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EvaVertes_2005-_对医学未来的展望_
Thank you. It's really an honor and a privilege to be here spending my last day as a teenager. 谢谢各位！非常荣幸能够站在这里 与大家分享我19岁的最后一天
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
Today I want to talk to you about the future, but first I'm going to tell you a bit about the past. 今天我想跟大家谈谈未来 但是首先我要用一点时间讲讲我过去的经历
My story starts way before I was born. 这个故事要从我出生之前讲起
My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp. 我的外祖母曾经在开往死亡集中营奥斯维辛的一辆火车上
And she was going along the tracks , and the tracks split. 火车顺着轨道开呀开,开到一个轨道分叉处
tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数)
And somehow -- we don't really know exactly the whole story -- but the train took the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp. 然后不知怎么地——没人知道倒底怎么回事——总之 火车开上了错误的轨道,开到了一处劳动集中营,而不是奥斯维辛
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
My grandmother survived and married my grandfather. 我的外祖母就这样幸免于难,然后嫁给了我的外祖父
They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born. 他们住在匈牙利时,生下了我母亲
And when my mother was two years old, the Hungarian revolution was raging , and they decided to escape Hungary. 我母亲两岁的时候 匈牙利革命爆发,于是外祖父母决定离开匈牙利
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; raging:adj.愤怒的,狂暴的;v.发怒,恼火(rage的现在分词);
They got on a boat, and yet another divergence -- the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia. 他们上了一条船,又一次的阴差阳错 这条船可能开往加拿大或者是澳大利亚
divergence:n.分歧;
They got on and didn't know where they were going, and ended up in Canada. 他们上船的时候并不知道会到哪里, 最后船把他们送去了加拿大
So, to make a long story short , they came to Canada. 嗯,长话短说,他们到了加拿大
make a long story short:长话短说,简而言之;总之;
My grandmother was a chemist . She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto , and at 44 she died of stomach cancer . I never met my grandmother, but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes -- and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion , too. 我的外祖母是一名化学家,她在多伦多的班廷研究所工作 44岁时死于胃癌,所以我并没有机会亲眼见到她 但是我继承了她的名字——伊娃·韦尔泰什 我想我也继承了她对科学的热情
chemist:n.化学家;药剂师;药房;化学师; Banting:n.班廷式减肥疗法; Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; Toronto:n.多伦多(加拿大城市); cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old. 事实上, 我找到热情的地方离这儿并不远, 那年我九岁
My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon . 我们全家一起自驾游到美国大峡谷
Canyon:n.(周围有悬崖峭壁的)峡谷;(
And I had never been a reader when I was young -- my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys; I tried Nancy Drew; 在那之前我一直都不喜欢阅读 爸爸曾让我试着读一下哈迪男孩,我自己也试着读过南希·朱尔
Hardy:adj.坚强的;勇敢的;能吃苦耐劳的;鲁莽的;n.强壮的人;耐寒植物;方柄凿; Nancy:adj.柔弱的;搞同性关系的;n.假娘儿们;
I tried all that -- and I just didn't like reading books. 我全都试过了, 但我就是不喜欢读书
And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus. 在大峡谷时我母亲买了一本书给我 叫做”高危地带“,讲的是埃博拉病毒的爆发
outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发; Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
And something about it just kind of drew me towards it. 我被其中的某些部分吸引住了
There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover, and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book, and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon 书的封面是一张表面崎岖不平的病毒的图片 我突然有了阅读它的欲望,我拿起了这本书 接下来的旅途中, 从大峡谷边缘
to Big Sur, and to, actually, here where we are today, in Monterey , 到大瑟尔,再到我们今天所在的蒙特雷
Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市);
I read that book, and from when I was reading that book, 我一直在读这本书,从那时起
I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine. 我就知道我要把医学作为我一生的追求
I wanted to be like the explorers I'd read about in the book, who went into the jungles of Africa, went into the research labs and just tried to figure out 我想要像书中的探险家一样 深入非洲的丛林 走进实验室,试着搞清楚
explorers:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者;(explorer的复数) labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数)
what this deadly virus was. So from that moment on, I read every medical book 这种致命的病毒到底是什么,从那开始,我读遍了所有我可以找到的医学书籍
deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地;
I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much. 并且深深沉迷于此
I was a passive observer of the medical world. 在医学的世界里,我是个被动的学习者
passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; observer:n.观察员;观察者;观察家;观测者;
It wasn't until I entered high school that I thought, "Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid -- 一直到了高中,我才想到 ”我已经是高中生了,或许从现在开始
I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world." 我可以动手做点儿什么了”
I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded . 那时我14岁,我给当地大学的教授发了很多封邮件 看看有没有可能在他们的实验室里工作,几乎没有人给我答复
responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词)
But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway? 但是,他们也没有理由理会一个14岁的小丫头片子,对吧？
And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs, who accepted me into the lab. 然后我找到雅各布斯教授, 跟他谈了谈 他同意我进实验室
At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience and wanted to do a research project in neurology -- specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system . 那时,我对神经科学很有兴趣 希望能研究一项有关神经病学的课题 尤其是研究重金属对发育中的神经系统的影响
neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); neurology:n.神经病学;神经学; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; nervous system:n.神经系统;
So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year, and found the results that I guess you'd expect to find when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system. 我花了一年的时间去研究 最后得到了大家都能想到的结果 如果给果蝇的食物中加入重金属——将会导致很严重的神经系统损伤
impaired:adj.受损的;v.损害(impair的过去式和过去分词);
The spinal cord had breaks. The neurons were crossing in every which way. 脊髓会折断, 神经元也会随意交叉
spinal cord:n.脊髓;
And from then I wanted to look not at impairment , but at prevention of impairment. 从那时起我就把重点转移到了该如何预防损伤上面
impairment:n.损伤,损害; prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍;
So that's what led me to Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's and tried to familiarize myself with the research, and at the same time when I was in the -- 这件事激发了我对阿尔茨海默氏症的兴趣。我开始阅读相关的资料 并使自己的熟悉相关的研究 在同一时间,当我在......
familiarize:vt.使熟悉; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article about something called " purine derivatives ." 有一天,我在医学图书馆读到一篇文章 是关于嘌呤衍生物的
purine:n.[有化]嘌呤(四氮杂茚,尿杂环);咖啡碱; derivatives:派生物;
And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties. 他们似乎有促进细胞生长的功能
growth-promoting:促生长;
And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought, "Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer's which is causing the memory deficit , and then you have this compound -- purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth." 在对这整个领域几乎一无所知的情况下,我试想 “哦,阿尔茨海默症中会有细胞死亡 这导致了记忆减退,现在有这种化合物—— 嘌呤衍生物——可以促进细胞的生长。“
naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的; deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额; compound:v.合成; adj.混合; n.大院;
And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth, it can inhibit cell death, too." 所以我想,“如果它能促进细胞生长, 它也可以抑制细胞死亡。“
promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; inhibit:vt.抑制;禁止;
And so that's the project that I pursued for that year, and it's continuing now as well, and found that a specific purine derivative called "guanidine" 那一年我都在研究这种可能性 研究进行的很顺利 我发现了一种叫做胍的嘌呤衍生物
pursued:v.追击,追踪;继续从事(pursue的过去分词形式);
had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent. 可以抑制约60%的细胞生长
inhibited:adj.抑制的;禁止的;羞怯的;v.抑制;控制(inhibit的过去分词); approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于;
So I presented those results at the International Science Fair, which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life. 我向国际科学博览会提交了这项成果, 这是我一生中最难忘的经历之一
And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine," 我被授予“世界最佳医学”荣誉
which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world. 这使我进入了,或者至少迈出了我在医学研究领域的第一步
get a foot in the door:迈向目标的第一步;
And from then on , since I was now in this huge exciting world, 从那时起,既然我进入了这个精彩纷呈的世界
from then on:从那时起
I wanted to explore it all. I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn't really get that. 我想探索一切。我希望能马上了解一切,但也知道很难做到这一点
And I stumbled across something called "cancer stem cells." 一个偶然的机会我了解到癌症干细胞的存在
stumbled:v.绊脚;跌跌撞撞地走;蹒跚而行;(stumble的过去分词和过去式)
And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer. 这也是我今天真正想和大家讨论的主题——癌症
At first when I heard of cancer stem cells, 起初,我听到癌症干细胞这个名词
I didn't really know how to put the two together. I'd heard of stem cells, and I'd heard of them as the panacea of the future -- the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps. 我真的不知道“癌症”和“干细胞”这两者是如何结合起来的。我听说的干细胞, 是未来的灵丹妙药—— 假以时日, 或许可以治愈许多疾病
panacea:n.灵丹妙药;万能药; therapy:n.治疗,疗法; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
But I'd heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time, so how did the good and bad go together? 但是,我也听说癌症是这个时代最可怕的疾病 所以好的和坏的究竟是怎么结合到一起的？
Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells. 去年夏天,我到斯坦福大学做了一些有关癌症干细胞的研究
And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature , trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field. 这段时间,我读了很多有关癌症的文献 试图让自己熟悉这一新的医学领域。
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell . 我了解到, 肿瘤确实是从干细胞开始的
tumors:n.肿瘤(tumor的复数); stem cell:干细胞;
This fascinated me. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently and almost became less fearful of it. 这使我着迷。我读的文献越多,对癌症的的了解就越多 几乎不再惧怕癌症了
fearful:adj.可怕的;担心的;严重的;
It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury . 研究表明,癌症是由损伤直接导致的
injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处;
If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue , and then lung cancer arises . 如果你吸烟,损害了你的肺部组织,就会引起肺癌。
tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; arises:v.出现;发生;站立;
If you drink, you damage your liver , and then liver cancer occurs . 如果你喝酒,损害了你的肝脏,就会引起肝癌。
liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating if you have a bone fracture , and then bone cancer arises. 有趣的是, 很多文献中都有相似的研究结果 如果你骨折,就会引起骨瘤。
correlating:vi.关联;vt.使有相互关系;互相有关系;n.相关物;相关联的人;adj.关联的; fracture:n.(指事实)骨折;(指状态)断裂;破裂;v.(使)断裂;破裂;(使)分裂;
Because what stem cells are -- they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue. 起因是干细胞的特性——这些 惊人细胞的确有分化的能力 在任何类型的组织中。
phenomenal:adj.现象的;显著的;异常的;能知觉的;惊人的,非凡的; differentiate:vi.区分,区别;vt.区分,区别;
So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ and then it's initiating cancer, it's almost as if this is a repair response . 因此,如果身体感应到有受损器官 它就按下了癌症的启动按钮,把它当成一种修复反应
organ:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音; initiating:v.开始;发起;使了解;传授;使加入;(initiate的现在分词) repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
And the cancer, the body is saying the lung tissue is damaged, we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue. 身体说肺组织受到了损害 需要修复,癌症便由此而生 试图修复的过程中, 这些细胞会过度增生 这些细胞有成为肺组织的潜力
originating:v.起源;发源;创立;创建;发明;(originate的现在分词) excessive:adj.过多的,极度的;过分的; proliferation:n.增殖,扩散;分芽繁殖; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
But it's almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response, but can't quite control it. 不过, 好像身体引发了这个巧妙的反应程序 却不能完全控制它
originated:v.起源;发源;创立;创建;发明;(originate的过去式和过去分词) ingenious:adj.有独创性的;机灵的,精制的;心灵手巧的;
It hasn't yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated . 它不能精确调整这个已经开始的过程
fine-tuned:vt.调整;使有规则;对进行微调; initiated:v.开始;发起;创始;使了解;传授;吸收;(initiate的过去式和过去分词)
So this really, really fascinated me. 因此,这真的,真的使我着迷。
And I really think that we can't think about cancer -- let alone any disease -- in such black-and-white terms. 我真的认为,我们不能用非黑即白的眼光 来看待癌症——更不用说是其他疾病了
let alone:更不必说;听任;不打扰; black-and-white:adj.印刷的;黑白混合的;用笔写的;
If we eliminate cancer the way we're trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation , we're bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins , or with radiation , trying to kill it. 如果我们用化疗和放疗去治愈癌症 我们在用毒素或辐射轰击身体或癌细胞,试图杀死它。
eliminate:v.消除;排除; chemotherapy:n.[临床]化学疗法; radiation:n.辐射;放射线;放射疗法; bombarding:n.炮击;射击;曝光;碰撞;照射;adj.急袭的;爆炸的(碰撞的); toxins:n.[毒物]毒素,毒质;毒素类(toxin的复数);
It's almost as if we're getting back to this starting point . 这可能会让我们回到起点。
starting point:n.出发点;基础;
We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage that the body has tried to fix. 我们是在消除癌细胞,但同时身体也会试图修复这些 一再被揭开的损伤
revealing:adj.暴露的;发人深省的;v.揭示;露出;显示;展示;(reveal的现在分词) previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
Shouldn't we think about manipulation , rather than elimination ? 我们是不是应该思考如何控制癌细胞,而不是消除它们？
manipulation:n.操作;管理措施;处理;操纵证券市场;变换; elimination:n.消除;淘汰;除去;
If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate -- to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, whatever that cancer has been put there to do -- it would be a repair process . We'd end up better than we were before cancer. 如果我们可以想办法使这些细胞分化 成为骨组织,肺组织,肝组织, 不管哪个部位的癌细胞 那将会是一个修复损伤的过程。我们会得到比以前治疗更好的结果。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer. 因此,这确实改变了我对癌症的看法。
And while I was reading all these articles about cancer, it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know, the genetics of breast cancer, and the genesis and the progression of breast cancer -- tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes. 当我在阅读癌症的相关文献时, 发现其中很多文献都把重点放在 乳腺癌的基因 和乳腺癌的成因与发展 在身体中追踪癌症,跟踪它,看看它会扩散到哪里。
genetics:n.遗传学; genesis:n.发生;起源; progression:n.前进;连续; tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词) tracing:n.描图;v.查出;找到;追踪;追究;描绘;记述;(trace的现在分词)
But it struck me that I'd never heard of cancer of the heart, or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter. 但让我吃惊的是,我从没听过心脏癌这种说法 或骨骼肌癌这种东西
skeletal:adj.骨骼的,像骨骼的;骸骨的;骨瘦如柴的; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body, or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought, "Well, maybe there's some obvious explanation why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer -- at least not that I know of." 骨骼肌构成我们身体的50% 或超过50%。因此,起初我想, “嗯,也许有某种显而易见的解释 骨骼肌为什么不会发生癌症 - 至少我没听说过。“
constitutes:v.被算作;组成;构成;(合法或正式地)成立,设立;(constitute的第三人称单数) obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could, and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare. 所以,我进一步调查它,我翻阅了所有能够找到的文献, 结果令我吃惊——因为它确实是非常罕见的。
Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer, and furthermore , not only to cancer, but of metastases going to skeletal muscle. 一些文献甚至说,骨骼肌肉组织 可以抵抗癌症,而且,不仅是癌症, 还有癌症向骨骼肌的转移。
as far as:至于…; resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者; furthermore:adv.此外;而且; metastases:n.转移(metastasis的复数);
And what metastases are is when the tumor -- when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream and goes to a different organ. That's what a metastasis is. 癌症的转移是指 部分癌细胞脱落,并随着血液流动 进入一个不同的器官。这就叫做转移。
metastasis:n.转移;新陈代谢;[地质]同质蜕变;
It's the part of cancer that is the most dangerous. 这是癌症最危险的一点。
If cancer was localized , we could likely remove it, or somehow -- you know, it's contained. It's very contained. 如果癌症是局部的,我们有可能将其移除, 或以某种方式控制它。这是可以做到的。
localized:adj.局部的;地区的;小范围的;v.定位(localize的过去分词);
But once it starts moving throughout the body, that's when it becomes deadly. 但是,一旦它开始在整个身体种转移,结果将是致命的
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles , but cancer didn't seem to go to skeletal muscle -- there seemed to be something here. 因此,癌症从不起源于骨骼肌, 而且似乎也不会转移到骨骼肌的现象 预示着骨骼肌具有某种特性
muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal -- metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare." 很多研究结果表明 “癌症转移到骨骼肌是非常罕见的。“
But it was left at that. No one seemed to be asking why. 但它们在这里止步了。没有人问为什么
So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did was I emailed some professors who specialized in skeletal muscle physiology , and pretty much said, "Hey, it seems like cancer doesn't really go to skeletal muscle. 因此,我决定打破沙锅问到底。我做的第一件事是 发电子邮件给一些研究骨骼肌的教授 里面写道 “嘿,看来癌症确实不会转移到骨骼肌
specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) physiology:n.生理学;生理机能;
Is there a reason for this?" And a lot of the replies I got were that muscle is terminally differentiated tissue. 这是为什么呢？“,我得到的答复大部分都是这样的 肌肉是终末分化组织。
terminally:adv.最后;在末端;处于末期症状上;致命地; differentiated:adj.分化型;已分化的;可区分的;v.使有差别(differentiate的过去分词);
Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they're not dividing, so it doesn't seem like a good target for cancer to hijack . 这意味着你有肌肉细胞,但他们不会分裂, 所以对癌症来说,它并不是一个好的攻击对象
hijack:v.抢劫;揩油;拦路抢劫;n.劫持;威逼;敲诈;
But then again, this fact that the metastases didn't go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely . 但话又说回来 癌症没有转移到骨骼肌这一点使得这个解释变得不是那么可信
unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的;
And furthermore, that nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer, and brain cells are also terminally differentiated. 再者,神经组织——脑 ——也会得癌症, 而脑细胞也是终末分化组织。
So I decided to ask why. And here's some of, I guess, my hypotheses that I'll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami. 因此,我决定问为什么。这里还有一些我的假设 今年5月,我将在迈阿密的西尔维斯特癌症研究所开始这项研究。
hypotheses:n.假定;臆测(hypothesis的复数); investigate:v.调查;研究;审查; Sylvester:n.西尔威斯特(美国城市名);
And I guess I'll keep investigating until I get the answers. 而且我想我会继续调查,直到我得到答案。
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词)
But I know that in science, once you get the answers, inevitably you're going to have more questions. 但我知道,在科学研究中,一旦你得到了答案, 随之而来的是更多需要解答的问题。
inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地;
So I guess you could say that I'll probably be doing this for the rest of my life. 所以你可能猜到, 我很可能一生都会投身于科学研究中
Some of my hypotheses are that when you first think about skeletal muscle, there's a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle. 我的假设是 当谈到骨骼肌你首先想到的是, 有很多的血管通向骨骼肌。
vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器;
And the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells. 我思考的第一件事是, 血管像是肿瘤细胞的公路。
Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels. 肿瘤细胞能够通过血管四处游弋。
And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue, the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases. 想一想,一个组织里有越多的”公路“, 患癌症,或者癌症转移的的可能就越大。
So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn't it be favorable to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" And as well, cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis , 所以我首先想到的是,“骨骼肌里这么多的血管 不是正中癌症下怀么？“同时, 癌症肿瘤需要一个被称为血管生成的过程,
first of all:adv.首先; favorable:adj.有利的;良好的;赞成的,赞许的;讨人喜欢的; angiogenesis:n.血管生成;血管再生术;
which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow. 这是真的,肿瘤利用血管为自己服务 从中汲取营养,以便继续增长。
recruits:n.新兵; v.征募; nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it's not harmful. 如果没有血管生成过程,肿瘤会维持在很小的范围内,而不会形成威胁。
pinpoint:vt.查明; adj.精确的; n.针尖;
So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer. 因此,血管生成可以称得上是癌症的发病机制的核心进程。
And one article that really stood out to me when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn't go to skeletal muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases to skeletal muscle upon autopsy . 一篇文献引起了我的注意 我读这篇文献,试图弄清楚为什么癌症不会发生在骨骼肌 这篇文献说,解剖时 发现骨骼肌里有16%的微转移
autopsy:n.验尸;[病理][特医]尸体解剖;[病理][特医]尸体剖检;
16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle, but only .16 percent of actual metastases -- suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis, is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels. 16%！这意味着骨骼肌肿瘤中有小范围的肿瘤 但只有0.16%的实际转移 这表明骨骼肌也许是能够控制血管生成过程, 从而能够控制肿瘤对血管的利用。
recruiting:v.吸收(新成员);征募(新兵);动员;(recruit的现在分词)
We use skeletal muscles so much. It's the one portion of our body -- our heart's always beating. We're always moving our muscles. 我们这么频繁的使用骨骼肌。这是我们身体的一个部分 我们的心脏不停跳动。我们的肌肉一直处在活跃状态
portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows that it needs this blood supply? It needs to be constantly contracting , so therefore it's almost selfish. It's grabbing its blood vessels for itself. 难道肌肉隐隐约约的”感觉“到 它需要血液供应？它需要不停地收缩 因此,它几乎是自私的, 攫取血管为自己所用
intuitively:adv.直观地;直觉地; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的; grabbing:v.抓住;夺得;利用,抓住(机会)(grab的现在分词)
Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue, it can't get a blood supply, and can't grow. 因此,当肿瘤进入骨骼肌肉组织的时候 它不能获得血液供应,也就不能生长
So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more, an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow -- this could be a potential future therapy for cancer. 这也许表明,如果在骨骼肌中 有抗血管生成因子——或者更进一步 存在控制血管生成的因子,可以调控血管生长的位置 这可能会成为另一种治疗癌症的方法
factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入; angiogenic:生成血管的; routing:v.彻底击败;使溃败;(rout的现在分词)
And another thing that's really interesting is that there's this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body, it's a very complex system -- and there's something called the chemokine network. 另一件很有趣的事情是, 肿瘤在全身的移动 是一个非常复杂的系统,包含所谓的”趋化因子网络“。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants, and they're the stop and go signals for cancer. 趋化因子的本质是化学引诱物 它们是癌症的红绿灯信号。
chemokines:n.趋化因子;趋化激素(chemokine的复数形式); essentially:adv.本质上;本来; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors , and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body -- will have the corresponding chemokines, and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it. 因此,肿瘤表达为趋化因子受体 另一器官——一个离肿瘤一定距离的器官—— 将有相应的趋化因子 肿瘤会看到这些趋化因子,并朝向它转移
expresses:表达(express的动词单数第三人称形式);[交]快车;快递(express的名词复数); receptors:n.[生化]受体;接受器;神经末梢(receptor的复数); distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; corresponding:adj.符合的; v.相一致; (correspond的现在分词) migrate:vi.移动;随季节而移居;移往;vt.使移居;使移植;
Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn't express this type of molecules ? 有没有可能骨骼肌不表达这种类型的分子？
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
And the other really interesting thing is that when skeletal muscle -- there's been several reports that when skeletal muscle is injured , that's what correlates with metastases going to skeletal muscle. 还有一件事情很有趣, 有几个报告都提到,当骨骼肌损伤和 肿瘤向骨骼肌的转移密切相关
injured:adj.受伤的:委屈的: v.伤害,使受伤: n.伤员; correlates:相关;
And, furthermore, when skeletal muscle is injured, that's what causes chemokines -- these signals saying, "Cancer, you can come to me," the "go signs" for the tumors -- it causes them to highly express these chemokines. 此外,当骨骼肌受伤时 会导致趋化因子——这些信号说: “癌症,你可以来找我,”肿瘤的绿灯通行信号 这会导致这些趋化因子的高效表达
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
So, there's so much interplay here. 因此,这里有太多的相互作用
interplay:n.相互影响,相互作用;vi.相互影响,相互作用;
I mean, there are so many possibilities for why tumors don't go to skeletal muscle. 我的意思是,有如此多的可能性 可以解释为什么肿瘤不出现在骨骼肌中
But it seems like by investigating, by attacking cancer, by searching where cancer is not, there has got to be something -- there's got to be something -- that's making this tissue resistant to tumors. 通过调查,攻击癌细胞 还有搜索不会发生癌症的部位都预示一定有什么 一定存在某种特性 - 使这种组织可以抗肿瘤
And can we utilize -- can we take this property, this compound, this receptor, whatever it is that's controlling these anti-tumor properties and apply it to cancer therapy in general ? 那么我们能否利用 - 我们能否把这种特性 用这种化合物,这种受体 这种控制抗肿瘤特性的因子,来治疗癌症？
utilize:v.利用;运用;使用;应用; anti-tumor:抗肿瘤; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
Now, one thing that kind of ties the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer -- to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body -- is that skeletal muscle has a factor in it called "MyoD." 现在,有一件事与骨骼肌的抗癌性有点关系 这是对由身体的修复反应引起的癌症而言 它就是骨骼肌中叫做MyoD的因子
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells. MyoD所做的就是,导致细胞分化成肌细胞 因此,这种物质,MyoD, 已在很多不同的细胞类型上做过测试,结果表明 它可以将多种类型的细胞转化为骨骼肌细胞。
convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue, 因此,有可能肿瘤细胞已经进入骨骼肌肉组织, 但一旦与骨骼肌内的组织接触,
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
MyoD acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skeletal muscle cells? MyoD的作用于这些肿瘤细胞,使它们 成为骨骼肌细胞？
Maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells, and this is why it seems as if it is so rare. 肿瘤细胞可能被伪装成骨骼肌细胞, 这就是为什么它在骨骼肌中如此罕见。
disguised:v.假扮;装扮;伪装;掩蔽;掩饰(disguise的过去分词和过去式)
It's not harmful; it has just repaired the muscle. 这种肿瘤是无害的,它只是修复了肌肉的损伤。
Muscle is constantly being used -- constantly being damaged. 肌肉不断地被使用 - 不断地受到损坏
If every time we tore a muscle or every time we stretched a muscle or moved in a wrong way, cancer occurred -- I mean, everybody would have cancer almost. 如果我们每次肌肉撕裂 或者每次以错误的方式拉伸肌肉 癌症就会产生——我的意思是,几乎每个人都会有癌症
stretched:v.拉长;撑大;有弹性(或弹力);拉紧;(stretch的过去式和过去分词) occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
And I hate to say that. But it seems as though muscle cell, possibly because of all its use, has adapted faster than other body tissues to respond to injury, 我讨厌这么说。但是,肌肉细胞似乎 可能是因为其使用方式 比其他身体组织能更快地适应损伤并对其作出反应
adapted:adj.适于…的; v.使适应,使适合; (adapt的过去分词和过去式) tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
to fine-tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process which the body wants to finish. I really believe that the human body is very, very smart, and we can't counteract something the body is saying to do. 精确调节这一修复反应以完成整个过程 达到身体本来的修复目的。我真的相信,人体是非常聪明的 我们不能逆着身体的意愿行事
counteract:vt.抵消;中和;阻碍;
It's different when a bacteria comes into the body -- that's a foreign object -- we want that out. 这与细菌进入人体的情况不同, 细菌是外来的异物 - 我们希望将它赶出去
bacteria:n.[微]细菌;
But when the body is actually initiating a process and we're calling it a disease, it doesn't seem as though elimination is the right solution . So even to go from there, it's possible, although far-fetched , that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy. 但是,当人体启动了一个反应 并演变成一种疾病 消除它似乎不是正确的解决方案。因此,尽管牵强附会 但今后,癌症有可能成为一种治疗方法。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; far-fetched:adj.强词夺理的;太牵强了;
If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating -- for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells -- 如果某些疾病中,组织正在恶化 比如阿尔茨海默氏症中大脑细胞的死亡 而我们需要新的具有功能的脑细胞
deteriorating:v.退化,恶化(deteriorate的ing形式); restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; functional:adj.功能的;
what if we could, in the future, use cancer? A tumor -- put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells? 我们可不可以利用癌症呢？ 把肿瘤放进大脑,并使其分化为脑细胞？
what if:如果…怎么办?
That's a very far-fetched idea, but I really believe that it may be possible. 这是一个非常牵强的想法,但我真的相信这是可能的
These cells are so versatile , these cancer cells are so versatile -- we just have to manipulate them in the right way. 这些细胞是如此多才多艺,这些癌细胞是如此多才多艺 - 我们只需要以正确的方式去使用它们
versatile:adj.多才多艺的;通用的,万能的;多面手的; manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改;
And again, some of these may be far-fetched, but 再次声明,有些观点是有点牵强附会,但
I figured if there's anywhere to present far-fetched ideas, it's here at TED, so thank you very much. 如果存在一个可以表达这些奇思异想的地方, 那么它就在这里, TED 非常感谢
(Applause) （掌声）