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EricXLi_2013G-_两种制度的传说_
Good morning. 早上好.
My name is Eric Li, and I was born here. 我是李世默,我出生在这里。
But no, I wasn't born there. 不,其实不是。
This was where I was born: 这才是我出生时的上海。
Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution . 当时,上海正处在“文化大革命”的高潮。
Cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; Revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
My grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries. 外婆后来告诉我,她当时抱着襁褓之中啼哭不止的我, 心惊胆战地听着“武斗”的枪声。
gunfire:n.炮火;炮火声;
When I was growing up, I was told a story that explained all I ever needed to know about humanity . 在我少年时,我被灌输了一个 关于人类社会发展规律的大故事,
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
It went like this. 这个故事是这样的
All human societies develop in linear progression , beginning with primitive society, then slave society, feudalism , capitalism , socialism , and finally , guess where we end up? 所有的人类社会都遵循一个线性的发展规律, 即从原始社会开始,经由奴隶社会、 封建社会、资本主义社会、社会主义社会, 最终过渡到, 猜猜这个终点？
linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; progression:n.前进;连续; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人; feudalism:n.封建主义;封建制度; capitalism:n.资本主义; socialism:n.社会主义; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
Communism ! 共产主义社会!
Communism:n.共产主义;
Sooner or later , all of humanity, regardless of culture, language, nationality, will arrive at this final stage of political and social development. 或早或晚, 所有的人类社会, 不管文化、语言、民族有何异同, 都将演进到这一 人类政治、社会发展的最高阶段
Sooner or later:迟早,早晚; regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地;
The entire world's peoples will be unified in this paradise on Earth and live happily ever after. 人类社会自此大同 在这人间天堂 永远过着幸福的生活.
unified:adj.统一的;一致标准的;v.统一;使一致(unify的过去分词); paradise:n.天堂;至福境地;
But before we get there, we're engaged in a struggle between good and evil , the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism, and the good shall triumph . 但在实现这个目标之前,我们必须投身于 正义与邪恶的斗争, 即正义的社会主义与邪恶的资本主义之间的斗争, 正义终将胜利.
engaged in:从事于;忙于; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; triumph:v.战胜;成功;打败;n.巨大成功;重大成就;伟大胜利;喜悦;
That, of course, was the meta-narrative distilled from the theories of Karl Marx. 当然,这就是 从马克思主义理论提制出来的元叙事
distilled:adj.由蒸馏得来的;净化的;v.蒸馏(distill的过去式);
And the Chinese bought it. 这一元叙事在中国影响甚广.
We were taught that grand story day in and day out . 我们从小就被反复灌输了这个宏大故事.
day in and day out:天天;夜以继日;
It became part of us, and we believed in it. 几乎融化到了血液之中,深信不笃。
The story was a bestseller . 这个元叙事到处畅销。
bestseller:n.畅销书;畅销书作者;畅销商品(等于bestseller);
About one third of the entire world's population lived under that meta-narrative. 世界上曾经有整整三分之一的人 在它的笼罩之下生活.
Then, the world changed overnight . 然而,恍然一夜之间,世界沧桑巨变.
overnight:adj.夜间的; v.在夜间; n.(美)前一天的晚上;
As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth, 少年时期的信仰收挫折后,
disillusioned:adj.醒悟的; v.使幻想破灭(disillusion的过去分词);
I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie . 我离国赴美,改宗成为伯克利的嬉皮士.
hippie:n.嬉皮士;嬉皮模样的年青人;adj.嬉皮的;
(Laughter) (笑声)
Now, as I was coming of age , something else happened. 就在我成年过程中,又发生了一件事.
coming of age:n.成年;成熟;
As if one big story wasn't enough, 仿佛我这辈子只经历那一个还不够似的。
I was told another one. 我又被灌输了另一个宏大叙事.
This one was just as grand. 这个元叙事的完美与早前的那一个不分伯仲.
It also claims that all human societies develop in a linear progression towards a singular end. 它同样宣称,人类社会 遵循着一个线性的发展规律,指向一个终极目标.
claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数) singular:adj.单数的;单一的;非凡的;异常的;n.单数;
This one went as follows: 故事是这样展开的:
All societies, regardless of culture, be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian , must progress from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to modern societies in which atomized individuals are the sovereign units, 所有的人类社会,不论其文化有何异同, 其民众是基督徒、穆斯林还是儒家信徒, 都将从传统社会过渡 到现代社会. 在传统社会中,最基本的社会单位是群体; 而在现代社会中,最基本的、神圣不可侵犯的社会单位是原子化的个人。
Confucian:adj.孔子的,儒家的;儒家学说的;n.儒家,儒家学者;孔子的门徒; traditional:传统的,惯例的, atomized:adj.雾化的; v.使分为原子; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); sovereign:adj.至高无上的; n.君主;
and all these individuals are, by definition , rational , and they all want one thing: the vote. 所有的个人都被认定为是理性的, 都有同一个诉求: 选举权.
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的;
Because they are all rational, once given the vote, they produce good government and live happily ever after. 因为每一个个人都是理性的,一旦有了权选举, 必然会选出好政府 随后过上永远幸福的生活
Paradise on Earth, again. 又是一个人间天堂.
Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be the only political system for all countries and all peoples, with a free market to make them all rich. 选举民主制早晚将成为 所有国家和民族唯一的政治制度, 再加上一个自由放任的市场让他们发财.
electoral:adj.选举的;选举人的; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; free market:自由市场;
But before we get there, we're engaged in a struggle between good and evil. 但在实现这个目标之前,我们必须投身于 正义与邪恶的斗争.
(Laughter) (笑声)
The good belongs to those who are democracies and are charged with a mission of spreading it around the globe, sometimes by force, against the evil of those who do not hold elections. 民主国家代表正义, 并肩负着 在全世界推动民主的使命, 有时甚至可以动用武力, 来打击那些不实行选举的邪恶势力.
democracies:民主; mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
(Video) George H.W. Bush : A new world order ... 乔治H.W.布什: 一个世界新次序…
Bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的;
(Video) George W. Bush: ... ending tyranny in our world ... 乔治 W. 布什: ... 消灭世界上所有暴政...
tyranny:n.暴政;专横;严酷;残暴的行为(需用复数);
(Video) Barack Obama: ... a single standard for all who would hold power. 奥巴马: ... 只有一个标准 衡量统治者.
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
Eric X. Li: Now -- 李世默: 现在...
(Laughter) (Applause) (笑声) (掌声)
This story also became a bestseller. 上述宏大叙事同样到处畅销.
According to Freedom House, the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970 to 115 in 2010. 根据“自由之家”的统计, 全世界采用选举民主制的国家,从1970年的45个 已增至2010年的115个.
According to:根据,据说;
In the last 20 years, Western elites tirelessly trotted around the globe selling this prospectus : 近20多年来,西方的精英人士孜孜不倦地 在全世界奔走,推荐选举民主这一救世良方:
elites:n.精英(elite的复数); tirelessly:adv.不知疲倦地;不屈不挠地; trotted:v.快步;疾走;小跑;骑马小跑;(trot的过去分词和过去式) prospectus:n.内容说明书;样张;创办计划书;学校的入学简介;
Multiple parties fight for political power and everyone voting on them is the only path to salvation to the long-suffering developing world. 他们声称,实行多党制 和全民选举 是拯救 发展中国家于水火的唯一良药,
Multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; salvation:n.拯救;救助; long-suffering:adj.坚忍的;长期忍受的;n.忍耐;坚忍;长期受苦;
Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success. 只要吃下它,就一定会实现繁荣.
destined:adj.注定的;命定的;去往…的;v.注定;(destine的过去式和过去分词)
Those who do not are doomed to fail. 否则,永无翻身之日.
doomed:adj.注定的;命定的;v.使…注定失败(doom的过去分词和过去式)
But this time, the Chinese didn't buy it. 但这一次,中国敬谢不敏。
Fool me once ... 被骗一次....
(Laughter) (笑声)
The rest is history. 历史是最好的裁判.
In just 30 years, China went from one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world to its second-largest economy . 仅仅30多年间,中国就从 世界上最贫困的农业国 一跃而为世界第二大经济体.
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Six hundred fifty million people were lifted out of poverty . 实现6.5亿人 脱贫。
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
Eighty percent of the entire world's poverty alleviation during that period happened in China. 这期间全世界80%的减贫成就 是由中国完成的。
alleviation:n.缓和;镇痛物;
In other words, all the new and old democracies put together amounted to a mere fraction of what a single, one-party state did without voting. 也就是说,所有老的、新的民主国家 的脱贫人口加起来,都不及 中国一个零头, 而中国没有所谓的选举,也没有多党制.
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; amounted:v.合计,共计;等同,接近;(amount的过去分词和过去式) mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
See, I grew up on this stuff : food stamps. 看, 这是我小时候生活的必需品: 粮票.
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams per person per month at one point. 上海一时每人每月的肉类定额 是300克.
rationed:vt.配给;定量供应;n.定量;口粮;配给量;
Needless to say, I ate all my grandmother's portions . 不用说,我把外婆的份额全给吃了
Needless:adj.不必要的,不需要的;多余的,无用的; portions:n.部分; v.把…分成若干份(或部分); (portion的第三人称单数和复数)
So I asked myself, what's wrong with this picture? 所以,我禁不住问自己,我眼前画面到底哪里不对劲儿？
Here I am in my hometown, my business growing leaps and bounds. 我在一切今非昔比的故乡上海, 我自己的事业蒸蒸日上.
leaps:n.跳跃,剧增,急变(leap的复数);v.跳跃;急速进步(leap的三单形式);
Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day. 新生企业如雨后春笋般发展起来.
Entrepreneurs:n.企业家;(entrepreneur的复数)
Middle class is expanding in speed and scale unprecedented in human history. 中产阶级以史无前例的 速度和规模在增长
Middle class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的; expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的;
Yet, according to the grand story, none of this should be happening. 但根据那个宏大叙事, 这一切景象本都不可能出现.
So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it. 面对这一切,我开始做我唯一可以做的事,即研究它.
Yes, China is a one-party state run by the Chinese Communist Party , the Party, and they don't hold elections. 中国的确是个一党制的国家 由中国共产党长期执政, 不实行西方意义上的选举.
Communist Party:n.共产党;
Three assumptions are made by the dominant political theories of our time. 按照当代主流的政治理论 人们据此可以生成三个判断,
assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数) dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性;
Such a system is operationally rigid , politically closed, and morally illegitimate . 即这个制度一定是体制上僵化的、 政治上封闭的、道德上不具合法性的
operationally:操作上的;运转上的;用于操作的; rigid:adj.严格的;僵硬的,死板的;坚硬的;精确的; politically:adv.政治上; morally:adv.道德上;有道德地;确实地; illegitimate:adj.私生的;非法的;不合理的;vt.认做私生子;认为违法;n.非嫡出子;庶子;
Well, the assumptions are wrong. 但这些论断是错误的。
The opposites are true. 事实恰恰相反.
opposites:n.对立;对立面(opposite的复数);反义词;
Adaptability , meritocracy , and legitimacy are the three defining characteristics of China's one-party system. 中国的一党制具有与时俱进的能力、选贤任能的体制、深植于民心的政权合法性, 这些是确保其成功的 三个核心要素。
Adaptability:n.适应性;可变性;适合性; meritocracy:n.英才教育(制度);精英管理的社会; legitimacy:n.合法;合理;正统; defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词) characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
Now, most political scientists will tell us that a one-party system is inherently incapable of self-correction. 大多数政治学家断言 一党制天生缺乏 自我纠错能力.
inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地; incapable:adj.不能的;无能力的;不能胜任的;
It won't last long because it cannot adapt. 因此很难持久。
last long:adj.持久;持续很久;持续很长时间;持续长时间;
Now here are the facts. 而事实却是.
In 64 years of running the largest country in the world, the range of the Party's policies has been wider than any other country in recent memory, from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward , then privatization of farmland , then the Cultural Revolution, then Deng Xiaoping's market reform , 中共已经在中国这个世界上最大的国家之一连续执政64年, 其政策调整的幅度 超过近代以来任何国家。 从激进的土改到“大跃进”运动, 再到土地“准私有化”, 从“文化大革命”, 到邓小平的市场化改革。
policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; Leap Forward:跃进;向前跳;快速发展; privatization:n.私有化; farmland:n.农田; reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善;
then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step of opening up Party membership to private businesspeople , something unimaginable during Mao's rule. 邓小平的继任者江泽民更进一步 主动吸纳包括民营企业家在内的新社会阶层人士入党, 而这在毛的时代是不可想象的。
successor:n.继承者;后续的事物; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 opening up:n.解禁;开放;供开发;启用; membership:n.成员资格;(统称)会员;会员人数; businesspeople:商人; unimaginable:adj.不可思议的;难以想像的;
So the Party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions. 事实证明,中共具有超凡的与时俱进和自我纠错能力。
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
Institutionally , new rules get enacted to correct previous dysfunctions . 过去实行的一些不再有效的制度 也不断得到纠正和更新.
Institutionally:制度的;惯例的;规定的; enacted:n.制定,颁布; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; dysfunctions:n.[医]机能障碍;(dysfunctions是dysfunction的复数);
For example, term limits. 比如,政治领导人的任期制.
Political leaders used to retain their positions for life, and they used that to accumulate power and perpetuate their rules. 以前,政治领导人实际上是终身任职的. 这容易导致大权独揽、 不受制约等问题.
retain:v.保留;保持;持有;继续拥有; accumulate:vi.累积;积聚;vt.积攒; perpetuate:vt.使不朽;保持;adj.长存的;
Mao was the father of modern China, yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes. 毛泽东作为现代中国的缔造者, 在位晚年也未能避免犯下类似的严重错误
prolonged:adj.长期的;持久的;v.延长(prolong的过去分词和过去式); disastrous:adj.灾难性的;损失惨重的;悲伤的;
So the Party instituted term limits with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70. 随后,中共逐步实施了领导人的任期制 并将任职的年龄上限确定为68到70岁。
instituted:v.建立,制定;开始;实行(institute的过去分词和过去式) mandatory:adj.强制的;托管的;命令的;n.受托者(等于mandatary); retirement:n.退休;退职;退休年龄;退休生活;
One thing we often hear is, "Political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms," 最近很多人声称 相比于经济改革,中国的政治改革严重滞后
reforms:n.改革(reform的复数);v.改革(reform的单数第三人称); lagged:v.缓慢移动;发展缓慢;滞后;落后于;(lag的过去分词和过去式) economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
and "China is in dire need of political reform." 因此当前亟需在政改中取得突破.
dire:adj.可怕的;悲惨的;极端的;
But this claim is a rhetorical trap hidden behind a political bias . 这一论断实际上是隐藏着 政治偏见的话语陷阱.
rhetorical:adj.修辞的;修辞学的;夸张的; trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
See, some have decided a priori what kinds of changes they want to see, and only such changes can be called political reform. 这个话语陷进预设了 哪些变革才算所谓的政治改革, 只有实行这些特定的变革才算是政治改革.
priori:adj.先验的;优先的(等于apriori);adv.先验地(等于apriori);
The truth is, political reforms have never stopped. 事实上,中国的政治改革从未停滞.
Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago, every aspect of Chinese society, how the country is governed, from the most local level to the highest center, are unrecognizable today. 与三十年、二十年,甚至十年前相比, 中国从基层到高层, 从社会各领域 到国家治理方式上, 都发生了翻天覆地的变化.
Compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; unrecognizable:adj.未被承认的;无法认出的;
Now such changes are simply not possible without political reforms of the most fundamental kind. 如果没有最根本性的政治改革 这一切变化都是不可能的.
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
Now I would venture to suggest the Party is the world's leading expert in political reform. 我甚至想大胆地判断说 中共是全世界第一流的政治改革专家.
venture:v.敢于;冒险;投机;n.企业;风险;冒险;
The second assumption is that in a one-party state, power gets concentrated in the hands of the few, and bad governance and corruption follow. 第二个西方主流的观点认为,一党制意味着 政治上封闭,一小撮人把持了权力, 必然导致劣政和腐败.
concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词) in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中; governance:n.管理;统治;支配; corruption:n.贪污,腐败;堕落;
Indeed, corruption is a big problem, but let's first look at the larger context . 的确,腐败是一个大问题. 不过,让我们先打开视野看一下全景.
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
Now, this may be counterintuitive to you. 说起来可能令人难以置信.
counterintuitive:adj.违反直觉的;
The Party happens to be one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today. 中共内部选贤任能竞争之激烈程度 可能超过世界上所有的政治组织.
meritocratic:精英;精英领导;精英管治 institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
China's highest ruling body, the Politburo , has 25 members. 十八大前,中共的最高领导机构——中央政治局共有25名委员.
Politburo:n.(共产党中央委员会的)政治局;类似政治局的决策控制机构;
In the most recent one, only five of them came from a background of privilege , so-called princelings . 其中只有5人 出身背景优越,也就是所谓的“太子党”.
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; princelings:n.幼君;幼年王子(等于princekin或princelet);
The other 20, including the president and the premier , came from entirely ordinary backgrounds. 其余20人,包括国家主席和政府总理, 都是平民出身.
premier:adj.第一的;最初的;n.总理,首相;
In the larger central committee of 300 or more, the percentage of those who were born into power and wealth was even smaller. 再看300多人组成的十七届中央委员会, 出身显赫者的 比例更低.
committee:n.委员会; percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有;
The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders worked and competed their way to the top. 可以说,绝大多数中共高层领导人 都是靠自身努力和激烈竞争获得晋升的.
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人; competed:v.竞争,对抗(compete的过去分词);
Compare that with the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries, 与其他发达国家和发展中国家 统治精英的出身相比,
I think you'll find the Party being near the top in upward mobility . 我们必须承认中共内部平民出身的干部 享有广阔的晋升空间.
upward:adj.向上的;上升的;adv.向上; mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率;
The question then is, how could that be possible in a system run by one party? 问题是, 中共如何 在一党制的基础上保证选贤任能呢？
Now we come to a powerful political institution, little-known to Westerners : the Party's Organization Department. 关键之一是有一个强有力的组织机构, 对此西方鲜有人知: 即中共的组织部.
little-known:鲜为人知的; Westerners:n.西方人(westerner的复数); Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
The department functions like a giant human resource engine that would be the envy of even some of the most successful corporations . 组织部运作一套 选贤任能的机制 恐怕最成功的商业公司都会自叹弗如.
resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); envy:n.嫉妒,妒忌;羡慕;v.嫉妒,妒忌;羡慕;感到妒忌;显示出妒忌; corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式);
It operates a rotating pyramid made up of three components : civil service , state-owned enterprises, and social organizations like a university or a community program. 它像一个旋转的金字塔 有三个组成部分: 即政府职能部门、国有企业, 以及政府管辖的事业单位,如大学、 社区组织等.
rotating:v.(使)旋转,转动;(工作)由…轮值;(rotate的现在分词) made up of:由…组成,由…构成; components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); civil service:n.公务员;行政部门; state-owned:adj.国有的;国营的;州立的; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
They form separate yet integrated career paths for Chinese officials. 公务人员既可以在某一类部门中长期工作 也可以在三类中交替任职.
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
They recruit college grads into entry-level positions in all three tracks , and they start from the bottom, called "keyuan" [clerk]. 政府以及相关机构从大学毕业生中招录人员 大部分新人会从最低一级的 科员干起。
recruit:n.新兵; v.吸收(新成员); (通过招募)组成; grads:n.梯度;毕业生(grad的复数);分度;百分度(grad的复数); entry-level:adj.入门的;初级的;最低阶层的;适合于初学者的; tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数)
Then they could get promoted through four increasingly elite ranks: fuke [deputy section manager], ke [section manager], fuchu [deputy division manager], and chu [division manger]. 组织部门会根据其表现,决定是否将其提升 到更高的四个管理职位上: 副科、科、副处、处。
promoted:v.促进:促销:提升:(promote的过去分词和过去式) increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
Now these are not moves from " Karate Kid," okay? 这可不是电影《龙威小子》中的动作名称,
Karate:n.空手道(日本的一种徒手武术);
It's serious business. 而是严肃的人事工作。
The range of positions is wide, from running health care in a village to foreign investment in a city district to manager in a company. 这一区间的职位包罗万象, 既可以负责贫困农村的卫生工作 也可能负责城区里的招商引资。 或一个企业的管理人员.
health care:n.卫生保健; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Once a year, the department reviews their performance . 各级干部每年都要接受组织部门的考察.
reviews:n.综述; v.回顾; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
They interview their superiors , their peers , their subordinates . They vet their personal conduct . 其中包括征求上级、下级和同事的反馈意见, 以及个人操守审查.
interview:n.接见,采访;面试,面谈;v.采访;接见;对…进行面谈; superiors:n.级别更高的人;上级;上司;(superior的复数) peers:n.平辈,同事(peer的复数);v.凝视;比得上(peer的三单形式); subordinates:n.下级; v.把…置于次要地位; (subordinate的第三人称单数和复数) vet:n.兽医;兽医诊所;v.审查;仔细检查,审查(内容、质量等); personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法;
They conduct public opinion surveys . 此外还有民意调查.
public opinion:n.舆论;民意; surveys:n.调查(survey的复数);
Then they promote the winners. 最终择优提职.
Throughout their careers , these cadres can move through and out of all three tracks. 在整个职业生涯中,干部们 在这三大领域内轮转任职.
Throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; careers:n.职业(career的复数);事业;职业生涯;v.全速前进(career的三单形式); cadres:干部;
Over time, the good ones move beyond the four base levels to the fuju [deputy bureau chief] and ju [bureau chief] levels. 在基层表现优秀的佼佼者 可以晋升为副局和正局级干部.
bureau:n.局,处;衣柜;办公桌;
There, they enter high officialdom. 进入高级干部行列.
By that point, a typical assignment will be to manage a district with a population in the millions or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue . 这一级别的干部,有可能 领导数百万人口的城区, 也有可能管理年营业收入数亿美元的国有企业.
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; assignment:n.分配:(分派的)工作,任务: revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署;
Just to show you how competitive the system is, in 2012, there were 900,000 fuke and ke levels, 600,000 fuchu and chu levels, and only 40,000 fuju and ju levels. 从统计数据就可以看出选拔局级干部的竞争有多激烈, 2012年,中国科级与副科级干部约为90万人, 处级与副处级干部约为60万人, 而局级与副局级干部仅为4万人.
competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的;
After the ju levels, the best few move further up several more ranks, and eventually make it to the Central Committee. 在局级干部中, 最为出众的极少数人才有机会继续晋升, 238 最终进入中共中央委员会。
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
The process takes two to three decades. 一个晋升到高层的干部,职业生涯要经过二三十年的历练.
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Does patronage play a role? Yes, of course. 这过程中有任人唯亲的问题吗,当然有.
patronage:n.赞助;光顾;任免权;
But merit remains the fundamental driver. 但从根本上,干部是否德才兼备才是提拔的决定性因素。
In essence , the Organization Department runs a modernized version of China's centuries-old mentoring system. 事实上,中华帝国的官僚体系有着千年历史, 今天中共的组织部门创造性地继承了这一独特的历史遗产, 并发展成现代化的制度以培养当代中国的政治精英.
In essence:本质上;其实;大体上; modernized:adj.现代化的;v.使现代化(modernize的过去分词); centuries-old:adj.悠久的; mentoring:n.导师;顾问;v.指导;做…的良师;(mentor的现在分词)
China's new president, Xi Jinping, is the son of a former leader, which is very unusual, first of his kind to make the top job. 新任国家主席习近平的履历就是非常鲜明的例证. 习的父亲确实是中共的一位前领导人,这很不寻常, 他是第一个前领导人后代当上最高领导的.
Even for him, the career took 30 years. 但他的仕途也历经了30年之久
He started as a village manager, and by the time he entered the Politburo, he had managed areas with a total population of 150 million people and combined GDPs of 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars. 习近平从村干部做起, 一步一个脚印的走到今天这个岗位。在他进入中央政治局之前, 他领导过的地区总人口累计 已超过1.5亿 创造的GDP合计超过1.5万亿美元.
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
Now, please don't get me wrong, okay? 千万不要误解,
This is not a put-down of anyone. It's just a statement of fact. 这不是针对具体的人,仅仅是事实的陈述.
put-down:n.降落;使对方不再做声的反驳;贬低的行为; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
George W. Bush, remember him? 如果要论政府管理经验,小布什, 记得他吗?
This is not a put-down. 这不是看不起任何人.
(Laughter) (笑声)
Before becoming governor of Texas, or Barack Obama before running for president, could not make even a small county manager in China's system. 在任德州州长前, 和奥巴马第一次问鼎美国总统时, 他们资历还比不上 中国一个小县长
county:n.郡,县;
Winston Churchill once said that democracy is a terrible system except for all the rest . 温斯顿·丘吉尔曾说: “民主是个坏制度,但其他制度更坏”。
Churchill:n.邱吉尔(英国政治家及作家); all the rest:其他所有相关信息;
Well, apparently he hadn't heard of the Organization Department. 可惜,他没有见识过组织部.
apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上;
Now, Westerners always assume that multi-party election with universal suffrage is the only source of political legitimacy. 西方人总认为 多党竞选和普选 是合法性的唯一来源.
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; suffrage:n.选举权;投票;参政权;代祷;赞成票;
I was asked once, "The Party wasn't voted in by election. 曾有人问我:“中共不经选举执政.
Where is the source of legitimacy?" 其合法性从何而来？”
I said, "How about competency ?" 我的回答是:“舍我其谁的执政能力.”
competency:n.能力(等于competence);资格;
We all know the facts. 我们都知道历史.
In 1949, when the Party took power, 1949年中共执政时,
China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression , average life expectancy at that time, 41 years old. 中国战火肆虐,外敌横行,国土四分五裂,满目疮痍, 中国人的人均寿命仅为41岁。
mired:v.陷入困境;处境艰难;陷入泥沼;(mire的过去分词和过去式) dismembered:v.肢解;分割;瓜分(dismember的过去分词和过去式) aggression:n.侵略;侵犯;攻击性;好斗情绪; life expectancy:预期寿命;
Today, it's the second largest economy in the world, an industrial powerhouse , and its people live in increasing prosperity . 但在今天,中国已跻身世界第二大经济体, 一个工业大国,人民生活 迅速改善。
industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; powerhouse:n.精力旺盛的人;动力室;发电所; prosperity:n.繁荣,成功;
Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes , and here are the numbers in recent years. 根据皮尤研究中心在中国的民意调查报告, 其中一些数据反映了中国的主流民意:
polls:n.民意调查; v.对…进行民意测验,使投票(poll的单三形式); attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent. 85%的中国民众,对国家未来方向表示满意.
Satisfaction:n.满意,满足;赔偿;乐事;赎罪;
Those who think they're better off than five years ago: 70 percent. 民众认为过去五年生活得到改善的比例 70%
Those who expect the future to be better: a whopping 82 percent. 对未来颇感乐观的民众比例, 压倒性的82%
whopping:adj.巨大的;天大的;adv.非常地;异常地;v.猛打;抽出(whop的ing形式);
Financial Times polls global youth attitudes, and these numbers, brand new , just came from last week. 《金融时报》全球青年民调结果 刚刚公布的数据显示.
Financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
Ninety-three percent of China's Generation Y are optimistic about their country's future. 93%的中国90后年轻人 对国家的未来感到乐观。
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的;
Now, if this is not legitimacy, I'm not sure what is. 如果这不是合法性,那我就不知道到底什么才是合法性了。
In contrast , most electoral democracies around the world are suffering from dismal performance. 相比之下,全世界大部分选举民主制国家 都处于惨淡经营的境况。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; dismal:adj.凄凉的,忧郁的;阴沉的,沉闷的;n.低落的情绪;
I don't need to elaborate for this audience how dysfunctional it is, from Washington to European capitals. 关于美国和欧洲的政治困境, 在座的听众都了然于胸,无需我再详述。
elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂; dysfunctional:机能失调的,功能障碍的;
With a few exceptions, the vast number of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes are still suffering from poverty and civil strife . 除了极少数例外,大部分 采用选举的发展中国家 迄今为止还在遭受贫困和战火的折磨。
adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数); strife:n.冲突;争吵;不和;
Governments get elected, and then they fall below 50 percent approval in a few months and stay there and get worse until the next election. 政府通过选举上台后,其支持率在几个月内就会跌到 50%以下 从此一蹶不振甚至持续走低,直到下一次选举.
approval:n.批准;认可;赞成;
Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of elect and regret. 民主正陷入“一次选举,长期后悔”的周期性怪圈. 的周期性怪圈.
perpetual:adj.永久的;不断的;四季开花的;无期限的;
At this rate, I'm afraid it is democracy, not China's one-party system, that is in danger of losing legitimacy. 这样下去,失去合法性的 恐怕不是中国的一党制, 而是选举民主制.
Now, I don't want to create the misimpression that China's hunky-dory , on the way to some kind of superpowerdom. 当然,我不想造成一种误会 认为中国成为超级大国 已经指日可待了.
hunky-dory:adj.了不起的;极好的;最高的;
The country faces enormous challenges. 中国当前面临巨大挑战.
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
The social and economic problems that come with wrenching change like this are mind-boggling . 巨大变迁带来的经济、社会问题数不胜数 譬如环境污染,
wrenching:n.苗木铲根;修截苗根;v.猛扭;歪曲;抢取(wrench的ing形式); mind-boggling:adj.令人难以置信的;令人惊异的;
Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues . 食品安全、人口问题.
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
On the political front, the worst problem is corruption. 在政治领域,最大的挑战是腐败.
Corruption is widespread and undermines the system and its moral legitimacy. 目前,腐败依然猖獗,危及中国的政治制度 及其道德合法性.
widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; undermines:暗中破坏;
But most analysts misdiagnose the disease . 但是,很多分析人士误判了腐败的原因.
analysts:n.分析师;分析家;[分化]分析员(analyst的复数); misdiagnose:vt.错误地或判断,断定;vi.错误地诊断; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
They say that corruption is the result of the one-party system, and therefore, in order to cure it, you have to do away with the entire system. 他们声称腐败是一党制导致的, 只有终结一党制 才能根绝腐败.
do away with:v.废除,去掉;弄死;
But a more careful look would tell us otherwise. 更严谨一点儿的分析将证明这种观点毫无根据.
Transparency International ranks China between 70 and 80 in recent years among 170 countries, and it's been moving up. 据透明国际发布的全球清廉指数排名, 在近170个国家里, 中国近年来的排名在第70到80名之间, 且呈逐年上升之势.
Transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃;
India, the largest democracy in the world, 94 and dropping. 印度是世界上人口最多的选举民主制国家, 排名第94位,且逐年下滑;
For the hundred or so countries that are ranked below China, more than half of them are electoral democracies. 排名在中国后的约100个国家中, 超过一半是选举民主制国家.
So if election is the panacea for corruption, how come these countries can't fix it? 如果民主是根治腐败的万灵药, 为何在这么多国家不灵呢？
panacea:n.灵丹妙药;万能药;
Now, I'm a venture capitalist . I make bets . 我是搞风险投资的,长于预测。
capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的; bets:v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿(bet的第三人称单数)
It wouldn't be fair to end this talk without putting myself on the line and making some predictions . 因此,不做几个预测就结束今天的演讲 似乎不妥.
on the line:处于危险中;模棱两可;在电话线上; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式);
So here they are. 下面是我的预测.
In the next 10 years, China will surpass the U.S. 未来十年, 中国将超过美国
surpass:v.超越;胜过,优于;非…所能办到或理解;
and become the largest economy in the world. 成为世界第一大经济体.
Income per capita will be near the top of all developing countries. 按人均收入计算也将 在发展中国家中名列前茅.
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
Corruption will be curbed , but not eliminated , and China will move up 10 to 20 notches to above 60 in T.I. ranking. 腐败虽然无法根绝,但将得到有效控制. 在透明国际的全球清廉指数排行榜上,中国有望继续提升10到20名 跨入全球最清廉的前60国之列.
curbed:adj.约束的;v.抑制(curb的过去分词);约束; eliminated:v.排除;清除;消除;(比赛中)淘汰;消灭;(eliminate的过去式和过去分词) notches:n.换级触点; v.刻凹痕;
Economic reform will accelerate , political reform will continue, and the one-party system will hold firm. 经济改革会加速实施,政治改革也将继续推进, 中共一党执政将稳固持续.
accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生;
We live in the dusk of an era. 我们正在见证一个时代的落幕.
dusk:n.黄昏;傍晚;v.变暗;使变暗;
Meta-narratives that make universal claims failed us in the 20th century and are failing us in the 21st. 在20世纪,我们见证了一个元叙事 因极端教条而失败 21世纪的元叙事正重蹈同样的覆辙.
Meta-narrative is the cancer that is killing democracy from the inside. 元叙事就像癌症一样 正在从内部吞噬民主.
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
Now, I want to clarify something. 我想澄清一下.
clarify:v.澄清;阐明;得到澄清;得到净化;
I'm not here to make an indictment of democracy. 我并不是要谴责民主.
indictment:n.起诉书;控告;
On the contrary , I think democracy contributed to the rise of the West and the creation of the modern world. 相反,我认为民主 对西方的崛起和现代世界的诞生居功至伟.
On the contrary:正相反; contributed:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物); (contribute的过去式和过去分词) creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
It is the universal claim that many Western elites are making about their political system, the hubris , that is at the heart of the West's current ills. 然而,很多西方精英 把某一种民主形式模式化、普世化, 他们的傲慢, 是西方当前各种病症的病灶所在
hubris:n.傲慢;狂妄自大;
If they would spend just a little less time on trying to force their way onto others, and a little bit more on political reform at home, they might give their democracy a better chance. 如果西方的精英不是把大把的时间 花在向外国推销民主上, 而是更多关心一下自身的政治改革, 恐怕民主还不至于像今天这样无望.
China's political model will never supplant electoral democracy, because unlike the latter , it doesn't pretend to be universal. 中国的政治模式不可能取代 选举民主, 因为中国从不将自己的政治制度 包装成普世通用的模式.
supplant:vt.代替;排挤掉; latter:adj.后者的;近来的;后面的;较后的;
It cannot be exported . But that is the point precisely. 也从不热衷于对外输出。但这正是关键所在.
exported:v.[贸易]出口;输出(export的过去分词);adj.出口的;
The significance of China's example is not that it provides an alternative, but the demonstration that alternatives exist. 中国模式的重要意义 不在于为世界各国提供了一个可以替代选举民主的新模式 而在于从实践上证明了良政的模式不是单一而是多元的,各国都能找到适合本国的政治制度。
significance:n.意义;重要性;意思; demonstration:n.示范;演示;论证;证明; alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
Let us draw to a close this era of meta-narratives. 让我们为元叙事的时代画个句号吧。
draw to a close:v.渐近结束;告终;
Communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals, but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over. 共产主义和民主可能都是人类美好的追求, 但它们普世化的教条时代已经过去。
laudable:adj.值得赞赏的; dogmatic:adj.教条的;武断的;
Let us stop telling people and our children there's only one way to govern ourselves and a singular future towards which all societies must evolve . 我们的下一代,不需要被灌输说 世界上只有一种政治模式 所有社会 都只有一种归宿。
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;
It is wrong. It is irresponsible . 这是错误的,不负责任的
irresponsible:adj.不负责任的;不可靠的;
And worst of all, it is boring . 更是乏味的。
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
Let universality make way for plurality . 让世界给多元模式生存的空间吧.
universality:n.普遍性;广泛性;一般性;多方面性; plurality:n.多数;复数;兼职;胜出票数;
Perhaps a more interesting age is upon us. 也许一个更精彩的时代正缓缓拉开帷幕.
Are we brave enough to welcome it? 我们有没有勇气拥抱它呢？
Thank you. 谢谢.
(Applause) (鼓掌)
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks. 谢谢.谢谢.谢谢.谢谢.
Bruno Giussani: Eric, stay with me for a couple of minutes, because I want to ask you a couple of questions. 主持人: 世默, 等几分钟, 我要问你几个问题.
I think many here, and in general in Western countries, would agree with your statement about analysis of democratic systems becoming dysfunctional, but at the same time , many would kind of find unsettling the thought that there is an unelected 我想很多在座的西方人 会同意你多民主制度 功能失败的分析, 但是同时他们会对 一个不是被选举产生
in general:总之,通常;一般而言; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; unsettling:adj.使人不安的;(消息)扰乱的;v.动乱不定;心绪不宁(unsettle的现在分词) unelected:adj.未经选举的;
authority that, without any form of oversight or consultation , decides what the national interest is. 的政权, 没有任何监督和协商, 去决定国家利益表示怀疑.
authority:n.权威;权力;当局; oversight:n.疏忽;忽略;失察;负责;照管; consultation:n.咨询;磋商;[临床]会诊;讨论会;
What is the mechanism in the Chinese model that allows people to say, actually, the national interest as you defined it is wrong? 中国政治模式里有什么机制 可以让人民 说政权所定义的国际利益是错的?
mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
EXL: You know, Frank Fukuyama, the political scientist , called the Chinese system " responsive authoritarianism ." 政治学者福山 曾经把中国的制度称为”响应民意的威权.”
Frank:adj.坦白的,直率的;老实的;n.免费邮寄特权;v.免费邮寄; political scientist:n.政治学家; responsive:adj.响应的;应答的;回答的; authoritarianism:n.独裁主义;权力主义;
It's not exactly right, but I think it comes close. 这不完全精确,但相差不远.
So I know the largest public opinion survey company in China, okay? 我知道中国最大的民意 调查公司.
Do you know who their biggest client is? 你知道他们最大的客户是谁吗?
client:n.[经]客户;顾客;委托人;
The Chinese government. 中国政府.
Not just from the central government , the city government, the provincial government, to the most local neighborhood districts. 不只是中央政府, 市级省级政府, 最小的地方政府.
central government:n.中央政府; provincial:adj.省的;地方性的;偏狭的;n.粗野的人;乡下人;外地人; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
They conduct surveys all the time. 他们经常进行民意调查.
Are you happy with the garbage collection? 你们对收垃圾等市政服务满意吗?
garbage:n.垃圾;废物;
Are you happy with the general direction of the country? 你们对国家的大方向满意吗?
So there is, in China, there is a different kind of mechanism to be responsive to the demands and the thinking of the people. 所以,中国有一个很不同的机制 能够去响应人民的诉求.
My point is, I think we should get unstuck from the thinking that there's only one political system -- election, election, election -- that could make it responsive. 我要说的关键是, 我们应该从 只有一种有效政治制度的思想中解放出来, 只有选举,选举,选举, 才能产生响应民意的政府.
unstuck:adj.松开的,未粘住的;紊乱的;失灵的;
I'm not sure, actually, elections produce responsive government anymore in the world. 其实,我不觉得当今世界的选举 能够产生响应民意的政府.
(Applause) (鼓掌)
BG: Many seem to agree. 主持人: 很多人认为,
One of the features of a democratic system is a space for civil society to express itself. 民主制度的一个功能 是让公民社会能够表达自己.
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务;
And you have shown figures about the support that the government and the authorities have in China. 你举出数据论证 中国政府拥有民众的支持.
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数)
But then you've just mentioned other elements like, you know, big challenges, and there are, of course, a lot of other data that go in a different direction: tens of thousands of unrests and protests and environmental protests, etc. 但你也讲到其他因素 譬如, 巨大的挑战, 当然, 还有其他数据显示另外一个方向: 上万的抗议和群体事件 环保问题等等.
elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) unrests:n.不安;动荡的局面;不安的状态; protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数);
So you seem to suggest the Chinese model doesn't have a space outside of the Party for civil society to express itself. 你是否建议中国模式 不允许在中共以外 有公民社会的空间?
EXL: There's a vibrant civil society in China, whether it's environment or what-have-you. 李世默: 中国有着相当活跃的公民社会, 环保组织等等.
vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的;
But it's different. You wouldn't recognize it. 但他们不一样,你可能认不出来.
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
Because, by Western definitions , a so-called civil society has to be separate or even in opposition to the political system, but that concept is alien for Chinese culture. 在西方政治学定义里, 公民社会 必须存在与政治体制之外 甚至对立于政治体制, 但这个思路与中国文化格格不入.
definitions:n.[数]定义(definition的复数形式); in opposition to:反对;与…相反;
For thousands of years, you have civil society, yet they are consistent and coherent and part of a political order, and I think it's a big cultural difference. 数千年来在中国,所谓的公民社会都有存在 但它们与政治体制 相辅相成, 我认为 这是一个很大的文化差异.
consistent:adj.始终如一的,一致的;坚持的; coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的;
BG: Eric, thank you for sharing this with TED.EXL: Thank you. 主持人: 感谢你与TED分享这些思想.李世默: 谢谢你.