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EvgenyMorozov_2009G-_互联网是奥威尔的噩梦吗_
Good morning. I think, as a grumpy Eastern European, 大家早上好。我想他们请我这个坏脾气的东欧人来这里的目的
grumpy:adj.脾气暴躁的;性情乖戾的;n.脾气坏的人;爱抱怨的人; Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒;
I was brought in to play the pessimist this morning. So bear with me. 就是散播些悲观主义。所以还望大家见谅。
pessimist:n.悲观主义者;
Well, I come from the former Soviet Republic of Belarus , which, as some of you may know, is not exactly an oasis of liberal democracy . 我来自前苏联治理下的白俄罗斯。 众所周知, 那里算不上是自由民主的乐土。
Soviet:adj.苏维埃的;苏联的;n.苏维埃(前苏联的各级代表会议);苏联人; Belarus:n.白俄罗斯,白俄罗斯共和国; oasis:n.绿洲;舒适的地方;令人宽慰的事物; liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
So that's why I've always been fascinated with how technology could actually reshape and open up authoritarian societies like ours. 也正因此,我一直都对 科技是如何重塑并开放我们这样的专治社会 非常感兴趣。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; reshape:vt.改造;再成形; authoritarian:adj.独裁主义的;权力主义的;n.权力主义者;独裁主义者;
So, I'm graduating college and, feeling very idealistic , 我那时刚从大学毕业, 怀揣着满腔的理想,
idealistic:adj.理想主义的;唯心论的;唯心主义者的;空想家的;
I decided to join the NGO which actually was using new media to promote democracy and media reform in much of the former Soviet Union. 决定加入一个非政府机构（NGO）。 他们当时正是利用新媒体 在前苏联内大范围 推广民主和媒体改革。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善;
However, to my surprise, 但令我吃惊的是,
I discovered that dictatorships do not crumble so easily. 我发现想要瓦解独裁统治 并没有想像中的那么容易。
dictatorships:n.专政;独裁权;独裁者职位; crumble:v.崩溃;破碎,粉碎;n.面包屑;
In fact, some of them actually survived through the challenge, and some got even more repressive . 事实上,一些独裁统治 不但没有被这些挑战所击垮, 反而变得更具压迫性。
repressive:adj.镇压的;压抑的;抑制的;
So this is when I ran out of my idealism and decided to quit my NGO job, and actually study how the Internet could impede democratization . 也就是在那时,我才从我的理想主义中苏醒, 并且决定辞去我在那个NGO的工作, 转而去研究互联网是怎样*阻碍*民主进程的。
idealism:n.唯心主义,理想主义;理念论; quit:v.离开;放弃;停止;使…解除;n.离开;[计]退出;adj.摆脱了…的;已经了结的; impede:v.阻碍;妨碍;阻止; democratization:n.民主化;
Now I must tell you that this was never a very popular argument. 我不得不告诉你,我这个论点 向来都不太受欢迎。
And it's probably not very popular yet with some of you sitting in this audience. 对于你们在座的一些人来说,可能直到现在 也很难接受我这个论点。
It was never popular with many political leaders, especially those in the United States who somehow thought that new media would be able to do what missiles couldn't. 政治领袖们,尤其是美国的那些, 对我这个论点都没什么好感。 他们始终觉得,导弹办不到的事情 新媒体可以办得到──
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; missiles:n.导弹;发射物;投掷物;(missile的复数)
That is, promote democracy in difficult places where everything else has already been tried and failed. 当其他办法都失效的时候, 新媒体仍旧可以在最棘手的地区内推广民主。
And I think by 2009, this news has finally reached Britain. 到2009年的时候, 这股信仰总算是席卷了英国,
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
So I should probably add Gordon Brown to this list as well. 所以我应该把戈登-布朗也加入到这一串政治领袖中来。
However, there is an underlying argument about logistics , which has driven so much of this debate . Right? 但事实上,这项讨论中的本质议题 是关于后勤管理的。对吗？
underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
So if you look at it close enough, you'll actually see that much of this is about economics. 如果你仔细想想, 你就会发现,这一切归根结底 都是跟经济有关。
The cybertopians say, much like fax machines and xerox machines did in the '80s, blogs and social networks have radically transformed the economics of protest . 那些“网托邦”的人认为,博客和社会网络 就如同80年代的传真机和复印机一样, 已经从本质上彻底改变了 反抗运动的经济运作。
xerox:n.施乐(商标名,美国办公设备制造公司); vt.用静电复印法复印; blogs:n.网志;博客;v.写网志;写博客;(blog的第三人称单数和复数) radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式; transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩;
So people would inevitably rebel . 人民反抗是难以避免的。
inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; rebel:n.反政府的人;叛乱者;造反者;反抗权威者;v.造反;反抗;背叛;adj.造反的;
To put it very simply, the assumption so far has been that if you give people enough connectivity , if you give them enough devices , democracy will inevitably follow. 换言之, 现今为止的讨论都假设说 如果人们有了足够的连通性, 有了足够的器具, 那么民主政治将是水到渠成、自然而然。
assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; connectivity:n.[数]连通性; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
And to tell you the truth, 说真的,
I never really bought into this argument, in part because I never saw three American presidents agree on anything else in the past. 我从来都不相信这种说法。 一部分原因是因为我之前还从来没有看过 三位美国总统在同一件事情上达成共识。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But, you know, even beyond that, if you think about the logic underlying it, is something I call iPod liberalism . 但除此之外, 这种说法是建立在一种被我叫做 “iPod自由主义”的逻辑之上的。
logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的; liberalism:n.自由主义;开明的思想或见解;
Where we assume that every single Iranian or Chinese who happens to have and love his iPod will also love liberal democracy. 也就是说我们假定每一个拥有并且喜爱iPod 的伊朗人和中国人 也会自然而然地热衷于自由民主。
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; Iranian:adj.伊朗的;伊朗人的;伊朗语的;n.伊朗人;伊朗语;
And again, I think this is kind of false. 我觉得这种想法是错误的。
But I think a much bigger problem with this is that this logic -- that we should be dropping iPods not bombs -- 但我觉得这种逻辑背后 所隐藏的更巨大的问题是── 坚信我们应该投掷iPod而不是炸弹──
I mean, it would make a fascinating title for Thomas Friedman's new book. 听起来可以成为托马斯-弗里德曼 (Thomas Friedman) (《世界是平的》的作者）新书的标题。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
(Laughter) （笑声）
But this is rarely a good sign. Right? 这从来都不是什么好迹象,对吧？
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
So, the bigger problem with this logic is that it confuses the intended versus the actual uses of technology. 所以这个逻辑所隐藏的更重要的问题是 它把科技的预定作用和实际作用 给搞混了。
confuses:v.使糊涂;使迷惑;(将…)混淆;使更难于理解;(confuse的第三人称单数) intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
For those of you who think that new media of the internet could somehow help us avert genocide , should look no further than Rwanda. 如果你认为互联网上的新媒体 可以帮助我们避免种族屠杀的话, 你只要看看卢旺达 就知道你有多么得错误了。
avert:vt.避免,防止;转移; genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀;
Where in the '90s it was actually two radio stations which were responsible for fueling much of the ethnic hatred in the first place . 90年代的时候,正是卢旺达的两家电台 为当时的种族仇恨煽风点火、添油加醋,最终酿成惨剧。
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的; hatred:n.仇恨;憎恨;厌恶; in the first place:首先;起初;
But even beyond that, coming back to the Internet, what you can actually see is that certain governments have mastered the use of cyberspace for propaganda purposes. Right? 再回到互联网这个话题上来, 我们所目睹的 实际上是一些政府 如何利用网络空间 来达到宣传的目的。
cyberspace:n.网络空间;赛博空间; propaganda:n.宣传;传道总会;
And they are building what I call the spinternet. 而他们所构建的正是“贴金网”。
The combination of spin , on the one hand , and the Internet on the other. 一边利用互联网, 一边往自己脸上贴金。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; on the one hand:一方面;
So governments from Russia to China to Iran are actually hiring, training and paying bloggers in order to leave ideological comments and create a lot of ideological blog posts to comment on sensitive political issues . Right? 从俄罗斯到中国再到伊朗,这些政府 事实上都在雇用、培训、聘请博客们 四处散发具有崇高理念的留言, 撰写一系列极富思想的博客日记, 来评论敏感的政治话题。
bloggers:n.写博客的人;博客使用者; ideological:adj.思想的;意识形态的; comment on:对…评论; sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
So you may wonder why on Earth are they doing it? 你也许会问了,他们这么做的目的究竟是何在呢？
Why are they engaging with cyberspace? 他们干嘛要管网络空间的事情？
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
Well my theory is that it's happening because censorship actually is less effective than you think it is in many of those places. 我的理论是 在很多上述提到的地方, 审查机制已经不如你想像中的那么有效了。
censorship:n.审查制度;审查机构; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
The moment you put something critical in a blog, even if you manage to ban it immediately, it will still spread around thousands and thousands of other blogs. 一旦有人写了篇具有抨击性质的博客文章, 就算你把它立马封杀, 它到头来还是会传到其他成百上千的博客中。
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; ban:v.下令禁止;查禁;n.禁令;
So the more you block it, the more it influences people to actually avoid the censorship and thus, win in this cat-and-mouse game. 所以人们博得越多, 就越激励人们躲避审查制度, 赢得这个“猫抓耗子”的游戏。
influences:n.影响; v.影响; cat-and-mouse:adj.一捕一放之捉弄人的;折磨人的;
So the only way to control this message is actually to try to spin it and accuse anyone who has written something critical of being, for example, a CIA agent . 所以唯一控制这种言论的方式 就是把它转过来,变成对你自己有利的言论, 并且声称那些抨击政府的人 是中央情报局卧底之类的角色。
accuse:v.控告;谴责;控诉; agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的;
And, again, this is happening quite often. 而这在现实生活中的确是时常发生的。
Just to give you an example of how it works in China, for example. 就拿中国举个例子吧。
There was a big case, in February 2009 called " Elude the Cat." 在2009年2月份的时候, 诞生了一个相当热门的话题,叫做“躲猫猫”。
Elude:vt.逃避,躲避;
And for those of you who didn't know, I'll just give a little summary . 如果你们不了解详情的话,我就给你们简单概括一下:
summary:adj.简易的;扼要的;n.概要,摘要,总结;
So what happened is that a 24-year-old man, a Chinese man, died in prison custody . 当时一个24岁的中国青年 在看守所里离奇身亡。
custody:n.保管;监护;拘留;抚养权;
And police said that it happened because he was playing hide and seek , which is "elude the cat" in Chinese slang , with other inmates , and hit his head against the wall. 警方说事发的原因是因为 他当时正在和其他的看守所的狱友们 玩“躲猫猫”, 结果不幸撞到了墙, 撞坏了脑袋。
seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; slang:n.俚语;行话;adj.俚语的;vi.用粗话骂;vt.用俚语说; inmates:n.被收容者;居民(inmate的名词复数);
Which was not an explanation which sat well with many Chinese bloggers. 中国的博客们当然是不会轻易相信这个解释,
So they immediately began posting a lot of critical comments. 于是他们立即发布了大量具有抨击意味的帖子。
In fact QQ.com, which is a popular Chinese website, had 35,000 comments on this issue within hours. 事实上在知名中文网站腾讯网上 关于这个话题的留言 几个小时内就达到了35000条。
But then authorities did something very smart. 不过随后政府做了个非常明智的举动。
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数)
Instead of trying to purge these comments, they instead went and reached out to the bloggers. 与其大量清除这些留言, 他们反而是向这些博客们伸出了友善之手。
purge:v.净化;清洗;通便;n.净化;泻药;
And they basically said, "Look guys. We'd like you to become netizen investigators ." 他们基本上是说:“好吧,事到如今,我们恳请你们担任我们的网络稽查员。“
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; investigators:n.研究者,调查者(investigator的复数形式);
So 500 people applied and four were selected to actually go and tour the facility in question, and thus inspect it, and then blog about it. 500个人提出了申请, 4个人最终被采纳并走访了那个看守所, 巡查了一番,又博客了一番。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) facility:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;天资; inspect:v.检查;视察;查看;审视;
Within days the entire incident was forgotten, which would have never happened if they simply tried to block the content . 几天之内,整起事件变淡出了人们的讨论范围。 如果政府只是盲目地屏蔽封锁的话,这是绝不可能发生的。
content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
People would keep talking about it for weeks. 人们会讨论这个问题讨论好几个星期。
And this actually fits with another interesting theory about what's happening in a authoritarian states, and in their cyberspace. 这其实和另外一个 关于独裁政权和网络空间的理论 很有关联。
This is what political scientists call authoritarian deliberation . 政治学者们称其为独裁约定——
deliberation:n.审议;考虑;从容;熟思;
And it happens when governments are actually reaching out to their critics and letting them engage with each other online. 政府实际上对他们的批判者伸出橄榄枝, 与他们在网络上进行探讨。
critics:n.评论家;批评者;吹毛求疵的人(critic的复数); engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
We tend to think that somehow this is going to harm these dictatorships, but in many cases it only strengthens them. 我们通常会认为 这么做只会损害这些独裁者, 但相反的,很多时候这么做反而进一步加强了他们。
And you may wonder why. 你也许想知道为什么。
I'll just give you a very short list of reasons why authoritarian deliberation may actually help the dictators. 我在这里就给大家列出一些简短的原因 来解释独裁约定 是如何帮助独裁者的。
And first it's quite simple. 第一点很简单:
Most of them operate in a complete information vacuum . 这些独裁者大部分都是在完全的信息真空的环境下运作。
vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫;
They don't really have the data they need in order to identify emerging threats facing the regime . 他们并没有他们所需要的所有资料 来正确地判断识别面对他们政权的潜在威胁。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制;
So encouraging people to actually go online and share information and data on blogs and wikis is great because otherwise, low level apparatchiks and bureaucrats will continue concealing what's actually happening in the country, right? 所以鼓励民众上网 再博客和维基上面分享信息和资料 其实是好事。 不然的话,低层官员们 将继续隐瞒国家内真正发生的事情。
wikis:n.维基百科(软件名); apparatchiks:n.共产党官员;职业政党工作人员; bureaucrats:官僚; concealing:v.隐藏;隐瞒;掩盖;(conceal的现在分词)
So from this perspective , having blogs and wikis produce knowledge has been great. 所以从这个角度来看,利用博客和维基来制造信息 是对独裁者们很有利的事情。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
Secondly, involving public in any decision making is also great because it helps you to share the blame for the policies which eventually fail. 第二点,让公众参与到重要决策中来 永远都是好的。 因为这样一来,一旦政策失败, 你无需一个人承担职责。
involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词) policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) eventually:adv.最后,终于;
Because they say, "Well look, we asked you, we consulted you, you voted on it. 因为他们可以说,“看吧,我们问过你们, 征求过你们,这是你们投票选举的结果。
consulted:v.咨询;请教;商议;查阅;查询;参看(consult的过去分词和过去式)
You put it on the front page of your blog. 你们把它放到你博客的首页上,
front page:adj.(新闻等的)头版的;重要的;轰动的;vt.把…登在头版;
Well, great. You are the one who is to blame." 不错。那就拿你当替罪羊吧。“
And finally, the purpose of any authoritarian deliberation efforts is usually to increase the legitimacy of the regimes , both at home and abroad . 最后一点,任何独裁约定背后的目的 都是为了在国内国外 增强这个政权的合法性。
legitimacy:n.合法;合理;正统; regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数); abroad:adv.在国外;到海外;adj.往国外的;n.海外;异国;
So inviting people to all sorts of public forums , having them participate in decision making, it's actually great. 所以邀请人们参与公众论坛, 加入决策讨论中来, 其实是件好事。
forums:n.论坛; (forum的复数) participate:v.参加;参与;
Because what happens is that then you can actually point to this initiative and say, "Well, we are having a democracy. We are having a forum." 因为这样一来 你就可以用这个做为例子,并且声称: “看吧,我们有民主。我们有论坛。”
initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的;
Just to give you an example, one of the Russian regions , for example, now involves its citizens in planning its strategy up until year 2020. 据个例子来说, 俄罗斯的某个区域 正鼓励民众们参与到该区域 2020年前的政策规划中来。
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
Right? So they can go online and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020. 人们可以上网,提供想法, 畅谈他们希望这个区域2020年的时候变成什么样子。
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
I mean, anyone who has been to Russia would know that there was no planning in Russia for the next month. 但任何去过俄罗斯的人都知道, 俄罗斯连几个月的规划都办理不好。
So having people involved in planning for 2020 is not necessarily going to change anything. 所以邀请人们加入到2020年的规划中来 是不会在真正意义上改变什么的。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
Because the dictators are still the ones who controls the agenda . 因为这些独裁者们才是最终决定议事进程的人。
agenda:n.议事日程;
Just to give you an example from Iran. 在给你们一个伊朗的例子。
We all heard about the Twitter revolution that happened there. 我们都听说过最近那里发生的 “推特革命”(Twitter Revolution)。
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
But if you look close enough, you'll actually see that many of the networks and blogs and Twitter and Facebook, were actually operational . 但如果你仔细看看,你就会发现 很多网络、博客、推特（Twitter）、Facebook 实际上都是正常运行。
operational:adj.操作的;运作的;
They may have become slower, but the activists could still access it and actually argue that having access to them is actually great for many authoritarian states. 可能访问的速度略有减缓, 但积极分子仍旧可以访问它们, 甚至有人认为不封闭这些网站 事实上是对独裁政府有利的。
And it's great simply because they can gather open source intelligence . 原因就在于这些网站们 给了政府开源性的情报信息。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
In the past it would take you weeks, if not months, to identify how Iranian activists connect to each other. 在过去,要想搞清楚伊朗的积极分子们是如何彼此关联的 往往需要花上几个星期,甚至是几个月。
Now you actually know how they connect to each other by looking at their Facebook page. 现在你这要登陆他们的Facebook网页 看看谁和谁是好友就可以了。
I mean KGB, and not just KGB, used to used to torture in order to actually get this data. 过去苏联安全局(KGB)以及其他组织 要利用酷刑折磨才能得到这些资料。
torture:v.折磨;拷问;歪曲;n.折磨;拷问;歪曲;
Now it's all available on line. 现在这些资料在网上随手可得。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But I think the biggest conceptual pitfall that cybertopians made is when it comes to digital natives , people who have grown up online. 但我觉得那些“网托邦”人士 所犯的最大的概念性错误 是关于当今的数码一代,那些在网络上成长起来的人们。
conceptual:adj.概念上的; pitfall:n.陷阱,圈套;缺陷;诱惑; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; natives:土著;本地的;本地人;[生物]土著的;土生动植物;
We often hear about cyber activism , how people are getting more active because of the internet. 我们常常听说网络积极主义, 听说人们是如何因为互联网而变得更加积极的。
activism:n.行动主义;激进主义;
Rarely hear about cyber hedonism , for example, how people are becoming passive . 但却很少听说比如“网络享乐主义”之类的说法, 听说人们是如何因为互联网而变得被动消极的。
hedonism:n.快乐主义;快乐论; passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态;
Why? Because they somehow assume that the Internet is going to be the catalyst of change that will push young people into the streets, while in fact it may actually be the new opium for the masses which will keep the same people in their rooms downloading pornography . 为什么呢？因为这些“网托邦“人士一味地认为 互联网最终将成为社会变化的催化剂, 将鼓舞青年群众走向街头, 但事实上它却成为了老百姓的新鸦片, 鼓舞人们躲在自己房间里,下载色情片。
catalyst:n.[物化]催化剂;刺激因素; opium:n.鸦片;麻醉剂;adj.鸦片的; masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式); pornography:n.淫秽作品;色情书刊(或音像制品等)
That's not a option being considered too strongly. 但很多人却对这种想法不屑一顾。
option:n.选择;可选择的东西;
So for every digital renegade that is revolting in the streets of Tehran , there may as well be two digital captives who are actually rebelling only in the World of Warcraft . 每个德黑兰街头造反的数码变节者的背后 都隐藏着 两个只在魔兽世界里反抗的数码俘虏。
renegade:n.叛徒;变节者;脱党者;vi.背叛;脱离;adj.叛徒的;背弃的;脱离的; revolting:adj.令人作呕的;极其讨厌的;v.反抗,反叛;叛逆;(revolt的现在分词) Tehran:n.德黑兰; may as well:还是...好; captives:n.俘虏;专属公司(captive的复数); rebelling:v.反叛;反抗;造反;背叛(rebel的现在分词) Warcraft:n.军舰;战略;军用飞机;
And this is realistic . And there is nothing wrong about it because the Internet has greatly empowered many of these young people. 这就是现实。不过这并没有什么不好的, 因为互联网的确是给了很多年轻人力量。
realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式)
And it plays a completely different social role for them. 它对于他们所产生的社会作用是完全不同的。
If you look at some of the surveys on how the young people actually benefit from the Internet, you'll see that the number of teenagers in China, for example, 如果你看看一些关于年轻人 是如何从互联网中受益的问卷调查, 你就会发现在中国
surveys:n.调查(survey的复数);
for whom the Internet actually broadens their sex life, is three times more than in the United States. 性生活因为互联网而得以扩展的青少年的数量 比美国多三倍。
broadens:v.扩大,变阔;变宽,加宽;
So it does play a social role, however it may not necessarily lead to political engagement . 所以互联网的确扮演着社会角色, 只不过它不一定会带来任何实质性的政治讨论。
engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度;
So the way I tend to think of it is like a hierarchy of cyberneeds in space. 所以我情愿把它看作是一种 网络上的需要层次论——
hierarchy:n.层级;等级制度;
A total rip off from Abraham Maslow. 完全是照抄亚伯拉罕-马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)(需要层次论的创立者)。
rip off:v.剥削;抢劫;强奸;
But the point here is that when we get the remote Russian village on line, what will get people to the Internet is not going to be the reports from Human Rights Watch. 但重要的一点是 当你把网络带给那些俄罗斯的边远乡村时, 真正能启发人们上网的 并不会是“人权观察“的报告,
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的;
It's going to be pornography, Sex in the City, or maybe watching funny videos of cats. 而是色情片,《欲望城市》, 或者是根猫有关的搞笑视频。
So this is something you have to recognize . 你们需要认识到这一点。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
So what should we do about it? 对此,我们应该做些什么呢？
Well I say we have to stop thinking about the number of iPods per capita and start thinking about ways in which we can empower intellectuals , dissidents , NGOs, and then the members of civil society. 我们需要摒弃 人均iPod值的概念, 而是开始思考各种方法 将力量带给知识分子、 不同意见者、非政府机构、以及所有文明社会的成员们。
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的; intellectuals:n.[劳经]知识分子(intellectual的复数); dissidents:公开大唱反调者;持异议者;持不同政见者; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
Because even what has been happening up till now with the spinternet and authoritarian deliberation, there is a great chance that those voices will not be heard. 因为随着“贴金网”和独裁约定的日渐壮大, 这些人的声音 很有可能会被淹没其中。
So I think we should shatter some of our utopian assumptions and actually start doing something about it. 所以我们要摒弃乌托邦的假想, 开始脚踏实地地做一些实事。
shatter:n.碎片;碎块;落花(叶等);v.(使)破碎,碎裂;粉碎,破灭;给予极大打击; utopian:adj.乌托邦的;空想的;理想化的;n.空想家;乌托邦的居民; assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数)
Thank you. （谢谢）
(Applause) （掌声）