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EricaStone_2016X-_学术研究是公共资助的——为什么公众却不能看到研究成果？_
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| Do you ever find yourself referencing a study in conversation that you didn't actually read? |
你是否有这样的经历: 当你和别人谈论某项研究时, 其实你并没有真正读过其中的内容？ |
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referencing:v.参考;查阅;给(书等)附参考资料;(reference的现在分词)
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| I was having coffee with a friend of mine the other day , and I said, "You know, I read a new study that says coffee reduces the risk of depression in women." |
前几天我和一个朋友喝咖啡, 我说:“我最近读了一项研究, 声称咖啡可以减少 女性患抑郁症的风险。” |
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the other day:不久前某一天;几天以前; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
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| But really, what I read was a tweet. |
实际上,我所说的“读了” 是一条推特。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| That said -- |
推文说—— |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| '"A new study says drinking coffee may decrease depression risk in women." |
“一项新的研究表面,喝咖啡可 减少女性患抑郁症的风险。” |
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decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| And that tweet had a link to the "New York Times" blog, where a guest blogger translated the study findings from a "Live Science" article, which got its original information |
这条推特附了链接, 连到《纽约时报》的博客, 该博客由是一位特邀博主 翻译出来的研究成果, 该成果来自《生命科学》的一篇文章, 这篇文章的原始内容来自于 |
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blogger:n.写博客的人;博客使用者; findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
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| from the Harvard School of Public Health news site , which cited the actual study abstract , which summarized the actual study published in an academic journal . |
哈佛大学公共卫生学院的新闻页面, 该页面引用了一篇论文的摘要, 这个摘要总结的是发表在 某学术期刊上的真实研究成果。 |
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Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; cited:v.提及(原因);举出(示例);列举;引用;传讯;(cite的过去分词和过去式) abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; summarized:v.总结,概括;概述(summarize的过去式及过去分词形式); academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| It's like the six degrees of separation , but with research. |
这就好像那个“六度空间理论”, 只是换成了科学研究。 |
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separation:n.分离;分开;分割;隔离;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| So, when I said I read a study, what I actually read was 59 characters that summarized 10 years of research. |
（笑声） 我实际看到的,只是概括了 近10年的研究成果的59个字母。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| So, when I said I read a study, |
所以,当我说读到一项科学研究, |
| I was reading fractions of the study that were put together by four different writers that were not the author, before it got to me. |
我只看到了这项研究的一小部分, 它来自于四位不同的作者, 却不是该研究的真正作者写的, 这就是最终我能看到的研究。 |
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fractions:n.[数]分数;小部分,片段(fraction的复数); put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
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| That doesn't seem right. |
这是不对的。 |
| But accessing original research is difficult, because academics aren't regularly engaging with popular media . |
但是,想要看到原始的 研究内容没那么容易, 因为,学术论文通常 不与大众媒体建立联系。 |
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academics:n.学术水平;学术知识;专业学者; regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词) media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
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| And you might be asking yourself, why aren't academics engaging with popular media? |
可能你会问, 为什么学术论文 不与大众媒体挂钩呢？ |
| It seems like they'd be a more legitimate source of information than the media pundits . |
好像学术论文的信息源 比媒体权威更靠谱啊。 |
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legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize); source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; pundits:权威(pundit的复数);
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| Right? |
对吧？ |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| In a country with over 4,100 colleges and universities, it feels like this should be the norm . |
在一个拥有超过4100所 大学和学院的国家, 好像这应该很正常。 |
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norm:n.规范;标准;定额;常态;v.规范;规定;
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| But it's not. |
然而事实并非如此。 |
| So, how did we get here? |
是怎么回事呢？ |
| To understand why scholars aren't engaging with popular media, you first have to understand how universities work. |
要想明白为什么学者们 不与大众媒体建立联系, 首先你得知道大学是怎么运作的。 |
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scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数);
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| Now, in the last six years, |
在过去的六年里, |
| I've taught at seven different colleges and universities in four different states. |
我在七所不同的大学都担任过教员, 它们位于四个不同的州。 |
| I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire . |
我能算半个跨领域专家吧。 |
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adjunct:n.附属物;助手;修饰语;adj.附属的; extraordinaire:adj.(法语)特别的;非凡的;异常的;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| And at the same time , I'm pursuing my PhD. |
任教的同时,我也在 攻读我的博士学位。 |
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at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; pursuing:v.追求;致力于;贯彻;跟踪;追赶;(pursue的现在分词)
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| In all of these different institutions , the research and publication process works the same way. |
在所有不同的大学机构里, 研究和发表论文的流程 几乎是一样的。 |
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institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) publication:n.出版物;发表;公布;发行; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
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| First, scholars produce research in their fields. |
首先,学者们在自己的 研究领域做科研。 |
| To fund their research, they apply for public and private grants and after the research is finished, they write a paper about their findings. |
他们会向公共部门或私人机构 申请研究经费, 等研究完成以后, 他们会把研究成果写成论文。 |
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fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; grants:n.补助金; v.[专利]授予;
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| Then they submit that paper to relevant academic journals . |
然后论文被提交给相关学术期刊。 |
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submit:vt.使服从;主张;呈递;vi.提交;服从; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; journals:n.学术期刊(journal的复数);日记;日记账;
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| Then it goes through a process called peer review , which essentially means that other experts are checking it for accuracy and credibility . |
接着会有一个环节,叫做同行审稿。 就是由同领域其他的专家 来检验研究报告的准确性和可信度。 |
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peer review:n.各领域专家互相评阅;同行评审;同业监督小组;同业互查组织; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; credibility:n.可信性;确实性;
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| And then, once it's published, for-profit companies resell that information back to universities and public libraries through journal and database subscriptions . |
然后,论文一旦发表了, 盈利公司就会转卖该内容, 以期刊或订阅资料库的形式 卖回给大学和公共图书馆。 |
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for-profit:以盈利为目的的; resell:v.转售;转卖;再卖; subscriptions:n.订阅,订购;定期捐款;会员费;用户费;集体资助;(subscription的复数)
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| So, that's the system. |
这就是整个系统的运行过程。 |
| Research, write, peer-review , publish , repeat. |
研究、撰写、同行审稿、 发表,再不断重复这个过程。 |
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peer-review:n.各领域专家互相评阅;同行评审;同业监督小组;同业互查组织; publish:v.出版;发表;公布;
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| My friends and I call it feeding the monster . |
我和我朋友都认为 这就像是“养怪兽”。 |
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monster:n.怪物;恶魔;庞然大物;adj.巨大的;
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| And you can see how this might create some problems. |
你能看出这会造成一些问题。 |
| The first problem is that most academic research is publicly funded but privately distributed . |
首先,大部分研究都由公共经费出资, 但是成果却由私人售卖。 |
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funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); privately:adv.私下地;秘密地; distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
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| Every year, the federal government spends 60 billion dollars on research. |
每年,联邦政府花费 600亿美元支持科研。 |
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federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地;
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| According to the National Science Foundation , 29 percent of that goes to public research universities. |
据国家科学基金会称, 其中29%给了公立大学研究。 |
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According to:根据,据说; Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
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| So, if you're quick at math, that's 17.4 billion dollars. |
如果你数学不错,会算出那是174亿。 |
| Tax dollars. |
纳税人的钱。 |
| And just five corporations are responsible for distributing most publicly funded research. |
只有五家公司负责发行 公共经费资助的大多数研究成果。 |
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corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; distributing:v.分发;分配;分销;使散开;使分布;分散;(distribute的现在分词)
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| In 2014, just one of those companies made 1.5 billion dollars in profit. |
在2014年,其中一家公司盈利15亿。 |
| It's a big business . |
真是一桩大买卖啊。 |
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big business:n.(统称)大企业;大生意;
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| And I bet you can see the irony here. |
我知道你一定看出了其讽刺之处。 |
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bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿; irony:n.讽刺;反语;具有讽刺意味的事;adj.铁的;似铁的;
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| If the public is funding academics' research, but then we have to pay again to access the results, it's like we're paying for it twice. |
如果公众给学术研究提供经费, 可之后我们还得付费 才能看到研究结果, 等于我们出了两次钱。 |
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funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词)
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| And the other major problem is that most academics don't have a whole lot of incentive to publish outside of these prestigious subscription-based journals. |
另外,还有一个主要的问题是, 大部分学者都没有动机 把文章发表到那些订阅式的 着名期刊以外的地方。 |
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incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; prestigious:adj.有名望的;享有声望的;
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| Universities build their tenure and promotion systems around the number of times scholars publish. |
大学的终身职位和晋升机制 取决于学者发表的文章数量。 |
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tenure:n.任期;占有;vt.授予…终身职位;
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| So, books and journal articles are kind of like a form of currency for scholars. |
所以,出书和期刊对学者来说 就像一种货币形式。 |
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currency:n.货币;通货;
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| Publishing articles helps you get tenure and more research grants down the road . |
发表论文帮你得到终身职位, 以及更多的研究经费。 |
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down the road:只要沿着这条路;将来;在路上;
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| But academics are not rewarded for publishing with popular media. |
但是,如果在大众媒体发表论文, 学者们什么也得不到。 |
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rewarded:v.奖励;奖赏;给以报酬;(reward的过去分词和过去式)
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| So, this is the status quo . |
所以,这就是现状。 |
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status quo:n.现状;原来的状况;
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| The current academic ecosystem . |
这就是当下的学术生态系统。 |
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ecosystem:n.生态系统;
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| But I don't think it has to be this way. |
但我觉得不一定非要这样。 |
| We can make some simple changes to flip the script. |
我们可以做些简单改变 来翻转这个局面。 |
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flip:n.浏览;空翻;轻抛;捻掷;v.迅速翻动;按(开关);按(按钮);开(或关)(机器等);
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| So, first, let's start by discussing access. |
首先,我们来谈谈信息的获取。 |
| Universities can begin to challenge the status quo by rewarding scholars for publishing not just in these subscription-based journals but in open-access journals as well as on popular media. |
大学可以这样开始挑战现状: 学者可以获得奖励,如果把文章 不仅发表在订阅式期刊上, 也发表在对公众开放的期刊 和大众媒体上。 |
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rewarding:adj.有益的;值得做的;报酬高的;v.奖励;奖赏;给以报酬;(reward的现在分词) open-access:开放获取; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
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| Now, the open-access movement is starting to make some progress in many disciplines , and fortunately , some other big players have started to notice. |
如今,在多个学科中,开放浏览运动 开始初见成效, 而且有幸也引起了几个巨头的关注。 |
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disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导; fortunately:adv.幸运地;
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| Google Scholar has made open-access research searchable and easier to find. |
“谷歌学术”已经提供开放的学术搜索, 很好搜索也很容易找到。 |
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Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; searchable:adj.可被搜查的;透过搜查能找到的;
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| Congress , last year, introduced a bill that suggests that academic research projects with over 100 million or more in funding should develop an open-access policy . |
去年,国会提出了一个提案, 建议那些获得了超过 一亿美元资金支持的 学术研究项目, 应该建立开放获取的政策。 |
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Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
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| And this year, NASA opened up its entire research library to the public. |
而且今年,NASA 也把他们的 整个研究图书馆对公众开放。 |
| So, you can see this idea is beginning to catch on. |
所以,你看这个想法正在开始实现。 |
| But access isn't just about being able to get your hands on a document or a study. |
但是,开放获取不仅仅是 能让你获得某个文档或者研究内容。 |
| It's also about making sure that that document or study is easily understood. |
它也要确保 这个文档或者研究内容 能很容易被你理解。 |
| So, let's talk about translation. |
所以,我们再来谈谈诠释。 |
| I don't envision this translation to look like the six degrees of separation that I illustrated earlier. |
我不希望诠释又是一个 像我开头说的那种 “六度空间理论”。 |
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envision:v.想象;预想; illustrated:v.加插图于;给(书等)做图表;说明,解释;(illustrate的过去分词和过去式)
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| Instead, what if scholars were able to take the research that they're doing and translate it on popular media and be able to engage with the public? |
相反,如果学者本人能够 把他们自己做的研究 在大众媒体上诠释, 并能与公众进行互动,会怎么样？ |
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what if:如果…怎么办? translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
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| If scholars did this, the degrees of separation between the public and research would shrink by a lot. |
如果学者们这样做, 那么大众和学术研究之间的距离 就会缩小很多。 |
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shrink:v.收缩;减少;退缩;畏缩;n.精神病学家;心理学家;
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| So, you see, I'm not suggesting a dumbing-down of the research. |
所以你看,我不提倡降低研究标准。 |
| I'm just suggesting that we give the public access to that research and that we shift the venue and focus on using plain language so that the public who's paying for the research can also consume it. |
我只是建议把研究成果开放给公众, 转化获取方式,注意运用通俗的语言, 这样,那些为研究出资的公众 也可以了解这些成果。 |
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public access:n.(进入公共场所的)大众通行权;(对信息的)公众知情权; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; venue:n.审判地;犯罪地点;发生地点;集合地点; consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁;
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| And there are some other benefits to this approach . |
这种方法还有其他一些好处。 |
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approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
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| By showing the public how their tax dollars are being used to fund research, they can begin to redefine universities' identities so that universities' identities are not just based on a football team or the degrees they grant but on the research that's being produced there. |
通过让公众了解他们纳的税 如何被用于研究, 他们可以重新对大学进行定位, 让大学的定位不仅仅是 建立在一个足球队上, 也不是他们授予的学位上, 而是建立在研究结果上。 |
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redefine:vt.重新定义; identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数)
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| And when there's a healthy relationship between the public and scholars, it encourages public participation in research. |
当学者和公众之间建立起 一种健康的关系, 就会鼓励公众参与到研究中。 |
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participation:n.参与;分享;参股;
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| Can you imagine what that might look like? |
你能想象这会产生什么样的变化吗？ |
| What if social scientists helped local police redesign their sensitivity trainings and then collaboratively wrote a manual to model future trainings? |
如果一个社会学科学家 能帮助警察重新设计敏感性训练, 然后一起写个手册来 为未来的训练做示范？ |
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redesign:vt.重新设计;n.重新设计;新设计; sensitivity:n.敏感;敏感性;过敏; trainings:n.培训(training的复数); collaboratively:adv.合作地;协作地; manual:n.说明书;指南;使用手册;adj.用手的;手工的;体力的;手动的;
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| Or what if our education professors consulted with our local public schools to decide how we're going to intervene with our at-risk students and then wrote about it in a local newspaper? |
或者,如果教育学教授能为 地方公立学校提供咨询, 来商讨如何教导那些面临危机的学生, 然后在当地报纸上发表一篇报告呢？ |
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consulted:v.咨询;请教;商议;查阅;查询;参看(consult的过去分词和过去式) intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入; at-risk:adj.处于危险中的;
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| Because a functioning democracy requires that the public be well-educated and well-informed . |
因为真正的民主 需要公众接收良好的 教育并获知信息。 |
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democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; well-educated:adj.受过良好教育的; well-informed:adj.消息灵通的;见多识广的;熟悉的;博学的;
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| Instead of research happening behind paywalls and bureaucracy , wouldn't it be better if it was unfolding right in front of us? |
与其让研究成果藏在 付费系统和官僚系统的后面, 让它直白的展现在我们面前 不是更好吗？ |
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paywalls:n.[网]收费墙;(paywalls是paywall的复数); bureaucracy:n.官僚主义;官僚机构;官僚政治; unfolding:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;(unfold的现在分词)
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| Now, as a PhD student, |
作为一名博士生, |
| I realize I'm critiquing the club I want to join. |
我知道我在批评一个 我自己想要加入的群体。 |
|
critiquing:v.写评论;对…发表评论;评判;(critique的现在分词)
|
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Which is a dangerous thing to do, since I'm going to be on the academic job market in a couple of years. |
这么干挺危险的, 因为过两年我就要 在这个圈子里找工作。 |
| But if the status quo in academic research is to publish in the echo chambers of for-profit journals that never reach the public, you better believe my answer is going to be "nope." |
但如果当今的学术研究现状 仍然是在盈利期刊发表论文, 而从不面向公众, 你知道我的答案肯定是“不行”。 |
|
echo:vt.反射;重复;vi.随声附和;发出回声;n.回音;效仿; chambers:n.内庭(chamber的复数);
|
| I believe in inclusive , democratic research that works in the community and talks with the public. |
我相信,民主的科学研究 是为了大众服务的, 是能和民众互动的, |
|
inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
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| I want to work in research and in an academic culture where the public is not only seen as a valuable audience, but a constituent , a participant . |
我更愿意在这样的文化里做研究, 公众不仅仅只是观众, 而应该是参与者。 |
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valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; constituent:n.构成要素;选民;成分;adj.组成的;构成的; participant:adj.参与的;有关系的;n.参与者;关系者;
|
| And in some cases even the expert. |
在某些情况下,甚至是专家。 |
| And this isn't just about giving you guys access to information. |
而且,这不只是关乎 向公众开放信息。 |
| It's about shifting academic culture from publishing to practice and from talking to doing. |
而是要把学术文化 从发表论文变成实际应用, 从理论变成实践。 |
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shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词)
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| And you should know that this idea, this hope -- it doesn't just belong to me. |
你应该知道的是, 这个观点和希望—— 并不只属于我一个人。 |
| I'm standing on the shoulders of many scholars, teachers, librarians and community members who also advocate for including more people in the conversation. |
我是站在许多人的肩膀上, 包括学者、教师、 图书管理员和社区成员, 他们也呼吁更多的人参与进来。 |
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advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人;
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| I hope you join our conversation, too. |
我希望你也能参与进来。 |
| Thank you. |
谢谢。 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |