |
我们只能看到很小部分的寄生虫。 |
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fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; parasite:n.寄生虫;食客;
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| Today, we are awash with technology, advanced imaging and omics platforms -- genomics , transcriptomics , proteomics . |
现在,我们的科技激流勇进, 先进的成像和组学平台—— 基因组学、转录组、蛋白质组学。 |
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awash:adj.被浪冲打的;与水面齐平的;充斥的; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上; genomics:n.基因组学;基因体学; transcriptomics:转录组学;转录体学;转录基因组学 proteomics:蛋白质组学;蛋白质体学;蛋白组学
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| These tools have given us a clearer view of just how complex the parasite really is. |
这些工具使我们看得更清楚了 寄生虫是多么的复杂。 |
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complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
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| However, in spite of this, our approach to vaccine design has remained pretty rudimentary . |
然而,除此之外, 我们的疫苗设计方法仍然很简陋。 |
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in spite of:尽管;不管,不顾; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; rudimentary:adj.基本的;初步的;退化的;残遗的;未发展的;
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| To make a good vaccine, we must go back to basics to understand how our bodies handle this complexity . |
为了制造一种好的疫苗, 我们必须回到根本 去了解我们的身体 如何处理这种复杂性。 |
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back to basics:返璞归真;天生歌姬;回归基本; handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
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| People who are frequently infected with malaria learn to deal with it. |
那些最近感染疟疾的人 正尝试着去解决它。 |
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frequently:adv.频繁地,经常地;时常,屡次; infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式)
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| They get the infection , but they don't get ill. |
他们遭到了感染, 但他们没有生病。 |
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infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病;
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| The recipe is encoded in antibodies . |
这个配方是用抗体编码的。 |
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recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法; encoded:adj.[计]编码的;v.把…编码(encode的过去分词); antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数);
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| My team went back to our complex parasite, probed it with samples from Africans who had overcome malaria to answer the question: "What does a successful antibody response look like?" |
我的团队回到了复杂的寄生虫, 并对战胜疟疾的非洲人的 样本进行了研究 以回答一个问题: 一个成功抗体的反应是怎样的？ |
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probed:探测;探索(probe的过去式和过去分词); overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; antibody:n.[免疫]抗体; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
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| We found over 200 proteins , many of which are not on the radar for malaria vaccines. |
我们查找了超过200个蛋白质, 其中许多都跟 疟疾疫苗没什么关系。 |
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proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); radar:n.雷达;
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| My research community may be missing out important parts of the parasite. |
我的研究团队可能会错失 寄生虫的重要部分。 |
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community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
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| Until recently , when one had identified a protein of interest, they tested whether it might be important for a vaccine by conducting a cohort study. |
直到现在,当人们发现 一种有趣的蛋白质时, 他们会通过队列研究 检验它们对疫苗的研究重要与否。 |
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recently:adv.最近;新近; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) conducting:v.组织;安排;实施;指挥;引导;导游(conduct的现在分词) cohort:n.一群人,一批人;同伙;支持者;
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| This typically involved about 300 participants in a village in Africa, whose samples were analyzed to see whether antibodies to the protein would predict who got malaria and who did not. |
这通常涉及到一个非洲村庄内 的三百个参与者, 他们的样本会被采集检查, 蛋白质的抗体是否能 预测谁得了疟疾, 而谁没有得疟疾。 |
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typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式); analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨; predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
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| In the past 30 years, these studies have tested a small number of proteins in relatively few samples and usually in single locations . |
在过去的三十年里, 通常在单一的地方, 相对很少的种类中 很少的蛋白质被这些实验检测。 |
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relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
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| The results have not been consistent . |
这些结果并不连续。 |
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consistent:adj.始终如一的,一致的;坚持的;
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| My team essentially collapsed 30 years of this type of research into one exciting experiment, conducted over just three months. |
在这个失败的实验上, 我的团队花费了30年, 接着进入了只用了3个月 完成的一个激动人心的实验。 |
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essentially:adv.本质上;本来; collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式) conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式)
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| Innovatively , we assembled 10,000 samples spanning time, age and the variable intensity of malaria experienced in Africa. |
我们创新的组装了从七个非洲国家 这些样本跨越时间、年龄以及变化的强度 非洲经历的疟疾。 |
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Innovatively:创新地;独创性地; assembled:v.聚集;集合;收集;装配;组装;(assemble的过去分词和过去式) spanning:v.持续;贯穿;包括(广大地区);涵盖(多项内容);(span的现在分词) variable:n.变量;可变因素;可变情况;adj.多变的;易变的;变化无常的;可更改的; intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张;
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| We used omics intelligence to prioritize our parasite proteins, synthesize them in the lab and in short, recreated the malaria parasite on a chip . |
为了区分寄生虫蛋白质的优先级, 我们使用组学智能 在实验室合成它们, 简而言之,在芯片上 重新创造了疟原虫。 |
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intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; prioritize:v.按重要性排列;划分优先顺序;优先处理; synthesize:vt.合成;综合;vi.合成;综合; recreated:v.再现;再创造;(recreate的过去分词和过去式) chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
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| We did this in Africa, and we're very proud of that. |
我们在非洲做过这个, 并为此感到非常自豪。 |
| (Applause) |
（鼓掌） |
| The chip is a small glass slide, but it gives us incredible power. |
芯片虽然只是个小玻璃片, 但却意义非凡。 |
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incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
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| We simultaneously gathered data on over 100 antibody responses . |
我们同时收集数据 超过100个抗体反应。 |
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simultaneously:adv.同时地; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
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| What are we looking for? |
我们在寻找什么呢？ |
| The recipe behind a successful antibody response, so that we can predict what might make a good malaria vaccine. |
抗体反应成功背后的秘诀, 这样一来,我们可以预测 怎样才能研制出好的疟疾疫苗。 |
| We're also trying to figure out exactly what antibodies do to the parasite. |
我们也在试着弄清楚 抗体是怎样对付寄生虫的。 |
| How do they kill it? |
它们（抗体）如何 杀死它们（寄生虫）的？ |
| Do they attack from multiple angles? Is there synergy ? |
它们会从多个角度攻击吗? 有协同作用吗? |
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multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; synergy:n.协同;协同作用;增效;
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| How much antibody do you need? |
你们需要多少抗体? |
| Our studies suggest that having a bit of one antibody won't be enough. |
我们的研究表明: 一个抗体是不够的。 |
| It might take high concentrations of antibodies against multiple parasite proteins. |
对抗多种寄生虫蛋白质, 可能会消耗很高的抗体浓度。 |
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concentrations:n.关注点;[土壤]浓聚物(concentration的复数);
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| We're also learning that antibodies kill the parasite in multiple ways, and studying any one of these in isolation may not adequately reflect reality. |
我们也了解到抗体会 以多种方式杀死寄生虫, 单独研究其中的任何一个 可能不能充分反映现实。 |
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adequately:adv.充分地;足够地;适当地; reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;
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| Just like we can now see the parasite in greater definition , my team and I are focused on understanding how our bodies overcome this complexity. |
宏观来看,就像我们现在 看到的寄生虫一样 我和我的团队将重心放在 了解我们的身体克服 这个问题的复杂性。 |
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definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
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| We believe that this could provide the breakthroughs that we need to make malaria history through vaccination . |
我们认为这可以提供 我们需要的突破, 来通过接种疫苗, 使疟疾成为历史。 |
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breakthroughs:突破; vaccination:n.接种疫苗;种痘;
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| Thank you. |
谢谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |
| (Cheers) |
（呐喊） |
| (Applause) |
（鼓掌） |
| Shoham Arad: OK, how close are we actually to a malaria vaccine? |
肖汉姆·阿拉德:实际上,疟疾疫苗 发展到什么程度了? |
| Faith Osier: We're just at the beginning of a process to try and understand what we need to put in the vaccine before we actually start making it. |
费思 奥斯勒:在我们实际发展疫苗之前, 我们才刚开始尝试 并理解该怎样制作疫苗。 |
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Faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; at the beginning of:在…的开始; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
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| So, we're not really close to the vaccine, but we're getting there. |
因此,我们并不是很接近疫苗, 但我们正在努力。 |
| SA: And we're hopeful. |
肖汉姆·阿拉德:并且我们胜利在望。 |
| FO: And we're very hopeful. |
费思 奥斯勒:我们必胜。 |
| SA: Tell me about SMART, tell me what does it stand for and why is it important to you? |
肖汉姆·阿拉德:跟我说说SMART, 告诉我它代表什么 并且那为什么对你们很重要？ |
| FO: So SMART stands for South-South Malaria Antigen Research Partnership . |
费思 奥斯勒:SMART代表双南 疟疾抗原研究合作企业。 |
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Antigen:n.[免疫]抗原; Partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约;
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| The South-South is referring to us in Africa, looking sideways to each other in collaboration , in contrast to always looking to America and looking to Europe, when there is quite some strength within Africa. |
双南指的是非洲的我们, 相互珍视,互相合作, 而不是总是依赖于美国或欧洲, 这时候,非洲显现着 一股强大的力量。 |
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referring:v.引用;提到;将…归因于…;把…提交;(refer的现在分词) sideways:adv.往一侧;侧着;侧面朝前; collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
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| So in SMART, apart from the goal that we have, to develop a malaria vaccine, we are also training African scientists, because the burden of disease in Africa is high, |
因此,在SMART中, 撇开我们发明疟疾疫苗的目标, 我们也在培养非洲的科学家。 因为非洲的发病率负担很高, |
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burden:n.负担;责任;船的载货量;v.使负担;烦扰;装货于; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
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| and you need people who will continue to push the boundaries in science, in Africa. |
并且你需要人们来突破 科学与非洲的边界。 |
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boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
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| SA: Yes, yes, correct. |
肖汉姆·阿拉德:非常正确。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |
| OK, one last question. |
好的,最后一个问题。 |
| Tell me, I know you mentioned this a little bit, but how would things actually change if there were a malaria vaccine? |
告诉我,我知道关于这个 你提过一点, 但如果疟疾疫苗被发明出来后 会有怎样的变化呢? |
| FO: We would save half a million lives every year. |
费思 奥斯勒:每年我们可以 拯救50万条生命。 |
| Two hundred million cases. |
2亿病例。 |
| It's estimated that malaria costs Africa 12 billion US dollars a year. |
据估计,疟疾使非洲付出了 每年120亿美元的代价。 |
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estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
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| So this is economics. |
这就是经济。 |
| Africa would simply thrive . |
非洲也将走向繁荣。 |
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thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
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| SA: OK. Thank you, Faith. |
肖汉姆·阿拉德:好的,谢谢你,费思。 |
| Thank you so much. |
非常感谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |